Антропова Н.А., Садыков Т.Д. Геодезическое обеспечение нефтегазопроводов и газонефтехранилищ
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1’
ɉɁ13
2
2’
3
3’
ɉɁ12
ɉɁ12’
f
ɚɛɫ.
f
f
x
y
x
y
ɉɁ12
ɢɫɯ.
y
x
ɜɵɱ.
ɉɁ12
x
ɉɁ12
ɢɫɯ.
ɜɵɱ.
ɉɁ12
y
ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɨɞ
0
Ɋɢɫ 6.2. Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɧɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ.
Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɚɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɧɟɜɹɡɤɚ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɯɨɞɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ. ȼ
ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɨɞɨɥɢɬɧɵɯ ɯɨɞɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɨɬɧɨ-
ɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɧɟɜɹɡɤɭ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɭɸ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
, (6.17)
ɝɞɟ Ɋ – ɞɥɢɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɬɟɨɞɨɥɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ.
ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ:
x
ȼɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɧɟɜɹɡɤɭ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɦ ɫ
ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɧɟɜɹɡɤɨɣ
, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ:
101
, (6.18)
ɝɞɟ – ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɟɜɹɡɤɚ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɫɬɚ-
ɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɚɫ-
ɲɬɚɛɚ ɫɴɟɦɤɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ; ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 1:3000 –
1:1000. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ –
ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
x ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɟɜɹɡɤɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɫɨɛɥɸ-
ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ (6.18), ɬɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵ ɢ ɧɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɤɨɨɪɞɢ-
ɧɚɬ f
x
ɢ f
ɭ
; ɷɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɭɜɹɡɤɭ (ɭɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ) ɩɪɢɪɚ-
ɳɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɩɨ ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫɚɦ ɢ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦ. ɇɟɜɹɡɤɢ f
x
ɢ f
ɭ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɦ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɢ-
ɧɚɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ. ȼɟɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɨɪ-
ɞɢɧɚɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ:
x
; (20, 21)
; ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
102
;
;
.
ɂɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨ ɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɪɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɜɟɞɨɦɨɫɬɢ
ɧɚɞ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ (ɫɦ.
ɬɚɛɥ. 6.3). Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɨɤ ɢ , ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɟɜɹɡɤɚɦ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ, ɬ.
ɟ.:
ɢ .
ɢ .
x
ɇɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ:
103
ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ:
x
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɧɚɣɞɟɦ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɨɫɢ ɯ
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ:
Ɋɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ.
ɇɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɫɢ ɭ:
104
x
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɧɚɣɞɟɦ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɨɫɢ ɭ
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ:
Ɋɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ.
x ɉɨ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɦ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɟɪɲɢɧ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɚ:
(24, 25)
ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ:
105
x
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ
ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ (ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɨɞɨ-
ɥɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ).
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 6.2. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɣɬɟ ɩɥɚɧ ɬɟɨɞɨɥɢɬɧɨɣ ɫɴɺɦɤɢ (Ɇ 1:1000) ɭɱɚ-
ɫɬɤɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɜɟɞɨɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɚ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ (ɬɚɛɥ. 6.3) ɢ ɚɛ-
ɪɢɫ ɫɴɺɦɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 6.3).
106
Ɋɢɫ. 6.3. Ⱥɛɪɢɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɬɟɨɞɨɥɢɬɧɨɣ ɫɴɺɦɤɢ
107
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɤɭ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ, ɞɥɹ ɬɨ-
ɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɜɵɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɬɟɨɞɨɥɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɤɨɨɪɞɢ-
ɧɚɬɚɦ, ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ 6.1. (ɬɚɛɥ. 6.3).
Ɋɢɫ. 6.4. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɢ
108
ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɧɢɣ, ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɫɹɦ ɤɨɨɪɞɢ-
ɧɚɬ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɨɣ. Ʌɢɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ 5 ɫɦ.
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɥɢɧɟɣɤɢ, ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹ-
ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɟɣɤɢ ɫɬɪɨɹɬ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ.
Ʉɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɤɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ, ɚ
ɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɜɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ
.
ɉɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɤɭ 5ɯ5 ɫɦ (ɪɢɫ. 6.4) ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɥɢɧɟɣ-
ɤɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ.
ɇɚ ɥɢɫɬɟ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦ ɞɜɟ ɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɢ ɢ ɢɡ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹ ɧɚɦɟɱɚɟɦ ɬɨɱɤɢ Ⱥ, ȼ, ɋ,
D. ɋɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɞɟɥɢɦ ɩɨɩɨɥɚɦ. ɉɪɢ ɱɟɬɧɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ, ɨɬ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ 5 ɫɦ. Ɉɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠ-
ɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɯ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɫɨ
ɟɞɢɧɹɟɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧ
ɚɬɧɭɸ
ɫɟɬɤɭ.
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɫɹɦ ɯ ɢ ɭ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ 6.2. ɋɨ-
ɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɸ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɥɚɧ ɜ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ 1:1000. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɞɥɢɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ ɫɟɬɤɢ (5 ɫɦ) ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ 50 ɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɩɪɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɯɨɞɚ (ɬɚɛɥ.
6.3), ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɢ :
ɝɞɟ ɯ
ɬɚɯ
, ɭ
ɬɚɯ
– ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɬɨɱɟɤ, ɨɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ
ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɞɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ, ɤɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ
ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ; x
min
, y
min
– ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ, ɨɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ
ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɞɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ, ɤɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ
ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ.
109
Ɋɢɫ. 6.5. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɬɟɨɞɨɥɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɧɭɸ
ɫɟɬɤɭ
110