Anker Susan. Real Essays with Readings with 2009 MLA Update

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EDITING ESSAYS

Chapter 41 • Capitalization 717

Capitalization of Titles

Capitalize the ﬁ rst word and all other important words in titles of books,

movies, television programs, magazines, newspapers, articles, stories,

songs, papers, poems, legislation, and so on. Words that do not need to

be capitalized (unless they are the ﬁ rst word) include articles (the, a, an);

coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet); and prepositions.

American Idol is a very popular television program.

Newsweek and Time often have similar cover stories.

“Once More to the Lake” is one of Chuck’s favorite essays.

PRACTICE 3 CAPITALIZING TITLES

Edit the following sentences by capitalizing titles as needed.

EXAMPLE: Kermit the Frog sang “it’s not easy being green” in the

muppet movie.

1. The television show sesame street, which began in 1969, brought innova-

tive programming to children.

2. My favorite among the show’s friendly puppets, known as the Muppets,

was Ernie, who liked to sing “rubber ducky.”

3. The popular Muppets Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy starred in several

ﬁ lms, including one based on Charles Dickens’s classic a christmas carol

and one based on Robert Louis Stevenson’s treasure island.

4. The show contained no advertising, but magazines such as sesame street

parents and toys based on the characters sold widely.

5. “Elmo’s world,” a segment added to the show in the 1990s, introduced

the small red monster who would become one of the most popular toys

in history.

■ For more on

punctuating titles, see

page 701. For a list of

common prepositions,

see page 390.

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EDITING ESSAYS

718 Part Seven • Punctuation and Capitalization

Edit Paragraphs and Your Own Writing

Edit the following paragraphs by capitalizing as needed and removing any

unnecessary capitalization.

EDITING REVIEW 1 (88 errors)

(1) in Robert louis Stevenson’s 1886 novella “the strange case of

dr. jekyll and mr. hyde,” a doctor uses Himself as the subject of an experi-

ment and the results are Disastrous. (2) The novella was a Great Suc-

cess, but stevenson didn’t originate the idea of Doctors experimenting on

themselves.

(3) one of the earliest known examples of self-experimentation goes

back to the sixteenth Century, when santorio santorio, of padua, italy,

weighed himself every Day for thirty Years. (4) By weighing everything

he ate and drank as well as his Bodily Discharges, Santorio discovered

that the Human body continually and imperceptibly loses large amounts

of Fluid. (5) today, that Loss, called insensible perspiration, is routinely

measured in Hospital patients.

(6) A Key Breakthrough to the modern age of Cardiology was made

in 1929 by a german, dr. werner forssmann, who as a Surgical Resident at

a medical facility called the august victoria home, near berlin, conducted

a daring self-experiment by inserting a thin tube into one of his Veins

and slid the tube into his own Heart. (7) This idea was later developed

by other Researchers into the Technique of cardiac catheterization.

(8) Dr. forssmann, who used catheters on himself nine times, shared a

nobel prize in 1956 for his Pioneering Experiments.

(9) An important innovation in Anesthesia occurred when a Den-

tist in connecticut, Horace wells, watched a demonstration in which a

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EDITING ESSAYS

Chapter 41 • Capitalization 719

Volunteer inhaled Nitrous Oxide, cut his own leg, and felt no pain until

the effects of the Gas wore off. (10) dr. wells then had one of his own

teeth extracted after he had inhaled the Chemical, which people later

commonly called “Laughing Gas.” (11) he was amazed to have no Pain

during his extraction, declaring, “it is the greatest discovery ever made.”

(12) Others’ self-experimentation later aided the Development of ether,

chloroform, and additional Anesthetics.

(13) In Medical circles, many people believe that major walter reed

experimented on himself in the early 1900s as the Leader of the group

in cuba that discovered that Mosquitoes transmit yellow fever. (14) in

fact, Dr. reed said he would allow mosquitoes to infect him to test

the Theory, but he returned to the united states before this was done.

(15) Instead, other Members of his Team conducted the mosquito

experiment on themselves, with one dying and another barely surviving.

(16) after these self-experimenters proved the crucial Connection between

mosquitoes and yellow fever, dr. reed returned to Cuba, but he never did

perform the experiment on himself.

EDITING REVIEW 2 (99 errors)

(1) It is a remote spot in North Central Pennsylvania, and it has

changed little over the past few Centuries. (2) But on certain nights,

especially when there is a New Moon and the Sky is clear, hundreds of

people gather there to see a Show that has been running for Eons. (3) it

is cherry springs state park, and it is becoming one of the Prime locations

for stargazing in the Eastern Half of the country.

(4) On Summer nights at the Park, it is not unusual to hear from

somewhere in the darkness a statement like, “take a look at this; the milky

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EDITING ESSAYS

720 Part Seven • Punctuation and Capitalization

way is so bright that i can see my shadow!” (5) some visitors can easily

pick out well-known sights, such as the big dipper, orion, and casseo-

peia, from the 10,000 Stars overhead, but for those who cannot, there are

usually several Amateur Astronomers present who are happy to provide a

quick course in astronomy 101. (6) Many of these Enthusiasts regularly

set up their Telescopes on clear nights and invite Anyone who wishes to

have a look.

(7) Cherry springs is growing in popularity for Eastern stargazers, but

those from other regions of the country, particularly the american west,

also have their pick from some excellent spots, including mauna kea in

hawaii, utah’s natural bridges national Monument and bryce canyon

national Park, and chaco culture national historical Park in new mexico.

(8) What the Best Stargazing Locations have in common is an effort

to preserve their area from encroaching Light Pollution. (9) The inter-

national dark-sky association, an organization that works to reduce light

pollution, has noted that the Administrators of Cherry Springs are espe-

cially appreciative of the importance of blocking out light.

(10) The site for the dark-sky area was made accessible to the public

after the Park Manager, chip harrison, learned from astronomy enthusi-

asts frequenting the park that satellite photos of the World’s surface at

night showed that Cherry Springs was in a very black area containing

few light sources. (11) The Primary Area used for stargazing is basically

a ﬁ fty-acre lawn with short Pine Trees along its edges; it offers practically

a horizon-to-horizon view. (12) in addition, along the Road that runs

through the park, there are Earthen ledges and trees to block out light

from nearby trafﬁ c.

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EDITING ESSAYS

Chapter 41 • Capitalization 721

(13) Visitors to Cherry Springs are expected to follow certain Rules

of Star Party Etiquette. (14) All ﬂ ashlights must have Red Filters, and

they must always be pointed downward. (15) People should shield or turn

off the Trunk, Door, and Dome Lights in their cars, and all Headlights

should be off until cars are well away from the dark-sky ﬁ eld. (16) all

Children must be carefully controlled because the Equipment that star-

gazers use is Privately Owned and sensitive. (17) Finally, when planning

to visit cherry springs or any other Stargazing Site, start out early because

the Best Time to Arrive is before dark to allow everyone’s eyes to adjust.

PRACTICE 4 EDITING YOUR OWN WRITING

FOR CAPITALIZATION

As a ﬁ nal practice, edit a piece of your own writing for capitalization. It can be

a paper you are working on for this course, a paper you’ve already ﬁ nished, a

paper for another course, a recent piece of writing from your work or everyday

life, or your idea journal entry.

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723

Editing Review Test 1

The Four Most Serious Errors (Chapters 22–26)

If you need help, turn

back to the chapters

indicated.

DIRECTIONS: Each of the underlined word groups contains one or more errors. As you identify each

error, write in the space the number of the word group containing the error. Then, edit the under-

lined word groups to correct the errors.

Two fragments Two verb problems

Two run-ons Four subject-verb

agreement errors

1 One opponent faces the other, during their personal battle, nobody else in the universe

exist. 2 An attack prompts an immediate defense, often followed by a counterattack. 3 Starting the

cycle again. 4 In an age of precision-guided, pilotless missiles and laser weapons, there would

seem to be no place for fencing. 5 Yet in recent years, fencing had been experiencing a surge in

popularity among women and men of all ages. 6 That is partly because, with training and dedi-

cated practice, even someone who is elderly or not adept at other sports can often learn to hold

his or her own quite well in a fencing encounter.

7 Most beginning fencers are equipped with a training sword and protective equipment that

include a glove, face mask, knee socks, knickers, and a special gray jacket. 8 The jacket is woven

with wire mesh for use with an electronic scoreboard. 9 At the tip of the sword will be a button

instead of a sharp point. 10 This is for safety, it is also useful for keeping track of valid hits.

11 When the button contacts a valid target on the jacket of an opponent, an electric signal

courses through the sword to a wire in the attacker’s hand guard. 12 From the hand guard the

wire runs to the back of the fencer’s jacket up to an apparatus mounted on the ceiling where the

hit is registered. 13 Causing a red light to go on. 14 In a typical match, the ﬁ rst fencer to score

ﬁ ve valid hits on an opponent win. 15 All in all, fencing provide strenuous exercise, competition,

excitement, and a never-ending challenge.

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724

Editing Review Test 2

The Four Most Serious Errors (Chapters 22–26)

If you need help, turn

back to the chapters

indicated.

DIRECTIONS: Find the errors in the selection below. Some word groups may contain more than one

error. As you identify each error, write in the space the number of the word group containing the

error. Then, edit the selection to correct the errors.

Two fragments Two verb problems

Two run-ons Four subject-verb

agreement errors

1 Finding a poisonous snake is not something most people go out of their way to do that is

exactly the goal of some scientists. 2 They are looking for precisely what everyone else wants to

avoid: the snakes’ venom. 3 This is not a hunt for excitement or a dangerous thrill, it is a search

for a medical breakthrough. 4 For over thirty years, scientists have been using snake venom to

create new drugs. 5 One type of venom, for example, has provide a key ingredient for treating

congestive heart failure.

6 A snake creates venom in special glands in its upper jaw. 7 In latching onto prey, the snake

squeezes these glands and release the venom. 8 Molecules from the venom then attacks the prey

from the inside. 9 Some venom molecules cause muscle cells to relax. 10 Which cuts off the

victim’s oxygen supply. 11 Other molecules will have induced the victim’s immune system to

attack its own organs. 12 Most venoms contain a combination of such molecules.

13 In recent years, researchers have discovered how certain genes in venom relaxes the

muscles in the prey’s aorta, which pumps blood to the body’s organs. 14 Relaxing these muscles

prevent the aorta from contracting, which lowers the blood pressure and allows time for deadly

toxins to attack the victim’s bloodstream. 15 Scientists are now trying to use these muscle-relaxing

toxins to humans’ advantage. 16 Controlled relaxation of the blood vessels around the heart helps

blood ﬂ ow more easily. 17 Reducing the effects of congestive heart failure.

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725

If you need help, turn

back to the chapters

indicated.

Editing Review Test 3

The Four Most Serious Errors (Chapters 22–26);

Other Grammar Concerns (Chapters 27–33)

DIRECTIONS: Each of the underlined word groups contains one or more errors. As you identify each

error, write in the space the number of the word group containing the error. Then, edit the under-

lined word groups to correct the errors.

Two fragments One verb problem

One run-on

One pronoun error

One adjective error One parallelism error

Three subject-verb agreement

errors

1 Anyone who has ever gotten lost in a maze knows what a frightening experience it can be.

2 But it is also challenging, exciting, and there is no problem with safety because few people

ever got lost in them for long. 3 Mazes have become more popular than ever in recent years in the

United States and in many countries around the world.

4 Mazes can be made of many different types of materials perhaps the larger number of them

are made of corn stalks. 5 Corn mazes have become big business in some farming communities.

6 Building mazes are one way for farmers to market his farms as popular entertainment.

7 The point of this for some farmers are to adapt the small farm so that it can remain

competitive in today’s economy. 8 Some farms are expanding on the maze idea by turning a

section of land into small theme parks. 9 Complete with hay rides, petting zoos, and pig races.

10 Mazes are usually the major attraction, however, and many are quite elaborate. 11 There are

mazes shaped like butterﬂ ies, crowns, and sheriff’s badges. 12 Some mazes even includes such

features as double-decker bridges.

13 Other mazes are designed to teach people about various farm crops and how they are

grown. 14 Whether entertaining, educational, or both. 15 Mazes have become a signiﬁ cant way of

raising people’s awareness of and interest in farming.

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726

If you need help, turn

back to the chapters

indicated.

DIRECTIONS: Find the errors in the selection below. Some word groups may contain more than one

error. As you identify each error, write in the space the number of the word group containing the

error. Then, edit the selection to correct the errors.

Two fragments One run-on

One subject-verb agreement error Two pronoun errors

One misplaced/dangling modiﬁ er Two coordination/subordination

Two uses of inappropriately informal

or casual language

1 Some say there are two kinds of video game players. 2 Those who use strategy guides and

those who don’t. 3 Many gamers consider the use of a strategy guide to be laziness or outright

cheating; the publishing of these guides is a solid and growing business.

4 The creation of a strategy guide begins when early copies of the game arrives at the home

or ofﬁ ce of the guide’s author. 5 Mixed with the excitement of trying out a new game is the

realization that the ﬁ nished guide is due to the publisher in four months and that the clock is

ticking. 6 The author usually begins by spending many hours playing the game. 7 Trying out as

many tactics as they can devise. 8 The game’s designers usually provide plenty of help while the

guide is being developed. 9 But guide authors must be able to get by on their own because there

are times when they are just too busy to respond.

10 Published strategy guides face tough competition from a variety of free online sources.

11 A key advantage guide publishers have over free online content providers, however, is the

assistance they receive from the game companies.

12 Many gamers, especially noobs, use a

combination of free online help and published strategy guides.

Editing Review Test 4

The Four Most Serious Errors (Chapters 22–26);

Other Grammar Concerns (Chapters 27–33)

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