Anker Susan. Real Essays with Readings with 2009 MLA Update
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 39 • Quotation Marks 697
them, or in the middle. Here are some guidelines for capitalization and
punctuation:
• Capitalize the fi rst letter in a complete sentence that’s being quoted,
even if it comes after some identifying words.
Quotation mark Quotation mark
The teacher said, “This assignment is due next Monday.”
Capital letter for complete sentence
• Do not capitalize the fi rst letter in a quotation if it’s not the fi rst word in
the complete sentence.
Quotation marks
“If anyone needs help with it,” she said, “see me during offi ce hours.”
Not the fi rst word in the complete sentence, no capital letter
• If it is a complete sentence and its source is clear, you can let a quota-
tion stand on its own, without any identifying words.
Speaker (teacher) known
“My offi ce hours are on the fi rst page of your syllabus.”
• Attach identifying words to a quotation with a comma; these identifying
words cannot be a sentence on their own.
Identifying words attached with comma
A student asked, “May we e-mail questions?”
• Always put quotation marks after commas and periods. Put quotation
marks after question marks and exclamation points if they are part of
the quoted sentence.
Quotation mark Quotation mark
The teacher replied, “Yes. Do you all have my address?”
Comma Question mark
■ For more on
commas with
quotation marks, see
page 682.
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EDITING ESSAYS
698 Part Seven • Punctuation and Capitalization
• If a question mark or exclamation point is part of your own sentence,
put it after the quotation mark.
Quotation mark Quotation mark
What famous athlete joked, “I didn’t really say everything I said”?
Comma Question mark
When you use outside sources in a paper, use quotation marks to indi-
cate the exact words that you quote from a source. You also need to cite,
or give credit to, the source.
The government needs to ensure that when a company fails, employees’
pensions are protected. A recent article in the Boston Globe reported,
“When Polaroid collapsed, pension funds and employee stock programs
were suddenly worthless. At the same time, however, the chief fi nan-
cial offi cer walked away with a package worth more than $2 million”
(Richardson B3).
Setting Off a Quotation within Another Quotation
Sometimes you may directly quote someone who quotes what someone
else said or wrote. Put single quotation marks (
‘ ’
) around the quota-
tion within a quotation so that readers understand who said what.
The student handbook said, “Students must be given the opportunity to
make up work missed for excused absences.”
Terry told his instructor, “I’m sorry I missed the exam, but I would
like to take a makeup exam. Our student handbook says, ‘Students must
be given the opportunity to make up work missed for excused absences,’
and I have a good reason.”
Here, Terry is including a quotation
from the student handbook.
PRACTICE 1 PUNCTUATING DIRECT QUOTATIONS
Edit the following sentences by adding quotation marks and commas where
needed.
■ For information
about how to use
quotations in research
papers, see Chapter 21.
■ For more on citing
and documenting
sources, see pages
368–75.
■ Answers to odd-
numbered practice
items are at the back
of the book.
Terry’s entire
quotation
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 39 • Quotation Marks 699
EXAMPLE: At a meeting of a self-help group, the leader, Brooke,
stood up and said We are all here because each of us is suffering
from an eating disorder.
1. Looking around the room, Allison said I thought only teenage girls had
eating disorders. There are people here of all ages, including several men.
2. Yes, there are men here said Brooke. Only some of us are teenage girls.
3. I’m forty years old, not a teenager, and not a girl Patrick said. However,
I have an eating disorder.
4. Allison said You don’t look like you have an eating disorder. You are not
super skinny.
5. I eat too much said Patrick. I’m a compulsive eater.
6. When you say I’m a compulsive eater I don’t know what you mean said
Allison.
7. The dictionary defi nes compulsive as related to a psychological obsession,
said Brooke.
8. Evan suddenly shouted We’re all doing this because we’re trying to hurt
our families and friends!
9. That is one myth we’re going to talk about said Brooke. In fact, people
with eating disorders are hurting themselves. They are usually upset that
their families and friends are worried about them.
10. Why did it suddenly get quiet when Brooke said Does this sound right to
any of you?
,
“
^
”
^
■ For more practice
with quotation marks,
visit Exercise Central
at bedfordstmartins
.com/realessays.
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EDITING ESSAYS
700 Part Seven • Punctuation and Capitalization
No Quotation Marks for Indirect Quotations
When you report what someone said or wrote but do not use the person’s
exact words, you are writing an indirect quotation. Do not use quotation
marks for indirect quotations. Indirect quotations often begin with the
word that.
INDIRECT QUOTATION Sophie said that the exam was postponed.
DIRECT QUOTATION Sophie said, “The exam was postponed.”
INDIRECT QUOTATION The boy asked me what time it was.
DIRECT QUOTATION “What time is it?” asked the boy.
INDIRECT QUOTATION Carolyn told me that she had an accident.
DIRECT QUOTATION Carolyn told me, “I had an accident.”
PRACTICE 2 PUNCTUATING DIRECT AND
INDIRECT QUOTATIONS
Edit the following sentences by adding quotation marks where needed and
crossing out quotation marks that are incorrectly used. If a sentence is already
correct, put a “C” next to it.
EXAMPLE: Sarita told me that “she met her new boyfriend through
an online dating service.”
1. I never thought I would use the Internet for dating, but it really worked,
she said.
2. Sarita remembered “how easy it was to look up profi les of men with her
interests and to pick the best candidates.”
3. She said, I could tell right away if I wasn’t going to have anything in com-
mon with a person.
4. “I could also tell a lot about a guy’s personality by the way he expressed
himself,” she added.
5. Sarita said the hardest part of the experience was going on trial dates to
see if her original impressions of candidates were correct.
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 39 • Quotation Marks 701
6. She knew that there was no future with one man when he arrived a half
hour late and told her, I had something else to do fi rst.
7. “He apparently thought that I was happy to wait around for him forever,”
she said exasperatedly.
8. Sarita told me that “I should think about online dating.”
9. I found a great person, she said, and you could too.
10. I told her that I appreciated the advice but that I’m happy being single
right now.
Quotation Marks for Certain Titles
When referring to a short work such as a magazine or newspaper article, a
chapter in a book, a short story, an essay, a song, or a poem, put quotation
marks around the title of the work.
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE “Mayor Warns of Budget Cuts”
SHORT STORY “Everyday Use”
ESSAY “Mother Tongue”
Usually, titles of longer works — such as novels, books, magazines,
newspapers, movies, television programs, and CDs — are underlined or
italicized. The titles of sacred books such as the Bible or the Koran are
neither underlined, italicized, nor surrounded by quotation marks.
BOOK The Chocolate War or The Chocolate War
NEWSPAPER the Washington Post or the Washington Post
[Do not underline, italicize, or capitalize the word the before the
name of a newspaper or magazine, even if it is part of the title.
But do capitalize The when it is the fi rst word in titles of books,
movies, and other sources.]
If you are writing a paper with many outside sources, your instructor
will probably refer you to a particular system of citing sources. Follow that
system’s guidelines when you use titles in your paper.
NOTE: Do not put quotation marks around the title of a paper you
write.
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EDITING ESSAYS
702 Part Seven • Punctuation and Capitalization
PRACTICE 3 USING QUOTATION MARKS FOR TITLES
Edit the following sentences by adding quotation marks around titles as
needed. Underline any book, magazine, or newspaper titles.
EXAMPLE: Tyler walked down the aisle of the bus, humming When
the Saints Go Marching In and wondering how he’d keep from get-
ting bored on the long bus ride home.
1. He sat down and noticed that the woman sitting next to him was holding
the Dallas Morning News.
2. Glancing at his neighbor’s newspaper, he saw that she was reading an
article called Best Bets for Winter Gardening.
3. He noticed that the passenger sitting directly in front of him was carefully
going through Imitation of Spenser, John Keats’s fi rst poem.
4. The boy sitting in front of his neighbor was working on exercises from a
book titled Rapid Math Tips and Tricks, and he suddenly cried out I won!
5. Tiring of his little game, Tyler took out his sociology textbook and began
reading his next assigned chapter, The Economy and Politics.
Edit Paragraphs and Your Own Writing
Edit the following paragraphs by adding quotation marks where needed
and crossing out any incorrectly used quotation marks. Underline any
book, magazine, or newspaper titles. Correct any errors in punctuation.
EDITING REVIEW 1 (17 errors)
(1) Here is one I’ve loved for years, said Evi, as she held up a CD
called “Kind of Blue” by the “jazz trumpeter” Miles Davis. (2) Charlie,
who was also fl ipping through the jazz CDs, said that “he had gone through
“
^
”
^
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EDITING ESSAYS
Chapter 39 • Quotation Marks 703
a Miles Davis phase but wasn’t so interested in Miles’s music now.” (3)
Shortly after they moved into the main section of the store, Charlie pulled
out a book and opened it to an essay titled Shooting an Elephant. (4)
“Reading this had a big effect on me”, he said, adding that “he eventually
read most of what George Orwell had written.” (5) They were browsing
through the rows of books when Evi stopped and said, this is what led me
to read all of Dylan Thomas’s poetry. (6) Taking a book from the shelf,
she opened it to a poem titled Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night,
noting that “It was written for Thomas’s dying father.” (7) Pointing to
a line in the poem, she said, when Thomas writes Rage, rage against the
dying of the light, he is talking to his father, to himself, and to me, bring-
ing all of us into that special moment. (8) They continued on silently until
Charlie exclaimed look at this — a book about the making of the Beatles’s
Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band! (9) Evi reached for another copy
of the book, saying that “her father had introduced her to the Beatles’s
music when she was ten and that it had been one of her favorite albums
ever since.” (10) Charlie picked up a copy of “Rolling Stone magazine” as
they walked to the checkout counter, and he said a trip to the bookstore
turned out to be a lot more fun than I thought it would be.
EDITING REVIEW 2 (18 errors)
(1) “Did you know that people our age could experience a life crisis”?
my twenty-fi ve-year-old friend Beth asked as we browsed at the news-
stand. (2) She showed me an article called The Trouble with Being 25 in
a magazine she was looking at.
(3) I told her that “she was crazy.” (4) You wait until midlife for
your crisis, silly, I said. (5) I was imagining a middle-aged businessman
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EDITING ESSAYS
704 Part Seven • Punctuation and Capitalization
suddenly buying an expensive sports car and driving around listening to
Prince singing Little Red Corvette.
(6) Beth pointed out that she had plenty of anxiety about being
twenty-fi ve. (7) It’s as if people look at me and think I’m still basically a
teenager, yet I have a grown-up job and grown-up responsibilities to go
with it, she said.
(8) I asked her “what kinds of responsibilities she was talking about.”
(9) I have rent and bills to pay, she said, and I’m trying to decide if
I should take a couple of classes at night to get a better job. (10) She
thought for a moment and then added, “And sooner or later I’ll need to
fi gure out whether I want to get married and have children”. (11) She
picked up a newspaper and idly turned the pages until she found a head-
line that said Confusion Reigns among Young Singles.
(12) “Wow! You’re right”! I blurted out. (13) It’s a good thing you
read those stupid magazines, I said to Beth. (14) I was only partly kidding
when I added that “she and I would never have realized that we were sup-
posed to be having a crisis if we hadn’t read about it.”
(15) Let’s do something to celebrate, said Beth. (16) That’s why we
spent the rest of the afternoon sitting around my kitchen table drinking
coffee, listening to Beck singing Loser, and reading out loud to each other
from How to Tell If You’re Ready to Settle Down in the new issue of
Cosmopolitan.
PRACTICE 4 EDITING YOUR OWN WRITING FOR
QUOTATION MARKS
As a fi nal practice, edit a piece of your own writing for quotation marks. It
can be a paper you are working on for this course, a paper you’ve already
fi nished, a paper for another course, a recent piece of writing from your work
or everyday life, or your idea journal entry.
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705
40
Other Punctuation
; : ( ) — -
Understand What Punctuation Does
Punctuation helps readers understand your writing. If you use punctua-
tion incorrectly, you send readers a confusing message — or, even worse,
a wrong one. This chapter covers fi ve marks of punctuation that people
sometimes use incorrectly. Knowing what these marks do in a sentence
can help you avoid such mistakes.
SEMICOLON ; Joins two independent clauses into one sentence
Separates complete items in a list that already has
commas within individual items
COLON : Introduces a list
Announces an explanation or example
PARENTHESES ( ) Set off extra information that is not essential to the
sentence
DASH — Sets off words for emphasis
Indicates a pause
HYPHEN - Joins two or more words that together form a single
description
Shows a word break at the end of a line
■ IDEA JOURNAL
Write to someone
about to enter your
college, giving him or
her fi ve good pieces
of advice.
■ To understand
this chapter, you
need to know what
sentences and inde-
pendent clauses are.
For a review, see
Chapters 22 and 24.
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EDITING ESSAYS
706 Part Seven • Punctuation and Capitalization
Practice Using Punctuation Correctly
Semicolon ;
Semicolons to Join Independent Clauses (Sentences)
Use a semicolon to join very closely related sentences and make them into
one sentence.
In an interview, hold your head up and don’t slouch; it is important
to look alert.
Make good eye contact; looking down is not appropriate in an interview.
Language Note: Do not use a comma instead of a semicolon to
join two independent clauses: That would create a run-on (see
Chapter 24).
Semicolons When Items in a Series Contain Commas
Use a semicolon to separate list items that themselves contain commas.
Otherwise, it is diffi cult for readers to tell where one item ends and an-
other begins.
I have a cousin who lives in Devon, England; another cousin who lives in
Derry, New Hampshire; and a third cousin who lives in Freeport, Maine.
Colon :
Colons before Lists
Use a colon to introduce a list after an independent clause.
In the United States, three ice cream fl avors are the most popular:
vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry.
I have three stops to make on the way home: the grocery store, the post
offi ce, and the police station.
Colons before Explanations or Examples
Use a colon after an independent clause to let readers know that you are
about to provide an explanation or example of what you just wrote. If the
explanation or example is also an independent clause, capitalize the fi rst
letter after the colon.
■ For more on using
semicolons to join sen-
tences, see Chapter 30.
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