Anker Susan. Real Essays with Readings with 2009 MLA Update
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
Contents xi
Argument in College 301
Argument at Work 303
PROFILE OF SUCCESS: Shawn Brown,
Founder, Diamond Educators 303
Argument in Everyday Life 306
Critical Reading and Writing: Key College
Skills 309
Write an Argument Essay 309
WRITING GUIDE: Argument 313
Part Three: Special College
Writing Projects 317
19. Writing under Pressure: Tests and
Essay Exams 319
Studying for Tests 319
Ask about the Test 320
Study with a Partner or a Group 320
Predict What Will Be on the Exam 321
Use Study Aids 322
Review Actively 322
Test-Taking Strategies 322
Be Prepared 323
Manage Your Nerves 323
Understand the Directions 323
Survey the Whole Exam before
Starting 323
Develop a Plan 324
Answering an Essay Question 324
Read and Analyze the Question 325
Write a Thesis Statement 328
Make an Outline 329
Write Your Answer 330
Reread and Revise Your Answer 331
20. Writing Summaries and
Reports: Important College
Writing Tasks 334
Writing a Summary 334
WRITING GUIDE: Summary 336
Writing a Report 338
WRITING GUIDE: Report 344
21. Writing the Research Essay: Using
Outside Sources 346
Make a Schedule 347
Choose a Topic 348
Find Sources 349
Consult a Reference Librarian 349
Use the Online Catalog or Card
Catalog 350
Look at Your Library’s Web Site 351
Use Other Reference Materials 351
Periodical Indexes and Databases 351
Specialized Indexes 352
Encyclopedias 352
Statistical Sources 352
Use the Internet 352
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) 353
Search Engines and Searching with Key
Words 353
Online Research Sites 355
Interview People 355
Evaluate Sources 356
Avoid Plagiarism 360
Keep a Running Bibliography 360
Indirect Quotation: Summary 361
Indirect Quotation: Paraphrase 361
Direct Quotation 363
Write a Thesis Statement 366
Make an Outline 366
Write Your Essay 368
Cite and Document Your Sources 368
Use In-Text Citations within Your
Essay 369
Use a List of Works Cited at the
End of Your Essay 369
Books 369
Periodicals 371
Electronic Sources 372
Other Sources 374
Revise and Edit Your Essay 375
Sample Student Research Essay 375
WRITING GUIDE: Research Essay 380
ANK_47574_00_FM_ppi-xxxiv r2 ko.indd xiANK_47574_00_FM_ppi-xxxiv r2 ko.indd xi 10/29/08 9:58:46 AM10/29/08 9:58:46 AM
xii Contents
EDITING ESSAYS
Part Four: The Four Most
Serious Errors 383
22. The Basic Sentence: An
Overview 385
The Four Most Serious Errors 385
The Parts of Speech 385
The Basic Sentence 388
Subjects 388
Verbs 391
Action Verbs 391
Linking Verbs 392
Helping Verbs 393
Complete Thoughts 395
Six Basic Sentence Patterns 396
Edit Paragraphs and Your Own Writing 398
23. Fragments: Incomplete
Sentences 401
Understand What Fragments Are 401
In the Real World, Why Is It Important
to Correct Fragments? 401
Find and Correct Fragments 402
Fragments That Start with
Prepositions 403
Fragments That Start with Dependent
Words 403
Fragments That Start with -ing Verb
Forms 406
Fragments That Start with to and
a Verb 409
Fragments That Start with Examples or
Explanations 411
Edit Paragraphs and Your Own Writing 414
24. Run-Ons: Two Sentences Joined
Incorrectly 418
Understand What Run-Ons Are 418
In the Real World, Why Is It Important
to Correct Run-Ons? 419
Find and Correct Run-Ons 419
Add a Period 420
Add a Semicolon 421
Add a Comma and a Coordinating
Conjunction 423
Add a Dependent Word 425
A Word That Can Cause Run-Ons:
Then 428
Edit Paragraphs and Your Own Writing 428
25. Problems with Subject-Verb
Agreement: When Subjects and
Verbs Don’t Match 434
Understand What Subject-Verb
Agreement Is 434
In the Real World, Why Is It Important
to Correct Subject-Verb Agreement
Problems? 435
Find and Correct Errors in Subject-Verb
Agreement 436
The Verb Is a Form of Be, Have, or
Do 436
Words Come between the Subject and the
Verb 440
Prepositional Phrase between the Subject and
the Verb 440
Dependent Clause between the Subject and the
Verb 441
The Sentence Has a Compound
Subject 443
The Subject Is an Indefi nite Pronoun 444
The Verb Comes before the Subject 446
Questions 447
Sentences That Begin with Here or There 447
Edit Paragraphs and Your Own Writing 448
26. Verb Problems: Avoiding Mistakes
in Verb Tense 452
Understand What Verb Tense Is 452
In the Real World, Why Is It Important
to Use Correct Verbs? 453
Use Correct Verbs 453
Regular Verbs 454
ANK_47574_00_FM_ppi-xxxiv r2 ko.indd xiiANK_47574_00_FM_ppi-xxxiv r2 ko.indd xii 10/29/08 9:58:46 AM10/29/08 9:58:46 AM
Contents xiii
Present Tense 454
Past Tense 458
Future Tense 464
Irregular Verbs 467
Present-Tense Irregular Verbs 467
Past-Tense Irregular Verbs 468
Passive Voice 475
Consistency of Verb Tense 477
Verb Tense Reference Charts 478
Edit Paragraphs and Your Own Writing 489
Part Five: Other Grammar
Concerns 493
27. Pronouns: Using Substitutes for
Nouns 495
Understand What Pronouns Are 495
Practice Using Pronouns Correctly 497
Check for Pronoun Agreement 497
Indefi nite Pronouns 498
Collective Nouns 500
Make Pronoun Reference Clear 502
Avoid Ambiguous or Vague Pronoun
References 502
Avoid Repetitious Pronoun References 504
Use the Right Type of Pronoun 505
Subject Pronouns 505
Object Pronouns 505
Possessive Pronouns 506
Pronouns Used with Compound Subjects and
Objects 506
Pronouns Used in Comparisons 508
Choosing between Who and Whom 509
Make Pronouns Consistent 510
Edit Paragraphs and Your Own Writing 512
28. Adjectives and Adverbs: Describing
Which One? or How? 517
Understand What Adjectives and
Adverbs Are 517
Practice Using Adjectives and Adverbs
Correctly 519
Choosing between Adjective and Adverb
Forms 519
Using Adjectives and Adverbs in
Comparisons 520
Using Good, Well, Bad, and Badly 522
Edit Paragraphs and Your Own Writing 525
29. Misplaced and Dangling Modifi ers:
Avoiding Confusing Descriptions 531
Understand What Misplaced and Dangling
Modifi ers Are 531
Misplaced Modifi ers 531
Dangling Modifi ers 532
Practice Correcting Misplaced and Dangling
Modifi ers 533
Edit Paragraphs and Your Own Writing 535
30. Coordination and Subordination:
Joining Ideas 539
Understand Coordination and
Subordination 539
Practice Using Coordination and
Subordination 540
Using Coordinating Conjunctions 540
Using Semicolons 543
Using Subordinating Conjunctions 546
Edit Paragraphs and Your Own Writing 549
31. Parallelism: Balancing Ideas 553
Understand What Parallelism Is 553
Practice Writing Parallel Sentences 554
Parallelism in Pairs and Lists 554
Parallelism in Comparisons 555
Parallelism with Certain Paired Words 557
Edit Paragraphs and Your Own Writing 559
32. Sentence Variety: Putting Rhythm
in Your Writing 563
Understand What Sentence Variety Is 563
Practice Creating Sentence Variety 564
Start Some Sentences with Adverbs 564
Join Ideas Using an -ing Verb Form 566
ANK_47574_00_FM_ppi-xxxiv r2 ko.indd xiiiANK_47574_00_FM_ppi-xxxiv r2 ko.indd xiii 10/29/08 9:58:46 AM10/29/08 9:58:46 AM
xiv Contents
Join Ideas Using an -ed Verb Form 569
Join Ideas Using an Appositive 572
Join Ideas Using an Adjective Clause 575
Edit Paragraphs and Your Own Writing 577
33. Formal English and ESL: Grammar
Trouble Spots for Multilingual
Students 582
Basic Sentence Patterns 582
Statements 582
Negatives 584
Questions 587
There Is and There Are 588
Pronouns 590
Confusing Subject and Object
Pronouns 591
Confusing Gender 591
Leaving Out a Pronoun 591
Using a Pronoun to Repeat a Subject 591
Using Relative Pronouns 592
Verbs 594
The Simple Tenses 594
The Simple Present 594
The Simple Past 597
The Simple Future 600
The Progressive Tenses 600
The Present Progressive 600
The Past Progressive 602
The Future Progressive 603
The Perfect Tenses 605
The Present Perfect 605
The Past Perfect 607
The Future Perfect 608
Gerunds and Infi nitives 610
Modal Auxiliaries 613
Should/Must 614
Could/Would 615
Modals and Present-Perfect Verbs 616
Articles 618
Using Defi nite and Indefi nite Articles 618
Using Articles with Count and Noncount
Nouns 619
Prepositions 622
Prepositions after Adjectives 623
Prepositions after Verbs 623
Edit Paragraphs and Your Own Writing 626
Part Six: Word Use 631
34. Word Choice: Avoiding Language
Pitfalls 633
Understand the Importance of Choosing
Words Carefully 633
Dictionary 633
Thesaurus 634
Practice Avoiding Four Common Word-Choice
Problems 634
Vague and Abstract Words 635
Slang 637
Wordy Language 638
Clichés 640
Edit Paragraphs and Your Own Writing 642
35. Commonly Confused Words:
Avoiding Mistakes with Sound-
Alikes 647
Understand Why Certain Words Are
Commonly Confused 647
Practice Using Commonly Confused Words
Correctly 648
Edit Paragraphs and Your Own Writing 657
36. Spelling: Using the Right
Letters 660
Understand the Importance of Spelling
Correctly 660
Practice Spelling Correctly 661
Five Steps to Better Spelling 662
Step 1. Master Ten Troublemakers 663
Step 2. Master Your Personal Spelling
Demons 663
Step 3. Master Commonly Confused
Words 664
Step 4. Learn Six Spelling Rules 664
Step 5. Consult a Spelling List 666
Edit Paragraphs and Your Own Writing 667
ANK_47574_00_FM_ppi-xxxiv r2 ko.indd xivANK_47574_00_FM_ppi-xxxiv r2 ko.indd xiv 10/29/08 9:58:46 AM10/29/08 9:58:46 AM
Contents xv
Part Seven: Punctuation and
Capitalization 671
37. Commas , 673
Understand What Commas Do 673
Practice Using Commas Correctly 673
Commas between Items in a Series 673
Commas between Coordinate
Adjectives 674
Commas in Compound Sentences 676
Commas after Introductory Word
Groups 677
Commas around Appositives and
Interrupters 679
Commas around Adjective Clauses 681
Other Uses for Commas 682
Commas with Quotation Marks 682
Commas in Addresses 683
Commas in Dates 683
Commas with Names 683
Commas with Yes or No 684
Edit Paragraphs and Your Own
Writing 685
38. Apostrophes ’ 688
Understand What Apostrophes Do 688
Practice Using Apostrophes Correctly 688
Apostrophes to Show Ownership 688
Its or It’s 689
Apostrophes in Contractions 691
Apostrophes with Letters, Numbers, and
Time 693
Edit Paragraphs and Your Own Writing 694
39. Quotation Marks “ ” 696
Understand What Quotation Marks Do 696
Practice Using Quotation Marks
Correctly 696
Quotation Marks for Direct
Quotations 696
Setting Off a Quotation within Another
Quotation 698
No Quotation Marks for Indirect
Quotations 700
Quotation Marks for Certain Titles 701
Edit Paragraphs and Your Own
Writing 702
40. Other Punctuation ; : ( ) — - 705
Understand What Punctuation Does 705
Practice Using Punctuation Correctly 706
Semicolon ; 706
Semicolons to Join Independent Clauses
(Sentences) 706
Semicolons When Items in a Series Contain
Commas 706
Colon : 706
Colons before Lists 706
Colons before Explanations or Examples 706
Colons in Business Correspondence 707
Parentheses ( ) 707
Dash — 708
Hyphen - 708
Hyphens to Join Words That Form a Single
Description 708
Hyphens to Divide a Word at the End
of a Line 708
Edit Paragraphs and Your Own
Writing 709
41. Capitalization: Using Capital
Letters 712
Understand Capitalization 712
Practice Capitalization 712
Capitalization of Sentences 712
Capitalization of Names of Specifi c People,
Places, Dates, and Things 713
People 713
Places 714
Dates 714
Organizations, Companies, and Groups 715
Languages, Nationalities, and Religions 715
Courses 715
Commercial Products 715
Capitalization of Titles 717
ANK_47574_00_FM_ppi-xxxiv r2 ko.indd xvANK_47574_00_FM_ppi-xxxiv r2 ko.indd xv 10/29/08 9:58:47 AM10/29/08 9:58:47 AM
xvi Contents
Edit Paragraphs and Your Own Writing 718
Editing Review Tests 723
READINGS
Part Eight: Readings for
Writers 741
42. Introduction to the Readings 743
43. Narration 745
Langston Hughes, Salvation 745
Uzodinma Iweala, A Close Encounter 749
LINKED READINGS: The Pressure to Conform;
Feeling Foreign 753
44. Illustration 755
Ellen Goodman, Nightmare of Feature Creep 755
Kathleen Vail, Words That Wound 759
LINKED READINGS: The Pressure to
Conform 764
45. Description 766
Alex Espinoza, An American in Mexico 766
Debra Marquart, Chores 770
LINKED READINGS: Feeling Foreign 775
46. Process Analysis 776
Malcolm X, My First Conk 776
Daniel Goleman, For Man and Beast, Language
of Love Shares Many Traits 781
LINKED READINGS: The Pressure to Conform;
Conceptions of Gender 786
47. Classifi cation 788
Scott Russell Sanders, The Men We Carry in
Our Minds 788
Amy Tan, Mother Tongue 796
LINKED READINGS: Stereotypes; Conceptions of
Gender 803
48. Defi nition 805
Nancy Mairs, On Being a Cripple 805
Juliet B. Schor, Age Compression 811
LINKED READINGS: Stereotypes 816
49. Comparison and Contrast 817
Dave Barry, The Ugly Truth about
Beauty 817
Bharati Mukherjee, Two Ways to Belong in
America 822
LINKED READINGS: Conceptions of Gender;
Chasing Beauty 827
50. Cause and Effect 829
Amy L. Beck, Struggling for Perfection 829
Brent Staples, Just Walk on By: Black Men and
Public Space 834
LINKED READINGS: Conceptions of Gender;
Chasing Beauty; Stereotypes 839
51. Argument Casebook: Assisted
Suicide 841
Legalized Assisted Suicide: In Favor 842
Barbara Huttmann, A Crime of
Compassion 842
Marc Siegel, Treating the Pain by Ending
a Life 846
Jerry Fensterman, I See Why Others Choose
to Die 850
Legalized Assisted Suicide: Opposed 855
Marilyn Golden, Why Progressives Should
Oppose the Legalization of Assisted
Suicide 855
Herbert Hendin, The Case against
Physician-Assisted Suicide: For the
Right to End-of-Life Care 860
Write an Essay: What Do You Think? 865
Appendix: Problem Solving in
Writing 867
Answers to Odd-Numbered Editing
Exercises A-1
Index I-1
Correction Symbols
ANK_47574_00_FM_ppi-xxxiv r2 ko.indd xviANK_47574_00_FM_ppi-xxxiv r2 ko.indd xvi 10/29/08 9:58:47 AM10/29/08 9:58:47 AM
xvii
Thematic Contents
(Essays listed in order of appearance)
Advertising and Consumer Culture
Lindsey Tanner, Study Says Ads Trick
Children’s Taste Buds 240
Ellen Goodman, Nightmare of Feature
Creep 755
Juliet B. Schor, Age Compression 811
Chasing Beauty
Rebecca Skloot, Celebrity Teeth 245
Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra Hockenbury,
When the Regulation of Eating Behavior Fails:
Anorexia and Bulimia 257
Dave Barry, The Ugly Truth about
Beauty 817
Amy L. Beck, Struggling for Perfection 829
Conceptions of Gender
Daniel Goleman, For Man and Beast, Language
of Love Shares Many Traits 781
Scott Russell Sanders, The Men We Carry in
Our Minds 788
Dave Barry, The Ugly Truth about Beauty 817
Amy L. Beck, Struggling for Perfection 829
Education
Jordan Brown, A Return to Education 153
Monique Rizer, When Students Are
Parents 156
Michael Jernigan, Back to School 158
Luz Medina, Report: Suggestions for student
services 171
Juan Gonzalez, Address to new students 174
Garth Vaz, Dyslexia 260
Donnie Ney, Attendance in College
Classes 301
John Around Him, Letter to Senator John
Kerry 306
Ethics
Lindsey Tanner, Study Says Ads Trick
Children’s Taste Buds 240
Juliet B. Schor, Age Compression 811
Barbara Huttmann, A Crime of
Compassion 842
Marc Siegel, Treating the Pain by Ending
a Life 846
Jerry Fensterman, I See Why Others Choose
to Die 850
Marilyn Golden, Why Progressives Should
Oppose the Legalization of Assisted
Suicide 855
Herbert Hendin, The Case against
Physician-Assisted Suicide: For the Right
to End-of-Life Care 860
Faith, Belief, and Values
Alex Espinoza, Excerpt from Still Water
Saints 192
Langston Hughes, Salvation 745
Barbara Huttmann, A Crime of
Compassion 842
Marc Siegel, Treating the Pain by Ending
a Life 846
Jerry Fensterman, I See Why Others Choose
to Die 850
Marilyn Golden, Why Progressives Should
Oppose the Legalization of Assisted
Suicide 855
Herbert Hendin, The Case against
Physician-Assisted Suicide: For the Right to
End-of-Life Care 860
Family, Friends, and Romantic
Partners
Florence Bagley, Photograph of My Father 189
Jennifer Orlando, Letter to Amy 194
ANK_47574_00_FM_ppi-xxxiv r2 ko.indd xviiANK_47574_00_FM_ppi-xxxiv r2 ko.indd xvii 10/29/08 9:58:47 AM10/29/08 9:58:47 AM
xviii Thematic Contents
Steven McCornack, Collaboratively Managing
Confl ict 206
Dylan Marcos, Bad Roommates 228
Kathleen Stassen Berger, What Makes
Marriages Work? 276
Alex Espinoza, An American in Mexico 766
Feeling Foreign
Uzodinma Iweala, A Close Encounter 749
Alex Espinoza, An American in Mexico 766
Bharati Mukherjee, Two Ways to Belong in
America 822
Identity/Fitting In
Danny Fitzgerald, Blood Type and
Personality 224
Alex Espinoza, An American in Mexico 766
Malcolm X, My First Conk 776
Scott Russell Sanders, The Men We Carry in
Our Minds 788
Amy Tan, Mother Tongue 796
Nancy Mairs, On Being a Cripple 805
Bharati Mukherjee, Two Ways to Belong in
America 822
Life Choices and Lessons
Jordan Brown, A Return to Education 153
Monique Rizer, When Students Are
Parents 156
Jolanda Jones, Talk to students on considering
consequences 279
Shawn Brown, Letter in support of parole
request 304
Langston Hughes, Salvation 745
Uzodinma Iweala, A Close Encounter 749
Debra Marquart, Chores 770
Barbara Huttmann, A Crime of
Compassion 842
Jerry Fensterman, I See Why Others Choose to
Die 850
The Pressure to Conform
Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra Hockenbury,
When the Regulation of Eating Behavior Fails:
Anorexia and Bulimia 257
Christopher Shea, In Praise of Peer
Pressure 282
Langston Hughes, Salvation 745
Kathleen Vail, Words That Wound 759
Malcolm X, My First Conk 776
Amy L. Beck, Struggling for Perfection 829
Race and Culture
Shawn Brown, Letter in support of parole
request 304
John Around Him, Letter to Senator John
Kerry 306
Malcolm X, My First Conk 776
Amy Tan, Mother Tongue 796
Bharati Mukherjee, Two Ways to Belong in
America 822
Brent Staples, Just Walk on By: Black Men and
Public Space 834
Reading, Writing, Thinking, and
Communicating
Malcolm Gladwell, The Internal Computer 177
Silvio Testagrosso, How to Create and Use
MySpace 210
Garth Vaz, Dyslexia 260
Mario Mighlietti, Facebook or MySpace? 263
Daniel Goleman, For Man and Beast, Language
of Love Shares Many Traits 781
Amy Tan, Mother Tongue 796
Self-Image
Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra Hockenbury,
When the Regulation of Eating Behavior Fails:
Anorexia and Bulimia 257
Malcolm X, My First Conk 776
Nancy Mairs, On Being a Cripple 805
Dave Barry, The Ugly Truth about Beauty 817
Amy L. Beck, Struggling for Perfection 829
Social Issues
Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra Hockenbury,
When the Regulation of Eating Behavior Fails:
Anorexia and Bulimia 257
Kathleen Stassen Berger, What Makes
Marriages Work? 276
ANK_47574_00_FM_ppi-xxxiv r2 ko.indd xviiiANK_47574_00_FM_ppi-xxxiv r2 ko.indd xviii 10/29/08 9:58:47 AM10/29/08 9:58:47 AM
Thematic Contents xix
Jolanda Jones, Talk to students on considering
consequences 279
Shawn Brown, Letter in support of parole
request 304
John Around Him, Letter to Senator John
Kerry 306
Kathleen Vail, Words That Wound 759
Amy L. Beck, Struggling for Perfection 829
Brent Staples, Just Walk on By: Black Men and
Public Space 834
Stereotypes
Scott Russell Sanders, The Men We Carry in
Our Minds 788
Amy Tan, Mother Tongue 796
Nancy Mairs, On Being a Cripple 805
Brent Staples, Just Walk on By: Black Men and
Public Space 834
Work
Juan Gonzalez, Address to new students 174
Patty Maloney, Report from a patient’s
fi le 209
Giovanni Bohorquez, Description of services,
Algrita Consulting 226
Gary Knoblock, Mission statement, Lightning
Quick Signs 243
Shawn Brown, Letter in support of parole
request 304
Debra Marquart, Chores 770
ANK_47574_00_FM_ppi-xxxiv r2 ko.indd xixANK_47574_00_FM_ppi-xxxiv r2 ko.indd xix 10/29/08 9:58:47 AM10/29/08 9:58:47 AM
ANK_47574_00_FM_ppi-xxxiv r2 ko.indd iiANK_47574_00_FM_ppi-xxxiv r2 ko.indd ii 10/29/08 9:58:44 AM10/29/08 9:58:44 AM
This page intentionally left blank