Ackerlind Sheila R., Jones-Kellogg Rebecca. Portuguese: A Reference Manual
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Portuguese
102
6) In an effort to reduce the semantic ambiguity of the possessive seu(s) / sua(s),
colloquial Portuguese tends to limit its meaning to "your(s)," unless there is a clear
reference to a 3rd-person antecedent.
1
7) Possessive prepositional phrases
a) express "his" / "her(s)" / "their(s)," as well as the formal "your(s)," and therefore
eliminate the potential ambiguity of seu(s) / sua(s):
POSSESSOR
POSSESSIVE
ENGLISH
o senhor
do senhor
your(s)
os senhores
dos senhores
your(s)
a senhora
da senhora
your(s)
as senhoras
das senhoras
your(s)
ele
dele
his
eles
deles
their(s)
ela
dela
her(s)
elas
delas
their(s)
b) agree in gender and number with the possessor (indeed, they are the possessor,
preceded by the preposition de); they do not agree with what is possessed
(unlike possessive adjectives and pronouns);
c) always follow what is possessed:
as aulas do senhor
8) da gente is the possessive prepositional phrase of a gente (= colloquial synonym of nós).
2
os livros da gente
(= nossos livros)
9) A possessive is often omitted before a part of the possessor's own body (unlike in English
and Spanish) but is used when the "body part" does not belong to the possessor; compare:
PORTUGUESE
SPANISH
ENGLISH
Pedro lava o cabelo.
Pedro se lava el pelo.
Peter washes his (own) hair.
Pedro lava o meu cabelo.
Pedro me lava el pelo.
Peter washes my hair.
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1
Note to Spanish Speakers: For this reason, Port. seu(s) / sua(s) is less ambiguous than Sp. su(s).
2
In formal Portuguese, nosso(s) / nossa(s) should be used instead of da gente.
Grammatical Categories
103
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
1) The following are the Portuguese demonstrative adjectives and pronouns,
as well as the possessives and adverbs to which they correspond.
1, 2
MASC.
FEM.
NEUTER
ENGLISH
POSSESSIVE
ADVERB(S)
DEMONSTR.
DEMONSTR.
DEMONSTR.
ADJECTIVE
ADJECTIVE
PRONOUN
este(s)
esta(s)
isto
this
/ these
meu(s)
/ minha(s)
aqui / cá
nosso(s)
/ nossa(s)
(here)
esse(s)
essa(s)
isso
that
/ those
teu(s)
/ tua(s)
aí
vosso(s)
/ vossa(s)
(there)
seu(s)
/ sua(s)
do(s) senhor(es)
da(s) senhora(s)
aquele(s)
aquela(s)
aquilo
that
/ those
dele(s)
ali / (aco)lá
dela(s)
([over] there)
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1
In colloquial BP, esse(s) / essa(s) / isso are increasingly used instead of este(s) / esta(s) / isto
and are understood to mean not only "that / those" but "this / these."
2
Note to Spanish Speakers: Unlike their Spanish cognates, Portuguese masculine plural
demonstratives end in -es; compare:
PORTUGUESE
SPANISH
estes
estos
esses
esos
aqueles
aquellos
Portuguese
104
2) este(s) / esta(s) / isto refer to what is near the speaker
("here," from the speaker's standpoint):
Esta camisa aqui é minha.
Estes livros aqui são nossos.
3) esse(s) / essa(s) / isso refer to what is near the listener
("there," from the speaker's standpoint):
Esse livro aí é seu.
Essas camisas aí são suas.
4) aquele(s) / aquela(s) / aquilo refer to what is not near the speaker or listener
("over there," from the speaker's or listener's standpoint):
Aquele carro ali é delas.
Aquelas calças lá são dele.
5)
este(s) / esta(s) / isto
also mean "the latter";
aquele(s) / aquela(s) / aquilo
also mean "the former":
Maria e Ana são irmãs: esta (= Ana) é alta; aquela (= Maria) é baixa.
6) Demonstrative adjectives
a) agree in gender and number with the nouns that they modify;
b) precede the noun:
este carro aqui
essas camisas aí
aquelas salas ali
Grammatical Categories
105
7) Demonstrative pronouns
There are two kinds:
a) demonstrative adjectives that function as pronouns:
1
i) they stand alone (i.e., separated from the [pro]noun to which they refer);
ii) they agree in gender and number with the (pro)noun to which they refer:
As minhas (calças) são estas aqui.
(these ones)
O seu (livro) é esse aí.
(that one)
Aquela ali é a gata deles.
(that one)
b) isto / isso / aquilo:
i) these neuter forms are invariable in gender and number;
ii) they refer to abstractions and mean in English the indefinite, vague
"this" / "that" (stuff / business / idea);
iii) they are often preceded by the neuter indefinite pronoun tudo ("all")
(see p. 123 for details);
iv) they are used in the response to a question containing another neuter
demonstrative, even though the identity of the thing or person in the
question may be known in the response:
O que é isso aí? Isto aqui é um livro.
O que é aquilo lá? Não sei o que é aquilo.
Não gosto disto!
Não quero pensar nisso!
Tudo aquilo é uma bobagem!
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1
Note to Spanish Speakers: Unlike their Spanish cognates, Portuguese masculine and feminine
demonstrative pronouns are not marked with an acute accent; compare:
PORTUGUESE
SPANISH
Nossa casa é esta.
Nuestra casa es ésta.
Portuguese
106
CONTRACTIONS OF PREPOSITIONS WITH DEMONSTRATIVES
The following contractions of the prepositions de / em / a with demonstrative adjectives and
pronouns are obligatory in Portuguese.
1
de
+
este(s)
=
deste(s)
de
+
esta(s)
=
desta(s)
de
+
isto
=
disto
em
+
este(s)
=
neste(s)
em
+
esta(s)
=
nesta(s)
em
+
isto
=
nisto
de
+
esse(s)
=
desse(s)
de
+
essa(s)
=
dessa(s)
de
+
isso
=
disso
em
+
esse(s)
=
nesse(s)
em
+
essa(s)
=
nessa(s)
em
+
isso
=
nisso
de
+
aquele(s)
=
daquele(s)
de
+
aquela(s)
=
daquela(s)
de
+
aquilo
=
daquilo
em
+
aquele(s)
=
naquele(s)
em
+
aquela(s)
=
naquela(s)
em
+
aquilo
=
naquilo
a
+
aquele(s)
=
àquele(s)
2
a
+
aquela(s)
=
àquela(s)
2
a
+
aquilo
=
àquilo
2
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1
The preposition a does not form contractions with este(s) / esta(s) / isto // esse(s) / essa(s) / isso.
2
Note the grave accent over the a of àquele(s) / àquela(s) / àquilo.
Grammatical Categories
107
RELATIVE WORDS
1) A relative word
a) "relates" back to the antecedent;
b) is found in a relative subordinate clause, which functions within the sentence as
i)
a noun
(Quem trabalha somos nós.)
ii)
an adjective
(Leia o livro que comprei ontem.)
c) is either a pronoun, an adjective, or an adverb:
Leia o livro que comprei ontem.
(= pronoun)
Ela é a professora cuja aula é tão interessante!
(= adjective)
Conheço um restaurante onde se come bem.
(= adverb)
2) Relative pronouns
a) may be either subjects or objects in a relative subordinate clause:
Quem trabalha somos nós.
(= subject)
Leia o livro que comprei ontem.
(= direct object)
É ele a quem você mandou o livro.
(= prepositional object)
São as pessoas sobre as quais falei.
(= prepositional object)
b) are never omitted in Portuguese (in colloquial English, a relative pronoun is often
omitted if it is an object in a relative adjective clause; see example below).
3) When a relative pronoun is a prepositional object, it must follow the preposition, never the
verb (unlike in colloquial English); compare:
PORTUGUESE
FORMAL ENGLISH
COLLOQUIAL ENGLISH
a pessoa com quem estudo
the person with whom I study
the person I study with
4) When a relative pronoun is variable in gender and/or number, it agrees with its stated or
implied antecedent.
São as pessoas sobre as quais falei.
5) The Portuguese relative pronouns follow.
Portuguese
108
RELATIVE
ENGLISH
EXAMPLES
DETAILS
PRONOUN
quem
1
refers to person;
invariable in gender / number
(unlike Sp. quien[es]):
(1) subject / object
in noun clause
(and countless proverbs):
2
(s)he / those who
Quem cala, consente.
= o(s) / a(s) que
(s)he whom
Quem vimos é pobre.
= o / a que
those whom
Quem vimos são pobres.
= os / as que
(2) object of short, one-word
preposition:
3
whom
É ela a quem mandei o livro.
whom
São as pessoas de quem falei.
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1
Note to Spanish Speakers: quem is both singular and plural; Portuguese has no equivalent of
Spanish quienes.
2
quem is not used as the subject or direct object of an adjective clause
(unlike Eng. "who(m)" / Sp. quien).
(a)
In a restrictive clause, Portuguese uses que for English "who(m)";
(b)
in a nonrestrictive clause, Portuguese frequently uses o / a qual // os / as quais—as well as
que—for English "who(m)" in order to disambiguate two possible antecedents; compare:
CLAUSE
PORT.
ENG.
SP.
(a)
restrictive
o amigo que vai
who
que
o amigo que vi
whom
que
(b)
nonrestrictive
o pai dela, que / o qual é alto
who
que / el cual / quien
o pai de Ana, que / a qual vi ontem
whom
que / a la cual / a quien
3
After a long or compound preposition, o / a qual // os / as quais replaces quem
(see p. 111 for details):
São as pessoas sobre as quais falei.
(whom)
É Jorge, atrás do qual está Ana.
(whom)
Grammatical Categories
109
RELATIVE
ENGLISH
EXAMPLES
DETAILS
PRONOUN
que
refers to person / thing;
invariable in gender / number:
(1) subject / object
in adjective clause:
1
that
A casa que é nova é dele.
that
Leia o livro que comprei ontem.
which
Esta casa, que é nova, é dele.
which
Leia esse livro, que comprei ontem.
who
Conhece as meninas que dançam?
whom
Ele é o menino que vi ontem.
(2) object of short, one-word
preposition:
2
which
São as aulas de que falei.
which
Esta é a caneta com que escrevo.
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1
In a nonrestrictive adjective clause, Portuguese frequently uses o / a qual // os / as quais—
as well as que—for English "who(m)" / "which" in order to disambiguate two possible
antecedents; compare:
PORTUGUESE
ENGLISH
SPANISH
o livro, que / o qual custa muito
which
que / el cual
os pais dela, que / os quais são altos
who
que / los cuales / quienes
o pai de Ana, que / a qual vi ontem
whom
que / a la cual / a quien
2
After a long or compound preposition, o / a qual // os / as quais replaces que
(see p. 111 for details):
São as aulas sobre as quais falei.
(which)
É a mesa, atrás da qual está Ana.
(which)
Portuguese
110
RELATIVE
ENGLISH
EXAMPLES
DETAILS
PRONOUN
o que
refers to person / thing;
"o" is variable in
gender / number;
subject / object
in noun clause:
(s)he who
O / A que cala, consente.
= quem
those who
Os / As que calam, consentem.
= quem
(s)he whom
O / A que vimos é pobre.
= quem
those whom
Os / As que vimos são pobres.
= quem
Que carro quer?
the one that
Quero o que vimos ontem.
Que camisas quer?
the ones that
Quero as que vimos ontem.
o que
1
what
refers to abstraction,
(= that which /
not to concrete antecedent;
the thing that)
invariable in gender / number;
subject / object in noun clause:
O que importa é a verdade.
Não sei o que quer dizer.
Gosto do que gosto!
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1
Note to Spanish Speakers: Portuguese has no neuter definite article corresponding to Spanish lo.
To express the neuter, Portuguese uses the masculine article o; compare:
PORTUGUESE
SPANISH
O que importa é a verdade.
Lo que importa es la verdad.
Não sei o que quer dizer.
No sé lo que quiere decir.
Grammatical Categories
111
RELATIVE
ENGLISH
EXAMPLES
DETAILS
PRONOUN
o qual
refers to person / thing;
variable in gender / number
(o / a qual > os / as quais):
(1) subject / object
in nonrestrictive adjective clause
in order to avoid ambiguity
(seen on pp. 108n2, 109n1):
who
Conheci a mãe do meu colega,
(i.e., the one who studies is my
o qual estuda muito.
colleague, not his mother)
whom
Chegam os pais de Maria e Ana,
(i.e., the ones whom I met are
os quais conheci ontem.
the parents, not the daughters)
which
Gosto das mensagens dos livros,
(i.e., the messages are universal,
as quais são universais.
not necessarily the books)
(2) object of long / compound
preposition
(seen on pp. 108n3, 109n2):
whom
São as pessoas sobre as quais falei.
which
É a mesa, atrás da qual está Alberto.
quanto
refers to person / thing;
variable in gender / number;
agrees with (optional) todo
(see p. 123 for details);
subject / object in noun clause:
all who
(Todos) quantos estudam aprendem.
all whom
(Todas) quantas vemos são pobres.
all that
Gostou de (todos) quantos viu?
quanto
1
refers to abstraction,
not to concrete antecedent;
invariable in gender / number,
as is (optional) tudo
(see p. 123 for details);
subject / object in noun clause:
all that
Gostou de (tudo) quanto viu?
however
Estudarei (tudo) quanto puder!
much
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1
quanto mais...mais
=
"the more...the more"
(quanto mais bebe, mais quer)
quanto menos...menos
=
"the less...the less"
(quanto menos come, menos quer)