A History of Modern Iran by Ervand Abrahamian
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220 Further reading
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THE ISLAMIC REVOLUTION AND REPUBLIC
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Further reading 221
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2006).
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222 Further reading
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(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
Mirsepassi, A., Intellectual Discourse and the Politics of Modernization (Cambrid ge:
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Moaddel, M., Class, Politics and Ideology in the Iranian Revolution (New York:
Columbia University Press, 1993).
Moin, B., Khomeini (London: Tauris, 1999).
Mottahedeh, R., The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran (New York:
Simon and Schuster, 1983).
Mozaffari, N., Strange Times, My Dear: The Pen Anthology of Contemporary Iranian
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Parsa, M., Social Origins of the Iranian Revolution (New Brunswick: Rutgers
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Tauris, 1998).
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1991).
Rahnema, A. and Nomani, F., The Secular Miracle: Religion, Politics and Economic
Policy in Iran (London: Zed Books, 1990).
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Schirazi, A., The Constitution of Iran (London: Tauris, 1997).
Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Quest ion in Iran (London: Lynne
Rienner, 1993).
Sciolino, E., Persian Mirrors (New York: Free Press, 2000).
Takeyh, R., Hidden Iran: Paradox and Power in the Islamic Republic (New York:
Council on Foreign Relations, 2006).
Vahdat, F., God and Juggernaut: Iran ’
s Intellectual Encounter with Modernity
(Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2002).
Varzi, R., Warring Souls: Youth, Media, and Martyrdom in Post-Revolution Iran
(London: Duke University Press, 2006).
Yaghmaian, B., Social Change in Iran (Albany: State University of New York Press,
2002).
Further reading 223
Index
Abadan 56
Abadan cinema fire 159
Abdul qAzim Mosque 16, 20, 112, 178
Abu Zarr 143
Ahmad Shah xvii, 53, 61
Ahmadinejad, Mahmud xvii, 187, 193–94
Al-e Ahmad, Jalal xvii, 110, 172
Ala, Hussein 128, 129
Alam, Assadallah xvii, 25, 129, 130, 149
Amin al-Dowleh 14, 25
Amin al-Saltaneh 14
Amini, Abul-Qassem 104
Amini, Ali 128, 129, 131
Anglo-Persian Agreement (1919) 60–62, 64
Anglo-Persian (Iranian) Oil Company 38, 39, 55,
57, 96, 116–17
Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
49–50, 58
Arabs 21
see also Sheikh Khaz’al
Arani, Taqi
xvii
armed forces
after 1906 revolution 55
during 1919–21 59–60
under Islamic Republic 176, 184, 194
under Muhammad Reza Shah 98,
124–26, 132
under Nasser al-Din Shah 11–12
under Reza Shah 66–67, 68–70, 92–93
Armenians
in the Constitutional Revolution 51, 52
in the Islamic Majles 166
in the nineteenth century 17, 19, 26, 40
Arya Mehr (Aryan Sun) 123, 150
Ashraf, Princess xviii, 118
Ashtiyan 10
Ashtiyani family 103, 115, 128
Assyrians 17, 19, 40, 166
Axis of Evil speech 192–93
Azalis 19, 69
Azerbaijan autonomy (1945) 111
Babis 19
Bahais 19, 130
, 138, 147, 181, 189
Bahar, Muhammad Taqi (Malek al-Shu’ara)
xiii, 73, 110
Bakhtiyaris
after Reza Shah 104, 106
during the Qajars 12, 22–23, 31–32
in the Constitutional Revolution 52, 54
under Reza Shah 93
Baluchis 22
Bani-Sadr, Abul-Hassan xiii, 157, 181, 187
Baqer Khan 51–52
bast (sanctuary) 43, 89
Bayat, Morteza 102–03, 133
bazaars 29, 42, 138, 147, 151–52, 178–79
Bazargan, Mehdi xviii, 162–63, 168
Behazin 110
Behbehani, Ayatollah Abdallah xviii, 43, 46, 51
Behbehani, Ayatollah Muhammad xviii, 121
Beheshti, Ayatollah
171, 177
Black Friday (Bloody Friday) 159
Boir Ahmads 12, 18, 21, 112
borders, of Iran 1
Borojourdi, Ayatollah Hussein xviii
Bozorg Alavi xix, 110
Britain
in the Constitutional Revolution 41–42
in nineteenth-century Iran 36–37
in 1909–21 period 49–50, 54–55, 58–59, 60–62
in 1921 coup 63–64
in 1941–46 period 97–99
in 1953 coup 118–22
Browne, Edward 20, 44, 46, 53
Bullard, Reader 97, 100, 103, 111
bureaucracy
in the Constitutional Revolution 54–55
under Islamic Republic 169, 176, 183–84, 189
under Muhammad Reza Shah 126–27, 133, 134,
138, 151
under Qajars 9, 11, 12–13
under Reza Shah 65, 67, 70, 77, 84–85, 87–88
224
calendar 83, 152
Cannon Square 11 , 29, 50–51, 53, 90
capitulations 37, 64, 76, 157
Carter, Jimmy 157 , 168
chadour (full veil) 84 , 95 , 99 , 177, 190
Chahar Lang 22–23, 32, 93
Chahar Mahal 22, 26, 32, 52, 93, 106
Chubak, Sadeq 110 , 127
CIA 118–22
cinemas 89 , 90 , 127 , 191
clerical establishment
in the 1906 constitution 48, 52
under Muhammad Reza Shah 99 , 146 , 152–53
under Qajars 15, 17
under Reza Shah 85 –86, 93,
95
under the Islamic Republic 163
concessions 38 –39, 47
Confederation of Iranian Students 144, 148
conscription law (1925) 68, 77
constitutional laws
of 1906, 47–48
1925 changes, 74
1949 changes, 112
of 1979–80 , 163 –69
1989 changes, 183
Cossacks
in the C o nsti tutio nal Revo l uti on , 43, 44–45, 51 , 53
in 1909 –21 period, 55, 59
in 1921 coup, 63–64
under Nasser al-Din Shah, 11–12 , 3
court patronage 71–72, 99, 112, 118 , 127–28
Curzon, Lord xix, 8, 11 , 37–38, 60–
61
Dar al-Fanon 13, 39, 44, 75
Dashnak Party 33
Dashti, Ali 89
Davar, Ali Akbar 75– 76, 87, 89
Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar xix, 36, 46, 118, 172
Dezful Dam 133
Diba, Abdul Hassan 76
Diba, Farah 76 , 131
Donya xvii
Dowlatshahi family 92
Ebadi, Shiren xix, 190
educational system 84 –85, 126, 134 , 189
electoral laws 45, 53, 58 , 73, 166
Elqanian, Habeb 176
Eqbal, Manucher 128, 129
Eshqi, Mirzazadeh 74
Fallaci, Oriana 153
family names 68 , 77, 83
Family Protection Law 134
Fanon, Franz 144
Fardust, General 125
Farhangestan (Cultural Academy) 86
Farmanfarma, Abdul Hussein 25, 53 , 58
Farmanfarma, Firuz (Nowsrat al-Dowleh) xix, 75
,
76, 87 , 89
Farmanfarma, Muzaffar Firuz 104
Farokhi-Yazdi, Muhammad 74
Fatemi, Hussein xix
Fath Ali Shah 62, 70
Fawzieh, Queen 92, 99
Fayzieh Seminary 158
Fazlollah Nuri, Sheikh xx, 50–51, 53, 170
Fedakar, Taqi 106
Fedayan-e Islam xii, 116
Fedayin-e Khalq 148, 162, 166, 168
Ferdowsi 2, 87
see also Shahnameh
“Fifty-three,” the xix, 107, 115
Fitzgerald, Frances 126, 142
flag 47
Foroughi, Ali 101–02
Foucault, Michel 7, 159
Freemasons 138
Gav (Cow) 127
Georgians 12, 26, 51
Gharbzadegi (Plague from the West) 20, 147, 186
Great Civilization 131, 152
Guevara, Che 6, 144,
145
Gulestan Treaty (1813) 36
Hafez 20
Haft Lang 22–23, 26, 31, 32, 93
Haim, Samuel 74
Hakimi, Ibrahim 101, 112
Hamshahri (Citizen) 191
headgear 9, 83–84, 93–94
Hedayat, Sadeq xix, 110
Hekmat, Sarder Fakher 104
Hezhir, Abdul-Hussein 100–101, 116
Hoveida, Abbas xx, 129, 130, 150, 181
Huntington, Samuel 149, 154
Imperial Guards 125
industrial workers 138–39
International Commission of Jurists 157
Iran Novin Party 130, 149
Iraq War 171 , 176, 181
Ironside, General 12, 64
Iskandari, Iraj 107, 111, 112
Iskdandari, Sulayman xx, 57, 59, 107–
08
Jahanbani, General 92, 176
Jaleh Square 159–60, 162
Jam, Mahmud 92
Index 225
Jangalis (Men of the Forests) 59
see also Kuchek Khan
Jews 17, 19, 40 , 166 , 176,189
judicial system
under Qajars 12 –13
under Reza Shah 87–88
under the Islamic Republic 176 –77
Ka’ab
see Sheikh Khaz’al
kadkhuda (headman) 22, 23, 27, 28, 92, 107
kalantar (bailiff) 27
Karbala 15, 64
see also Muharram
Kashani, Ayatollah xx, 115–16, 171
Kasravi, Ahmad xx, 30, 95–96, 116
Kaver Desert 26
Khalatbari, Rahman 104
Khalel Maleki 115
Khamenei, Ayatollah xxi, 179, 181 , 182 , 187
Khamseh 32–33
Khatemi, Muhammad xxi, 185
–91, 192
Khiabani, Sheikh 59, 61
Khomeini, Ayatollah xxi
death of, 182
ideas of, 146 –49, 179–80
return of, 161
titles of, 4 , 164
Komiteh (Committee) 162
Kuchek Khan 59, 61, 170, 177
Kurdish autonomy (1945) 111
Kurds 21, 22
labor laws 110, 180, 185
labor unions 108–10
Lahuti, Major 68
land reform 131–32, 156, 180
landowners
and land reform, 132–33, 139, 156
in parliament, 57, 73, 100, 104–05
under Qajars, 15, 23–26
Liakhoff, Colonel 51, 53
literacy 39, 134, 142,
180
Literacy Corps 134
lutis (toughs) 28
mahalleh (wards) 28, 29 , 31
majles (parliament) 41–46, 57, 72–74, 104–05,
166–67
Mansur, Ali 101–02
Mansur, Hassan 129, 130
Mardom Party 130, 149
Mashed 15, 42, 59, 93–94, 151
Mas’oud, Akbar 105–06
Mazanderan, 63, 72
MI6 118–22
Millspaugh, Arthur 67, 91
minority languages 39–40
minority religions 68–69
Mission for My Country 130–31, 150
missionaries 40
Modarres, Ayatollah xxii, 74, 170
Mojahedin-e Khalq 148, 162
, 166, 168, 181
Moqadam family 25, 74, 133
Mossadeq, Muhammad xxii, 102–03, 113–14,
122, 172
oil nationalization 116–17, 118–20
opposes Shah’s powers 114, 117–18
mostazafen (dispossessed) 145, 148, 167, 183,
186, 193
Mostazafen Foundation 164, 178
Mostowfi, Abdallah 12, 15, 25
Mostowfi al-Mamalek 10, 49, 53, 58
mostowfis (accountants) 9–11, 20, 41, 48, 67, 103
Muhammad Ali Shah 47, 49, 52–53
Muhammad Reza Shah xxii
accession to throne 97,
99
assassination attempt on, 1949 112
control over armed forces of 98–99, 117,
124–26
control over cabinets 128–30
control over parliaments 130–31
marriage of 92
upbringing of, 70
Muharram 5, 16–17, 94, 144, 161, 168
Mukhber al-Dowleh 13, 14, 51
Musher al-Dowleh 14, 40
Musher al-Dowleh (Pirnia) 48, 58
Muzaffar al-Din Shah 14, 41, 45, 46
Nasser al-Din Shah 4, 9, 39–40, 41
Nasser al-Mulk, Abul Qassem (Qarahgozlu) 53
Nasseri, General 126
National Front 115–16, 117–18, 122, 148,
162, 168
national identity 38–39, 44, 70,
194–95
National Iranian Oil Company 117, 127
National Party 115
Navab-Safavi, Mojtaba xxii, 170
newspapers 41, 46, 86, 108, 151, 186, 191
nomadic population 39, 58, 73–74, 133
Noshin 110
Nowruz (New Year) 19, 83, 178
nuclear program 15, 195
Nur 10
oil 38, 39, 55, 57, 96, 116–18
revenues under Islamic Republic 169, 175
revenues under Muhammad Reza Shah 123–24
revenues under Reza Shah 67
226 Index
Pahlavi Foundation 127, 128
peasantry 23–24, 139 , 142 , 180
Persia
name change to Iran 86 –87
Pishevari, Jafar 111
place names 87 –88, 177
police force 13
population 2 , 6 , 134, 180, 184, 196
provinces 14, 28, 71, 126
Qajars 9
clerical system of 63–65, 67
educational system of 60
judicial system of 59–60
taxation system of 54– 55, 75
qanats (underground canals) 23
Qarahgozlus, 103, 133
Qashqa’is 21 , 22, 33
Qasr Prison 89
Qavam, Ahmad xxii–xxiii, 102–03, 112
Qavam al-Mulk 25, 26, 33
, 49 , 56, 92
Qom 16, 43, 158, 159
Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Hashemi xxiii, 30 , 155 , 179,
182 , 183, 184, 187
Rajai, Muhammad 187
Razmara, General 100 , 116
Resurgence Party 149–54, 158
Revolutionary Guards 162, 176
Reza Shah xxiii
abdication 97
control over cabinets 75
control over parliaments 73–74
coronation 65 –66
coup of 63–64
death 97
early years 63
mausoleum 112
wealth 71–72
roads 40, 77, 133
Roosevelt, Kermit 121
rowshanfekr (intellectual) 35, 138
Rushdie, Salman 182, 189
Russia 36 –37, 49, 58–59
, 61–62, 64,
97 , 111 –12
Sadr, Mohsen 101–02
Sa’ed, Muhammad 101–02
Saedi, Ghulam Hussein 110, 127
Samsam al-Saltaneh (Bakhtiyari) 52, 54, 57
Sangalaji, Shariat 86
Sardar As ’ad (Bakhtiyari) xxiii, 52, 53, 55
Sattar Khan 51–52, 58 , 59
SAVAK 126, 152, 176
Sayyed Ziya (Tabatabai) xxiii, 63, 65, 104
Sefid Rud 12 , 63
Senate 47 , 112, 118
Sepahdar, Muhammad Vali (Sepahsalar) xxiv, 25,
26, 52, 53, 58 , 63 , 67
Shahbanou (Lady Shah) 131
Shahnameh (Books of Kings) 2, 5,
19, 20, 29, 65 ,
113, 194
Shahrokh, Kaykhosrow 74
Shahsavens 12, 51, 56
Shahyad Monument 131
Shamlu, Ahmad 110
Shams, Princess 92
shari’ a (Islamic law) 12 –13, 88, 176, 190
see also judicial system
Shariati, Ali xxiv, 143–46, 148, 172
Shariatmadari, Ayatollah 158, 159, 163,
168, 181
Sharif-Emami, Jafar 128, 129
Sheikh Khaz’al 25, 52, 56–57, 67, 93
Shuster, Morgan 10–11, 55, 58
Simku, Ismael 59, 92
Soheily, Ali 100
Soraya, Queen 99, 131
South Persia Rifles 59, 62,
64
Soviet–Iranian Treaty (1921) 64–65
Sowlat al-Dowleh (Qashqa’i) 25, 55–56, 93
Sufi orders 28–29, 30
Sunnis 17, 195
Tabatabai, Ayatollah Muhammad Sadeq xxiv, 43,
46, 51
Tabriz 30, 52, 159
Takiyeh Dowlat (Government Theater) 16
Taleqani, Ayatollah xxiv
Tangsir 127
Taqizadeh, Hassan xxiv, 46, 57, 58,
100, 112
Tehran 29–30, 90, 139, 142
Tehran University 85
telegraph 13, 39
Third Force Party 115
Timourtash, Abdul Hussein 75
tobacco crisis 38–39
Trans-Iranian Railway 77, 97, 133
tribes 18, 21–23, 31–33
, 55–57, 92–93
Tudeh Party 106, 107–13, 149, 181, 148
Turkmanchai Treaty (1828) 36
Turkmans 26–27, 56
United States 97, 118–21, 122, 168, 189, 195
velayat-e faqeh (jurist’s guardianship) 146–47, 161,
163, 164, 165, 182, 191
Vossuq, Hassan (Vossuq al-Dowleh) xxiv,
61–62
Index 227
Wassmus, Wilhelm 60
women’s status 134, 152, 177, 189, 190
Writers Association 158
Yazdanpanah, General 70
Yeprem Khan xxv, 51, 53, 58
Yushej, Nima 110
Zahedi, General xxv, 70, 121,
128, 129
Zands 33
Zill al-Sultan 12, 14, 25, 32, 37, 59
Zoroastrians 17, 19, 40, 166
zurkhanehs (gymnasiums)
2, 28, 121
228 Index