Xin Q. Diesel Engine System Design

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1028 Index

slip index, 734

slip (sliding) ratio, 732

small-end bearing, 674, 745

small valve overlap, 546, 590, 591, 594,

910, 912

smoke, 506

smoke limit, 910, 946

SOC see start of combustion

SOF see soluble organic fraction

software, 652, 884

software-in-the-loop, 923, 928

solid ammonia storage and release, 505,

506

soluble organic fraction, 465

Sommerfeld boundary condition, 688,

704

Sommerfeld number, 665, 713

soot, 503, 507, 510

soot load factor, 512

sound cover, 776

sound intensity, 762, 763, 797, 806

sound intensity level, 763

sound level meter, 760

sound power, 762, 763

sound power level, 759, 762, 799

sound pressure, 759, 760, 762, 764, 772

sound pressure level, 760, 763

sound quality, 764, 767, 769, 770

sound radiation, 770

spark ignition, 15, 582, 589, 610

specialist, 21, 28

design specialist, 26, 27

subsystem specialist, 21, 23, 26, 27,

28, 29, 30

specic heat, 826, 838, 839

specic power, 8, 73, 74, 78, 79, 91, 410

specic retarding power, 412, 413, 427

specic weight, 73, 76, 78

specication limits, 268

specication range, 50, 56

speed control, 927, 928

speed of sound, 759, 871

speed variability, 638

speed–load domain, 515

speed–load map, 299, 363, 364, 372

spring, 529, 536

spring deceleration, 560, 579

spring design, 572–9, 580

spring design chart, 574–5

spring force, 539, 723, 730

spring free length, 573, 574

spring mean diameter, 573, 576, 579

spring natural frequency, 573, 574, 576,

581

spring preload, 536, 537

spring rate, 539

spring solid clearance, 573, 575, 576,

577

spring stress, 576, 578

spring surge, 538

spring torsional stress, 573, 578, 579

spring wire, 573, 578

spring–damper system, 791

squeeze lm effect, 673

squeeze term, 688

stability property, 691

standard deviation, 48, 57, 94, 184–5,

274, 285, 286

standard lab condition, 948, 949

start of combustion, 285, 309, 471, 489,

862, 945, 962

start of injection, 315, 602, 943

static cam design, 563

static deection factor, 564

static design, 977

static engine system design, 317, 319–37

statically loaded, 735

stationary point, 208, 252–4, 263

statistical distribution of hardware

variations, 946

statistical energy analysis, 774

statistical probability distribution, 53,

57, 281

asymmetric distribution, 277, 730

continuous distribution, 277

discrete distribution, 277

symmetric distribution, 277

statistical variation

piece-to-piece variation, 274

time-to-time variation, 269

statistics, 48, 105, 178, 205, 215, 275,

277, 280

formulae, 983

steady state, 517, 738, 847

steady-state performance, 847

steady-state set point, 911

steepest ascent (descent) search, 254,

263

step load increase, 917

Diesel-Xin-Index.indd 1028 5/5/11 12:11:27 PM

1029Index

stick slip noise, 674

stiff ODE, 690–2

stiff order, 692

stiffness, 530, 537, 538

stiffness ratio, 690, 691

stoichiometric ratio, 504

strain, 841

strength

breaking strength, 127

compressive strength, 114, 127

tensile strength, 127

ultimate strength, 126, 127

yield strength, 126, 127

stress, 777

stress concentration, 123, 124, 126

stress limit, 718

stress–strain property, 125, 127, 128

stress–strength interference model, 43–4,

124, 181, 183, 268

Stribeck diagram, 658–65

Stribeck duty parameter, 740, 742

Stribeck effect, 658

stroke, 532, 533

stroke–to–bore ratio, 68, 69, 209, 677,

679, 780,862, 863

structural attenuation, 770, 775, 778, 781

structural design and analysis, 123

structural isolation, 776

subcomponent, 16, 26, 27

subject area, 103, 104

subjective noise characteristics, 765

subsystem, 651

subsystem areas, 26

subsystem interaction, 941–69

suburban route, 371, 374, 376

sulfate particulates, 843

sulfur, 506

sulfur management, 506

sump, 171, 710

supercharger, 828

supercharging, 9, 601, 871, 875, 912

supersonic ow, 884

supervisory control, 94, 100, 105, 383,

384

supplemental emissions test, 11, 174,

360, 911

surface asperity, 711, 725, 735, 787

surface nish, 44, 67, 567, 661

surface t, 206, 217, 228, 229, 231, 240,

241, 261, 316, 485, 746, 981

surface-t emulator, 228, 231

surface-t order, 237

surface-tting, 482, 485

surface roughness, 67, 186, 188, 655,

664, 666, 669, 678

surface topography, 655, 660, 669–70,

705–6

surface vibration, 162, 796

surface–to–volume ratio, 14, 471, 862

swirl, 10, 60, 81, 260, 262, 282, 312,

466, 467, 470, 471, 475, 487

swirl jet turbine, 874, 875

system, subsystem and component, 17,

system approach, 15, 383, 780

system cost analysis, 59–63, 65–7

system design, 53–9

engine system design

constraints or limits, 54–6

optimization, 54

methodologies overview, 53–5

design for reliability, 58–9

design for target, 54–6

design for variability, 56–7, 58

system design point, 487, 954, 955

system design specication, 83, 84, 179,

654

system durability engineer, 61

system dynamics, 98, 103, 306, 469,

909–28

system engineer, 21, 654

academic background, 21–2

system integration, 20, 29, 83, 86,

103–6, 177, 299, 348, 364,

383, 403, 421, 422, 775, 924

system load, 190

system losses, 895

system performance design specication,

941

system reliability, 177–92

system specication, 18, 23, 91, 94–5,

333, 811

system(s) engineering, 15, 81

attribute-driven design process, 23–31

attribute vs component domain

and work scope, 25–7

co-ordination between engineers,

27–9

design attributes and work

functions, 31

Diesel-Xin-Index.indd 1029 5/5/11 12:11:27 PM

1030 Index

design space and elements, 24

knowledge domain and design

specialist, 26

responsibility domain, 30

subsystem areas and attributes, 26

system design models, 28

W-shaped systems engineering

process and functions, 25

work functions for different

attributes, 29–31

challenges, 21–3

design tools for system engineers,

engine system engineers academic

background, 21–2

job responsibilities, 22–3

technical breadth and depth, 22

concept in diesel engine system

design, 15–32

denition, 15–17

principles, 15–21

interfaces, 17

modularization and integration, 20

phases and roles, 17–19

qualications of system engineer,

risk management, 19–20

trade-offs and balanced design

decisions, 20

tools and methods, 31–2

cause and effect diagram, 31

decision-making matrix for value-

oriented design analysis, 32

decision tree, 31–2

modication freedom concept, 31

Taguchi method, 212–17

taper, 696

tappet, 562

tappet offset, 728

tappet-to-bore clearance, 795

target costing, 59, 62

target emissions recipe, 941

temperature

charge air cooler outlet temperature,

282

compressor outlet air temperature, 58,

116, 265, 301

coolant temperature, 50, 116, 301,

362, 381, 849, 853

EGR cooler outlet gas temperature,

251, 302

exhaust manifold gas temperature, 58,

207, 286, 291, 450, 472, 475,

555, 556, 625, 627, 633, 843,

844, 926, 949, 953, 963

intake manifold gas temperature, 286,

290, 849, 957

metal temperature, 139, 842

oil temperature, 301

temperature error, 341

temperature gradient, 137, 148

temperature thinning, 671

tertiary motion, 771

test code, 875

testing, 25, 30, 84, 87, 89, 105, 106,

464, 479

testing engineer, 29, 31

theoretical zero lm thickness, 727

thermal conductivity, 143

thermal deformation, 134

thermal efciency, 14

thermal expansion, 137

thermal failure, 133

thermal fatigue, 137–8

thermal inertia, 139

thermal load, 139, 825

thermal resistance, 838

thermal shock, 142–3

thermo-mechanical failures, 132–6

damage and damage models, 128–32

damage model and durability life

analysis, 130

total strain–strain range

partitioning, 131

diesel engine, 143–59

cam durability comprehensive

evaluation, 154

cam fatigue and stress, 152–7

cam stress sensitivity to the effect

of roller crown radius, 156

cylinder head durability, 143–5

diesel oxidation catalyst and

particulate lter durability, 159

engine piston durability, 157

engine valve durability, 150–2

exhaust manifold durability,

145–50

pushrod force and cam stress, 155

turbocharger durability, 158–9

Diesel-Xin-Index.indd 1030 5/5/11 12:11:27 PM

1031Index

fatigue, 136–43

fatigue life, 136–7

fatigue strength and fatigue limit,

137

high cycle fatigue, 140

low cycle fatigue, 140–2

material, 136

thermal, 137–8

thermal shock, 142–3

thermo-mechanical fatigue, 138–9

analysis process, 139

fundamentals, 125–43

structural concepts overview, 125

mechanical failures fundamental

concepts, 126–8

steel stress–strain property, 128

strain, 127

strength, 128

stress, 126

modes, 132–6

ablation and excessive thermal

deformation, 134

corrosion, 135

creep, 135

fatigue, 134–5

fracture and rupture, 134

oxidation, 136

thermal failures, 133

thermodynamic cycle, 103–4, 305–16,

944

thermodynamic cycle efciency, 470

thermodynamic energy system, 98

thermodynamic rst law, 104, 893

thermodynamic performance, 923

thermodynamic second law, 104, 584,

893, 895, 896

thin lm lubrication, 668, 717

third-order, 243, 252

three-way catalyst, 7, 505

throttle loss, 591, 898

throttled operation, 582, 618

throttleless operation, 589, 604

thrust side, 659, 685, 689, 694, 698, 782,

793

Tier-2 Bin-5 light-duty emissions, 14

tilting, 157, 680, 684, 695, 734, 793

time domain, 51, 178, 797, 810

time-frequency diagram, 794

time history of

impact force, 786, 790

liner acceleration, 791

metal temperature, 183

side force, 781

sound pressure level, 763

stress and strain, 182

time-in-service, 33, 44

time-marching integration, 690, 702,

709

time step, 489

time-to-failure, 53, 187, 189

timing gear, 796

tip clearance, 803

tip speed, 879

tire-road adhesion, 349

titanium impeller wheel, 873

tolerance design, 39, 56, 230

tolerance range, 48, 94, 103, 228, 268

tolerances stacking-up, 266, 267

top deck, 778, 780

‘top-down’ approach, 977

‘top-down’ process, 86, 88

top land, 784

top-land clearance, 784

top tank temperature, 853

torque backup, 75, 361, 362

torque-based controls, 920–1

torque converter, 349, 351

torque converter slip, 639

torque curve, 91, 362, 591

torsional vibration, 580, 797

total strain-strain range partitioning

method, 131

tractive force, 349, 353, 361

tractive power, 355, 358

trade-offs in diesel engines

acceleration time and vehicle fuel

economy, 358

air–fuel ratio, EGR rate and power

rating, 476, 517, 840, 881, 889

air–fuel ratio and EGR rate, 919

air–fuel ratio and engine delta P, 608

cooler effectiveness, cooler ow

restriction and packaging size,

967–8

cost and reliability, 188

different operating conditions, 356

drivability and fuel economy, 365,

954

emissions target and design

constraints, 954–5

Diesel-Xin-Index.indd 1031 5/5/11 12:11:27 PM

1032 Index

engine breathing requirement and

valvetrain dynamics, 541

fuel economy, emissions and engine

noise, 221–3, 260

hydrocarbons and exhaust

temperature, 220

in-cylinder turbulence and volumetric

efciency, 81

low engine noise and high mechanical

efciency, 783

low load and high load, 616

mean value and signal-to-noise ratio,

213, 214, 215, 259

mechanical load and thermal load, 81

and BSFC, 601

and PM or soot, 463, 465

optimality, reliability and robustness,

270–1

low speed and high speed, 868

peak cylinder pressure and exhaust

manifold gas temperature, 188

piston slap noise and piston tilting,

681, 784–5

S/B ratio, K-factor and valve overlap

height, 862–3

transient emission spikes and

pumping loss, 909

two objectives, 271, 273

two responses, 255–6

valve ow area and valvetrain

vibration, 561

trail-and-error, 254

transfer function, 773, 781, 796

transformation of factor or response, 240

transient acceleration, 380, 546, 773,

872, 910

transient calibration, 482, 919

transient combustion efciency, 912

transient corrections, 980

transient cycle, 181–2, 183, 360, 371,

482, 921

transient delay, 915

transient emission spike, 909, 917

transient emissions, 56, 490, 764

transient emissions prole, 911

transient emissions target, 911

transient friction, 738

transient gains, 482, 911

transient load response, 592

transient NO

, 917, 919

transient NO

spike, 911

transient operation, 911, 950

transient performance, 104, 368–82,

909–14, 921–2

transient pumping loss, 357, 909, 919

transient response, 599, 910, 918

transient soot, 917, 918

transient torque, 362, 371

transition boiling, 174

translation term, 94, 703, 711

transmission cooler, 305, 828

transmission gear, 994

transmission loss, 776, 799

transmission path, 775, 796

noise transmission path, 795–6

vibration transmission path, 794

transmission shift schedule, 370

transverse motion, 680

trapped gas, 438–9, 616, 618

trapping, 613, 617

tribology, 98, 105

trim, 876, 882

TS-SRP method see total strain-strain

range partitioning method

turbine

axial turbine, 327, 882

xed geometry turbine, 300, 440,

608, 622

radial turbine, 882

variable area turbine, 874

variable geometry turbine, 426

wastegated turbine, 453

turbine area, 251, 265, 285, 287, 334,

339, 340, 442, 476, 626, 634,

635, 863, 881, 887

turbine blade, 114, 871, 880

turbine cross-sectional area, 880

turbine durability, 158, 882

turbine effective area, 331, 332, 479,

608, 880, 889

turbine efciency, 251, 258, 265, 285,

479, 843, 844, 872, 882, 956

turbine entry, 424, 883

divided turbine entry, 442, 872

undivided turbine entry, 439, 442,

872

turbine expansion ratio, 58

turbine ow, 334, 880, 881, 956

turbine map, 326, 556, 879

turbine matching, 879–83

Diesel-Xin-Index.indd 1032 5/5/11 12:11:28 PM

1033Index

turbine nozzle ring, 95, 158, 442, 880,

890

turbine outlet, 302, 303, 325, 432, 442,

446, 507, 508, 509, 633, 831,

832, 833, 893, 894, 895, 896

turbine outlet exhaust gas, 224, 510, 828,

893, 895, 896, 898

turbine outlet gas temperature, 302, 325,

637, 864

turbine outlet pressure, 121, 324, 330,

439, 442, 450, 875, 961

turbine power, 325, 442, 912, 921, 960,

961, 964

turbine pressure ratio, 326, 432, 881

instantaneous turbine pressure ratio,

872

turbine rotor, 825, 879, 880, 912

turbine size, 107, 251, 880, 882, 912,

968

turbine speed, 325, 326, 328, 329, 410,

426, 439, 441, 445, 875, 877,

879, 880

turbine vane opening, 235, 251, 256,

444, 476, 890

turbine volute, 880

turbine wastegate opening, 265, 285,

339, 340, 432, 634, 961

turbine wastegating, 330, 333, 586, 593,

608

turbocharged diesel engine, 440, 458,

607, 620, 779, 825, 912,

913–14

turbocharged EGR engine, 306, 322,

866, 916

turbocharged non-EGR engines, 12, 151,

427, 535, 548, 586, 825, 854

turbocharger

congurations, 871–5

and matching, 871–83

turbocharger axial loading, 882

turbocharger bearing, 882, 921

turbocharger conguration, 549, 603,

871–5

turbocharger efciency, 331, 556, 871,

884, 888, 889, 945, 958, 959,

966, 967

turbocharger ow rate, 943

turbocharger gas stand test, 874

turbocharger inertia, 869, 910, 921

turbocharger lag, 442, 912, 917, 921–2

turbocharger life, 878

turbocharger map, 101, 328–9, 870, 922,

943

turbocharger matching, 30, 58, 82,

440–1, 535, 586, 596

turbocharger power, 325, 585, 828–9

turbocharger power balance, 325, 585,

828–9

turbocharger pressure ratio, 871, 873,

875–7

turbocharger speed, 58, 116, 292, 328–9,

879, 921

turbocharger thrust bearing, 877

turbocharging

constant-pressure turbocharging,

872–3, 883

pulse turbocharging, 595, 596

series sequential turbocharging, 877

single-stage turbocharging, 873

twin-parallel turbocharging, 873

turbocharging system efciency, 884

turbocompounding, 853–4, 892

turbomachinery, 874, 888

turbulence, 470, 487, 593, 597, 613, 798,

800, 841, 864

turbulent dissipation, 741

twist, 696, 699, 701, 706

two-objective optimization, 223

two-stage turbocharger, 60, 117, 333,

462, 912, 941, 946

two-step optimization, 230, 273

two-stroke braking, 451

two-stroke engine, 70, 651, 798

two-valve head, 91

ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel, 13, 66, 176,

465, 506, 514

unaided cold start capability, 41, 470,

951

uncertainty, 34, 53, 54, 180, 228, 239,

248, 266, 267, 268, 280, 282,

479, 851

uncontrolled regeneration, 159

uncooled internal EGR, 865

under-braking, 403

under-design, 53, 56, 82, 121, 186, 266,

269

undercooled engine, 840

underhood heating, 845, 947

underhood thermal management, 324, 844

Diesel-Xin-Index.indd 1033 5/5/11 12:11:28 PM

1034 Index

undershoot, 911

uniform distribution, 274, 279, 281

unloaded period, 735

unloaded viscous friction, 657, 658, 660,

661

upgrade, 252, 349, 358, 362, 400, 427,

740, 742

uphill, 350, 356, 359, 360, 362, 365,

396, 397, 399, 400

upshift, 340

urea-based SCR, 11, 505, 506

urea dosing, 915

useful life, 5, 42, 46, 51, 52

vacuum, 408, 409, 424

value, 50, 54, 59, 63, 164–5, 190, 211,

213, 227, 228, 237, 251, 278,

285, 309, 315, 400, 413, 669,

720, 806, 848, 955

valve, 4, 84, 91, 101, 107, 116, 155, 165,

211, 265, 285, 287, 309–11,

312–13, 314, 320, 428, 429,

430, 431, 432, 435, 485, 862,

942, 944, 948, 955

material and design, 151–2

valve acceleration, 544–5

valve actuation, 433

valve closed period, 735

valve closing side, 731, 735

valve cover, 768, 770

valve deactivation, 617, 618, 621

valve event duration, 533

valve oat, 947

valve oating, 147, 424, 427, 428, 429,

430–1, 440, 447

valve ow, 100, 169, 395, 434, 445,

448–9, 452, 454, 531

valve ow area, 100, 443, 532

valve ow coefcients, 313

valve ows, 306

valve guide, 147, 168, 699, 717, 719

valve lift, 209, 261, 313, 323, 342, 395,

416, 433, 438, 439, 443, 445,

530, 534

valve lift prole, 530–5

valve opening side, 731, 735

valve overlap, 12, 310, 429, 532

valve overlap height, 538, 862, 863

valve pocket, 593

valve recession, 169, 170, 532

valve seat, 114, 115, 124, 133, 140, 144,

147, 150, 151, 152, 164, 168,

169, 170, 313, 428, 467, 769

valve seat angle, 169–70, 313

valve seat insert, 168, 169, 170

valve seat recession, 169

valve seat wear, 150, 168, 169–70

valve seating impact, 115, 165, 169, 533,

794

valve seating velocity, 150, 152, 165,

169, 170, 428, 795

valve shutoff timing, 605, 617, 621, 634

valve size, 94, 323, 342, 679

valve stem, 114, 150, 151, 152, 168,

282, 428, 431, 537, 719, 736,

741

valve stem clearance, 795

valve stem seal, 147, 168, 282, 736

valve stem wear, 168

valve switching strategy, 617–19, 636, 638

valve switching timing, 616, 637

valve timing, 36, 103, 167, 209, 262,

318, 323, 330, 395, 411, 434,

439, 451, 452, 530–5

EVC (exhaust valve closing) timing,

532

EVO (exhaust valve opening) timing,

532

exhaust valve timing, 553

intake valve timing, 551, 552, 601,

602

IVC (intake valve closing) timing,

309–10, 470, 532

IVO (intake valve opening) timing,

12, 282, 310, 340, 548

optimum valve timing, 534, 550, 581

valve guide friction, 736

valve-to-piston contact, 425, 533, 539

valvetrain, 22, 25, 42, 93, 96, 98, 103,

114, 117, 124, 147, 150–1,

152, 153, 155, 165, 167, 171,

191, 209, 262, 319, 359,

383, 395, 410, 418, 420, 421,

427–31, 434, 443, 447, 452

cam–follower friction analysis

at-faced follower, 723–8

roller follower, 731–4

friction, 716–36

bearings and guides, 734–6

characteristics, 719–22

Diesel-Xin-Index.indd 1034 5/5/11 12:11:28 PM

1035Index

system design considerations,

716–18

friction and lubrication, 716–36

analysis process, 722–3

contact load, friction force, friction

coefcient and minimum oil

lm thickness, 727

at-faced follower rotation,

728–30

OHC valvetrain, 535, 716

pushrod, 91, 153, 561, 716–17

valvetrain clearance, 795

valvetrain cold lash, 538

valvetrain conguration, 679, 717, 723

valvetrain design, 151, 429, 434, 443

valvetrain dynamics, 25, 98, 103, 151,

152, 209, 395, 427, 429

valvetrain elastic compression, 536, 538

valvetrain friction, 147, 155

valvetrain friction measurement, 722

valvetrain gas loading, 447

valvetrain hot lash, 537

valvetrain impact excitation, 794

valvetrain inertia force, 544–5

valvetrain lash, 151

cold lash, 536

hot lash, 537

valvetrain limit, 430

valvetrain loading, 116, 421, 447, 718

valvetrain natural frequency, 549, 566

valvetrain no-follow, 539, 541–4

valvetrain noise, 792–6

valvetrain oscillating components, 736

valvetrain oscillating motion, 741

valvetrain separation, 359, 418, 428, 429

valvetrain stiffness, 537

valvetrain system design, 529–640

analytical design and optimization,

580–1

system optimization concept, 580

cam prole design, 561–72

cam design comparison, 562

cam opening ramps, 570

cam ramp blending, 569

dynamic cam design, 563–7

impact on valvetrain dynamics,

561–3

kinematic cam design, 567–72

parametric design chart for cam

design, 561

system parameters, 561

cylinder deactivation performance,

614–40

design challenges, 638–9

diesel cylinder deactivation

performance simulation,

621–38

matched with other technologies,

639–40

mechanisms and performance

benets, 615–21

diesel engine VVA performance,

592–609

air motion control and swirl/

tumble modulation, 598–600

benets, 595–7

Curtil system, 605–6

internal EGR for emissions

control, 600–1

Miller cycle and wastegating

reduction, 601–5

theory of using VVS and

wastegating reduction to

control pumping loss, 606–9

valve overlap, IVC, and EVO in

diesel VVA, 593–5

guidelines, 529–50

cam lift prole, 535–8

control points on engine valve lift

proles, 530

effects on valvetrain dynamics,

542–3

engine valve ow characteristics

in ring and motoring, 531

gas loading and recompression

pressure, 545–9

intake and exhaust port pressure

pulses, 531

recompression pressure gas

loading on intake valvetrain

vibration, 540

valve ow coefcient, 534

valve lift prole and valve timing,

530–5

valvetrain design criteria, 549–50

valvetrain dynamics, 538–41

valvetrain inertia force, 544–5

valvetrain pushrod force trace, 539

valve spring design, 572–9

analytical design method, 572–6

Diesel-Xin-Index.indd 1035 5/5/11 12:11:28 PM

1036 Index

deterministic and optimization

solutions, 576–8

parametric sensitivity trend, 574–5

procedure, 578–80

valve timing on engine performance,

550–7

engine valve size on BSFC, 557

exhaust valve timing effect, 553

intake valve timing effect, 552

IVC timing and engine

compression ratio, 557

valve overlap and IVC timing on

non-EGR diesel engine, 555–6

valve timing changes, 551

valve timing trade-offs, 554

valvetrain dynamic analysis, 557–60

models, 559

valvetrain dynamics simulation, 560

valvetrain no-follow, 541–4

control with reduced

recompression pressure, 547

variable valve actuation engine

performance, 581–609

classication, 583

design challenges, 583–4

diesel engine VVA performance,

592–609

gasoline engine VVA

performance, 589–92

interaction of VVA with other air

system components, 584–9

the need for variable valve

actuation, 581–3

variable valve actuation for

diesel homogeneous charge

compression ignition, 609–13

controlled auto-ignition and HCCI

combustion, 609–11

VVA applications for HCCI, 611–13

compression ratio control, 612

residue gas control, 612–13

valvetrain system optimization, 795

valvetrain vibration, 539–40, 560

intake valvetrain vibration, 533, 560

vapor blanket, 845

variability, 34–40, 53–7, 58, 103, 175,

177, 181, 184, 210, 214, 217,

226–30, 240, 259, 260, 266–93

concept, 34–40

design, 56–7, 58

co-ordination between different

targets and constraints, 58

robustness tool

functional block diagram, 37

interface matrix and subsystem

interaction, 38

parameter diagram and robust

design process, 39

system FMEA process in engine

system design, 35

variable area turbine, 874

variable compression ratio, 60, 471

variable cylinder management, 614

variable displacement, 589, 614

variable geometry turbine, 333, 407, 426,

873

variable-geometry turbochargers, 10, 60,

913

variable swirl, 10, 60, 262, 982

variable valve actuation, 10, 15, 60, 319,

407, 426, 462, 476, 510, 982

variable valve actuation engine

performance

diesel engine VVA performance,

592–609

variable valve timing, 103, 167, 209,

262, 411, 452

variance, 27, 36, 48, 212, 214, 215, 216,

231, 235, 238, 259, 270, 272,

274, 275, 281

varying exhaust ow rate, 948–50

VAT, 874