Xin Q. Diesel Engine System Design
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
1018 Index
minimum-contour-based multiple
Pareto-optimal solutions, 224–6
minimum drivetrain transfer ratio, 358
minimum oil lm thickness, 167, 693,
707, 727, 735
minimum required vehicle speed, 360,
361
minimum stopping distance, 404
miscellaneous heat losses, 828, 831–7,
893
misre, 173, 611, 613, 619
mismatch, 412, 515, 733
mixed lubrication theory, 665–9
mixing, 101, 304, 326, 465, 604, 893,
894, 898
mobility, 763
mobility method, 708, 714
mode shape, 775
model-based control, 105, 914–19, 920,
923
model-based diagnostics, 927
model-based engine calibration, 105
model calibration, 85, 792, 850, 851, 852
model tuning, 85, 337–43, 487, 488, 926
modication freedom, 31, 88
modied Reynolds condition, 704
modularization and integration, 20, 61
moment balance, 403, 733
moment of inertia, 350, 545, 708
monograde oil, 671
Monte Carlo simulation, 57, 205–6, 227,
228–9, 280–2, 284, 285, 286,
287, 288, 289
motoring, 41, 156
high speed motoring, 539, 546, 547,
548
mean effective pressure, 837
motoring breakdown test, 737
motoring friction, 41, 653, 676
motoring power, 342, 408, 837
motoring test, 652, 676
moving target, 18, 219, 479, 480, 954
mufer
absorptive mufer, 799, 800, 802
cancellation mufer, 800
dissipative mufer, 799, 800
reactive-dissipative perforate mufer,
800
reactive mufer, 799, 800, 802
reective mufer, 800
multi-body dynamics, 558, 559, 680,
686, 687, 777–8, 787
multi-cylinder engine, 39, 471, 475–6,
478, 734
multi-fueled, 4, 6
multi-piece polynomial, 563, 571, 686
multi-segment cam design, 571
multidimensional design space, 209, 221
multigrade oil, 670–1, 678
multiphase piston dynamics, 686
multiple injection, 13, 467
natural convection heat transfer, 318,
834
natural gas, 4, 15, 681
natural retarding power, 397–8
naturally aspirated engine, 320, 410, 431,
441, 453, 454, 652, 802, 864
needle bearing, 677, 735
negative engine delta P, 12, 333, 535,
550, 592, 594, 601, 826
negative radius of curvature, 155, 548,
567, 731
negative valve overlap, 594, 601, 611,
613
neural network, 206, 210, 231, 235, 482,
746, 923, 928
neural network based virtual sensing,
924
New European Driving Cycle, 616, 640
Newtonian uid, 671
no-follow, 418, 429, 430, 538, 539,
541–4, 546, 547–8, 562, 569,
579
no-follow speed, 542, 544, 545, 549,
550, 561, 565, 566, 578, 579,
580, 723
noise
aerodynamic noise, 767, 769–70, 775,
798–803
airborne noise, 768, 769, 776, 794,
796, 798
auxiliary noise, 797–8
combustion noise, 778–81
cranktrain noise, 797
engine block noise, 797
engine brake noise, 452, 455–8, 803
engine noise, 767, 768–78
exhaust noise, 639, 799–802
exterior noise, 765, 767
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
1019Index
fan noise, 769, 803
gas ow noise, 800, 801
gas pulse noise, 800
geartrain noise, 796–7
high-frequency noise, 770, 802
idle noise, 41, 776
induction noise, 799
intake noise, 96, 798–9, 800
low-frequency noise, 768
mechanical noise, 677, 678, 680, 769,
770, 771, 772–3, 780, 781,
798, 806, 807, 809
pass-by noise, 765–6, 767, 775
piston slap noise, 41, 162, 680, 681,
781–6
road-tire noise, 767
secondary airborne noise, 798
stationary noise, 765, 775
structure-borne noise, 767, 768, 769,
796
tailpipe noise, 800
transient noise, 773, 810
transmission noise, 767
turbocharger noise, 41, 802
valvetrain noise, 792–6, 810
vehicle noise, 760, 765–8
noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH),
9, 759–811
aerodynamic noises, 798–803
cooling fan noise, 803
exhaust noise, 799–802
intake noise, 798–9
turbocharger noise, 802
auxiliary noise, 797–8
combustion noise, 778–81
cranktrain and engine block noises,
797
diesel engine, 768–78
classication, 768–70
design measures to reduce engine
NVH, 775–6
development process, 774–5
noise characteristics, 771
noise identication, 771–3
operating conditions on noise
level, 772
system design approach, 777–8
system synthesis analysis, 810
transient engine noise, 773
variation, 774
vs gasoline engine noises, 770–1
diesel engine system design models,
804–11
level-1 system noise model, 804–7
level-2 system NVH model,
807–11
level-3 system NVH model, 811
engine brake noise, 803
fundamentals, 759–65
basic concepts, 759–63
noise assessment, 764–5
noise frequency band denitions,
761
geartrain noise, 796–7
harshness, 760
noise, 760
piston slap noise and piston-assembly
dynamics, 781–92
cold piston slap motion simulation,
782
piston-assembly dynamics
modeling for piston slap,
786–92
piston design and engine operation
on piston slap, 792
piston lubrication dynamics
simulation, 793
piston slap noise, 781–6
valvetrain noise, 792–6
vehicle and powertrain, 765–8
classication, 766–8
noise regulations, 765–6
process, 768
vibration, 759–60
noise control, 681, 764–5
active noise control, 639
exhaust noise control, 800, 801
turbocharger noise control, 802
noise factor, 212, 213, 217, 218, 227,
229
random noise factor, 266, 267, 271
noise frequency, 761, 769
noise frequency band, 761
noise identication, 771–3, 794
noise insulation, 775, 776
noise radiation, 794, 811
noise radiation efciency, 796, 797
noise regulation, 452, 765–6
noise source, 39, 767, 768
noise source identication, 769, 770
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1020 Index
noise transfer path, 770, 776, 780
noise transmission loss, 776
nominal engine design, 946
nominal target, 45, 47, 94, 976
non-conformal contact, 662, 726
non-cylindrical piston skirt, 688, 788,
791
non-deactivation operation, 615, 616,
636
non-driven axles, 405
non-EGR, 4, 6, 12, 151, 322, 337, 409,
427, 473, 535, 555, 594, 825,
832, 833, 874, 884
non-linear, 135, 157, 578, 690, 811
non-linear constrained optimization, 178,
578, 941
non-linear controller, 458, 927, 981
non-linear controls, 919, 927
non-linear engine controls, 914
non-linear numerical simulation, 927
non-Newtonian uid, 709
non-scraping, 786, 788
nondeterministic approach, 177, 266
nondeterministic design, 34, 56, 211, 227
nondeterministic or random control
factor, 266
nondeterministic probabilistic
optimization, 266–7
normal ambient, 284, 509, 946, 948, 950
normal ambient temperature, 121, 132,
300, 759, 947
normal distribution, 183, 278, 279–80,
285, 288, 289
normal load, 349, 350, 656, 657, 659,
661, 662, 702, 744
Not-to-Exceed, 466
NO
x
adsorber, 476, 504, 509
NO
x
-HC trade-off, 11
NO
x
model, 484, 924
NO
x
sensor, 924
NO
x
–BSFC trade-off., 11
NO
x
–soot trade-off, 11, 171, 467, 917
nozzle stator rings, 880
nucleate boiling, 174
number of bins, 288
number of cylinders, 4, 69, 679, 798,
862, 950
number of DoE factors, 242
number of DoE runs, 235, 238, 242, 245,
246, 248, 250
number of nozzle holes, 864
number of transfer unit, 846–7
numerical instability, 691, 709
numerical integration, 183, 571–2, 690,
702
numerical method, 318, 687
numerical simulation, 105, 180, 182,
263, 276, 586, 827, 927
numerical solution, 683, 701, 788
NVH
exterior NVH, 767
interior NVH, 766–7
NVH system synthesis analysis, 810
NVH variability, 774
objective function, 49, 203, 204–5, 210,
217, 220, 221, 222, 226, 228,
230, 267, 272, 273, 573
octave, 760
octave band centre frequency, 761
off-highway, 13, 407
off-road, 4–5, 11, 13, 71, 158, 262, 597
oil additive, 670
oil aeration, 789
oil analysis, 121, 164
oil consumption, 10, 114, 168, 169, 465,
617, 618, 681, 696, 699, 785
oil-control ring, 696, 698, 783
oil cooler, 84, 114, 304, 829, 837–8
oil cooler heat rejection, 304, 837
oil deposits, 619
oil feed, 81, 670, 714, 716, 731
oil lm, 168, 618, 674, 783, 788, 789
oil lm breakdown, 153, 698
oil lm pressure, 675, 678, 683, 684,
685, 692, 694, 707, 719, 785
oil lm thickness, 153, 154, 166–7, 168,
171, 655, 660, 671, 672, 673,
677–8, 680, 681, 698, 700,
783, 789
oil lm thickness-to-roughness ratio,
165, 660, 665, 667, 669, 670,
678, 725, 727, 742
oil leakage, 147, 699, 879
oil pan, 770, 772, 776, 777, 797
oil pump, 84, 408, 467, 651, 675, 719,
741, 742, 769, 797, 798, 829,
837, 839, 944
oil starvation, 664, 666, 670, 675, 683,
699, 701, 703, 715, 722, 788
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1021Index
oil supply, 167, 682, 699, 731, 783, 788
oil transport, 703, 706, 707
on-highway, 71, 77, 82
on-target, 82, 95, 119, 178, 207, 212,
550
on-target simulation, 206–9
onboard diagnostics, 927
one-factor-at-a-time method, 205, 251,
255
one-third octave, 760, 763, 808
one-third octave band centre frequency,
761
one-valve braking, 443, 444
open loop, 916
optimization, 203–93
constrained optimization, 178, 230,
255, 578, 941
multi-objective optimization, 57, 210,
221–6, 255, 259, 271, 273,
589
one-step robust optimization, 273
reliability-based design optimization,
58, 103, 178, 185, 210, 269,
282–4
robustness-based optimization, 57,
230, 267, 269–70, 271, 272,
274
single-objective optimization, 203,
204, 221–6
two-step robust optimization, 273
variability-based optimization, 267–8,
283
optimization chart, 941, 942
optimization search algorithm, 254
optimization techniques
advanced design of experiments
optimization, 257–66
cause-and-effect diagram for
engine system performance
analysis, 265
engine calibration with RSM,
262–3
engine optimization with the
Taguchi method, 257–62
engine system optimization with
RSM, 263–6
HD diesel engine steady-
state emissions calibration
optimization with DoE and
RSM, 264
diesel engine system design, 203–93
response surface methodology,
230–57
analysis and optimization with
response surface models,
252–6, 257
building emulator models, 232–40
confounding in fractional factorial
design and emulator model
structure, 247
full factorial design and
confounding effects, 244
interaction effects, 233
process overview, 231–2
resolution of fractional factorial
designs, 248
statistical DoE design, 240–52
surfaces dened by second-order
model, 234
robust design optimization for
variability and reliability,
266–93
basics of statistics and probability
distribution selection, 274–80
overview, 266–74
previous research in reliability-
based design optimization,
282–4
probabilistic simulation in diesel
engine system design, 284–93
selecting continuous probability
distribution functions, 278
system optimization theory overview,
203–30
2-D optimization with minimum
BSFC contour map, 220
design of experiments, response
surface methodology, and
Monte Carlo simulation, 205–6
diesel engine system optimization
methodology, 209–12
DoE optimization process, 227
minimum-contour-based multiple
Pareto optimal solution, 225
on-target simulation, parametric
sweeping, and optimization,
207
on-target simulation vs
optimization, 206–9
optimization in design for target,
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1022 Index
design for variability and
design for reliability, 226–30
optimization with parametric
sweeping, 208
Pareto optimality in two-objective
optimization, 223
response surface methodology,
217–19
scope of diesel engine system
design optimization, 211
from single-objective to multi-
objective optimization, 221–6
from single point to two-
dimensional optimization map,
219–21
statistical uncertainty propagation
and design for variability, 228
Taguchi’s method vs response
surface methodology, 218
Taguchi method, 212–17
main effect and interaction plots,
216
process, 213
signal-to-noise ratios, 214
optimum design point, 941
order of accuracy, 243, 692
ordinary differential equation, 99, 306,
370, 690, 788, 791
orice ow equation, 701, 919
orthogonal array, 212, 213, 217, 218,
260, 261
orthogonality, 248, 250
outer array, 212, 214, 217, 218, 255,
258, 259
output of engine system design, 95
ovality, 684, 685, 690, 784
over-boosting, 605, 868, 877, 880, 881,
883, 888, 912, 959
over-braking, 403, 404, 421, 422
over-design, 20, 34, 82, 266, 353, 544
over-fueling, 120, 134, 950
over-speed, 366, 367, 541, 544, 579,
950
overall engine friction, 654, 655, 672–9
overall engine noise, 775, 804, 805, 807,
808
overall engine noise synthesis, 810–11
overall engine sound pressure level, 804
overcooled engine, 841
overcooling, 842
overhead cam, 4, 96, 529, 535–6, 567,
583, 716, 723, 731
overhead valve, 4
overheating, 114, 400, 424, 776, 841,
845
overshoot, 775, 911
oxidation, 102, 136, 149, 315, 489, 504,
513, 514
oxygen concentration, 12, 482, 483, 485,
486, 488, 509, 513, 514, 600,
826, 860, 915, 947
oxygen mass fraction, 286, 290, 482–5,
943, 954
packaging, 26, 27, 29, 117, 118, 119,
210, 221, 267, 385, 402, 411,
422, 424, 467, 517, 716, 717,
799
parallel EGR coolers, 97
parallel-ow cooling, 846
parameter diagram (P-Diagram), 36, 39
parameter smoothing, 968
parametric design chart, 941
parametric sensitivity chart, 579
parametric sweeping, 206, 207, 208, 340,
342, 476, 954
parasitic loss, 922, 943
Pareto efciency, 283
Pareto-optimal, 221, 223–4
Pareto optimality, 223, 273
part load, 11, 95, 121, 183, 513
partially ooded, 670, 683, 701
particulate emissions, 696, 699, 736
particulate matter, 7, 11, 41, 102, 175,
260, 463, 487, 503, 801
Patir and Cheng model, 663, 670
payback period, 65
PDF see probability density function
peak cylinder bulk gas temperature, 943
peak cylinder pressure, 7, 9, 117, 183,
206, 207, 300, 305, 433, 440,
441, 470, 676
peak torque, 71, 95, 121, 175, 209, 300,
360, 362, 471, 475, 535
performance, 17, 27, 29, 32, 115–19,
210, 257, 262, 299–305,
348–54, 395–458, 462, 467,
482, 488, 508, 536
Petroff equation, 710
physics-based, 807, 924
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1023Index
PID control, 341, 915
pilot injection, 262, 467, 470
piston assembly, 10, 71, 124, 162, 164,
283
piston-assembly dynamics, 98, 124, 162
piston bowl, 132, 862
piston clatter noise, 771
piston cooling, 60, 157, 304, 829, 837
piston cut-out, 532, 533, 538, 863
piston friction, 674, 978
piston mass, 784
piston pin, 161, 166, 677, 680, 783
piston pin bearing, 680, 708, 735
piston pin friction, 684, 715, 735, 745,
783
piston pin lateral offset, 692, 695
piston pin offset, 161, 679, 681, 682, 783
piston pin ticking noise, 770, 781
piston pin vertical position, 682, 696,
781
piston rattling noise, 781
piston ring, 60, 80, 157, 166, 465, 470,
658, 665
piston ring free shape, 706
piston ring friction, 699, 745
piston ring gap, 617, 700, 701
piston-ring groove, 840
piston ring wear, 166, 171
piston secondary motions, 162, 681,
683–4, 692, 706, 781, 783,
785, 793
piston side thrust force, 783
piston skirt, 80, 655, 664
piston skirt corners, 686
piston skirt length, 678, 684, 737, 742
piston slap, 41, 80, 160–1
cold piston slap, 680, 782
dry-contact piston slap, 791
lubricated piston slap, 789
piston slap noise, 41, 162, 680, 681,
781–92
piston tilting, 681, 684, 699, 784, 785
piston weight, 681, 693, 738
piston–ring–liner assembly, 681
piston–to–bore clearance, 693, 788, 806
pitch angle, 803
pitting, 152, 160, 163, 717, 723
pivoted follower OHC, 716, 717
plunger, 721
PM see particulate matter
PMEP see pumping mean effective
pressure
‘point mass’ approximation, 686, 687
Polydyne cam design, 536
polynomial model, 231, 232, 235, 253
polynomial power, 564, 565
port ow discharge coefcient, 81, 864,
875
position-based control, 919
post injection, 13, 173, 224, 468, 514
post-lift, 594, 597, 599, 601, 606, 611, 613
power cylinder, 10, 134, 172, 175, 186,
670, 841, 864, 947
power density, 9, 11, 133, 147, 150,
412–13, 427, 473
power loss, 41, 350, 364, 421, 423, 468,
681, 712
power rating, 68, 103, 677, 826
power–to–weight ratio, 69, 70, 410, 412,
413, 776
powertrain, 6, 9, 14, 305, 348–86,
395–422, 458, 462, 765–8
powertrain control, 20, 100, 402, 458,
920, 927, 928
powertrain dynamics, 99, 102, 368–82,
921–3
powertrain integration, 15, 383
powertrain matching, 364–5, 395–422
powertrain system denition process, 91
pre-lift, 594, 597, 601, 611, 613
precious metal, 60, 102, 224, 266, 517
predicted variation, 238
prediction interval, 239
pressure
exhaust manifold pressure, 121, 147,
148, 339, 475
intake manifold pressure, 475
static pressure, 800, 868
total pressure, 305, 871
turbine outlet pressure, 121, 324, 330,
439, 440, 875, 961
pressure drop, 58, 94, 100, 102, 161,
172, 173, 267, 305, 319, 418,
477, 503, 504, 800
pressure thickening, 671
price, 59, 61, 870
primary motion, 684, 690
primary retarder, 406, 421, 422, 423
probabilistic approach, 57, 120, 123,
124, 268
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1024 Index
probabilistic design, 33, 40
probabilistic engine system design, 285,
289
coefcient of variation of engine
system response, 286
input data in Monte Carlo simulation,
285, 287
output data in Monte Carlo simulation
tting the raw data with normal
distribution, 288
probabilistic engine system design,
289–92
probabilistic optimization, 266, 977
probability, 32, 42, 43, 52, 119–20, 178,
180–5, 276–9, 401–2
probability analysis, 64, 178, 185
probability density function, 181, 183,
186, 190, 274, 275, 276, 282
probability distribution, 54, 56, 103, 124,
178, 229, 274–5
continuous probability distribution,
274, 984–8
discrete probability distribution, 274
process development, 913
production variation, 915, 917
prot, 59
program management, 17, 18, 19, 62
project management, 20, 85
psychoacoustics, 764
pulsating ow, 882
pulse converter, 872, 885
pulse energy, 80, 439, 872, 884
pump
oil pump, 408, 467, 651, 675, 837
water pump, 42, 304, 408, 651, 829,
837, 845
pumping loss, 10, 286, 289, 321, 418,
425, 437, 442, 477, 529, 552,
553, 555–6, 587, 588, 652, 860
pumping mean effective pressure, 653
pumping work, 12, 532, 535, 651, 652,
867
pushrod, 114, 153, 443, 447, 529, 536
pushrod force, 155, 429, 539, 735
pushrod valvetrain, 153
p–V diagram, 317, 319, 417
qualications of system engineer, 21
quality, 32, 33, 45–50
quality engineering, 45, 46
quality function, 50
quality loss, 45–50, 63
quality loss function, 45–50, 47
radiation heat transfer, 312, 828, 835
radiation impedance, 792
radiator, 95, 267, 269, 270, 304, 305,
377, 408, 424, 651, 845, 847,
849, 850, 851, 852, 853, 946
radiator inlet coolant temperature, 267,
304, 826, 847, 849, 851, 946
radius of curvature, 153, 155, 724, 725,
726, 727, 728, 731
ram air, 851
ram airow, 267
ramp, 152, 399, 401
closing ramp, 152, 536, 718
opening ramp, 718
random sampling, 228, 248, 267, 278,
280, 281, 287
random uncertainty, 267, 268
random variable, 178, 180, 181, 182,
268, 274, 276, 277, 279, 280,
281
random variations, 267
Rankine cycle, 65
RAR see rear axle ratio
rated power, 69, 77, 107, 237, 258, 289,
314, 340, 353, 372, 473–5,
555, 840, 951, 967, 969
rated speed, 7, 8, 69, 121, 300, 304, 358,
359, 360, 361, 397, 412, 770,
805, 950
Rayleigh equation, 797
RBDO see reliability-based design
optimization
re-induction, 613
real-time, 61, 317, 322, 468, 485, 487,
488, 490, 504
real-time capability, 811, 915
real-time capable, 489, 504
real-time correction, 920
real-time model, 317, 322, 468, 914,
915, 919
real world driving, 121, 265, 917, 947,
950, 977
real world usage, 34, 36, 121, 122, 180,
182, 183, 676
rear axle ratio, 358, 364, 372, 944
rebound, 566, 687, 786–9, 791, 792
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1025Index
reciprocating mass, 80, 677
recirculation, 6, 172–7, 300, 313, 417,
434, 845, 849, 947
recompression pressure, 152, 428, 429
rectangular distribution, 987
reduced-order design, 927
reed valve, 868, 872, 884, 885
reformation, 704
regeneration, 12, 102, 115, 159, 183,
209, 224, 284, 304, 414, 463,
467, 468, 476, 503, 509, 515
regeneration efciency, 513
regression, 204, 215, 217, 231, 235, 236,
238, 239, 240, 252, 261, 263,
485
active regeneration, 510
passive regeneration, 513
uncontrolled regeneration, 512
reliability, 17, 32–59, 210, 226–30,
266–93, 434
allocation and system optimization,
187–9
impact on cost, 188–9
denition, 50–3
bathtub curve, 52
design, 58–9
diesel engine system design, 113–92
engineering, 178–9
methodology, 179
probabilistic design, 180–5
safety factors and safety margins,
184–5
role in engine system design, 53
stress–strength interference model,
43–4
system reliability, 177–92, 980
reliability allocation, 177, 187–9, 190
reliability-based design optimization, 58,
185, 282–4, 977, 980
reliability-based engine system design,
35
reliability engineering, 32, 46, 53, 103,
178–9, 266, 275, 277
reliability models, 189, 212
reliability optimization, 59, 189–92
reliability testing, 122
required rolling speed, 733
residue gas, 323, 482, 483, 532
residue gas compression, 613
residue gas control, 612–13
residue gas fraction, 482, 483, 910
residue stress, 126
resolution, 100, 241, 243, 246, 248, 317,
654, 655, 702, 742
resonance, 120, 158, 767, 776, 802, 810
resonances, 41
resonant frequency, 566, 775, 779
resonator
cancellation resonator, 799
Helmholtz resonator, 639
Herschel–Quincke resonator, 802
interference resonator, 802
wavelength resonator, 799
response, 40, 46, 56, 102, 149, 158, 160,
162, 163, 205, 206, 208, 215,
216, 217, 226, 228, 229, 230,
515, 658, 692, 764, 773
response domain, 224, 255, 256, 263
response surface, 235, 250, 252–6, 463,
923
response surface methodology, 103,
217–19, 230–56, 273, 463
model accuracy
interaction terms effect, 236
surface t order effect, 237
responsibility domain, 30
retarder, 61, 349, 396–424, 447, 452
primary retarder, 406, 421, 422, 423
secondary retarder, 422, 423
retarder available exhaust energy ratio,
415
retarder energy conversion ratios, 410,
414–15
retarder force distribution, 405
retarder heat dissipation ratio, 414, 415
retarder transient response, 411, 413, 414
retarding performance, 426, 427–9, 431,
434, 445, 451, 452
retarding power, 352, 397, 398–9,
400–52
retarding process efciency, 451
retention, 171, 682
revenue, 59, 63, 64
reverse ow, 321, 439, 533, 885, 910
see also backow
Reynolds boundary condition, 688, 705,
688
Reynolds equation, 660, 690
one-dimensional Reynolds equation,
701, 703, 745, 746
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1026 Index
two-dimensional Reynolds equation,
658, 683, 701, 707, 789
Rezeka–Henein model, 743, 744
rheological properties, 702, 726
ridge analysis, 218, 254
rigid-body, 683, 745, 786, 787, 790
rigid-body impact, 786, 790
ring dynamics, 698, 701, 706
ring face prole, 696, 699, 706
ring uttering, 696
ring free shape, 706
ring gap, 700, 701, 706
ring groove, 134, 171, 700, 702, 706
ring lifting, 700
ring prole offset, 944
ring radial collapse, 701
ring stiffness, 677
ring tension, 673, 699, 700
ring thickness, 665, 700, 703
ring tilting, 700
ring twisting, 706
ring–bore conformability, 677
ring–liner wear, 698, 706
rise-over-ambient, 42, 284, 324, 947
risk, 19–20, 34, 40, 53, 84–5, 136, 152,
159, 177, 181, 188, 280, 282,
422, 505, 517, 882
risk management, 19–20
risk priority number, 34, 40
ROA see rise-over-ambient
road adhesion force, 349, 360, 361, 404
road grade, 100, 350, 359, 361, 365,
368, 370, 399, 400, 411, 418,
423, 458
roadmap of fuel economy improvement,
943–5
robust control, 928
robust design, 45–50, 52, 53, 56, 57,
212, 217, 230, 259, 266–93,
774
robust engineering, 19, 32–59, 98, 185,
266, 976
robust optimization, 57, 269–70, 271,
272, 273, 274
robustness, 32, 39, 40, 45–50, 56, 118,
143, 214, 266–93, 709
robustness tool, 37, 38, 39
rocker arm, 114, 153, 447, 529, 539
rocker arm bearing, 734, 735, 795
rocker arm fulcrum, 114, 735
rocker arm ratio, 153, 537
rocker friction, 717, 735
rocker pivot, 538, 734
rocker shaft bearing, 730, 734, 735
roller bearing, 662
roller crown radius, 155, 156
roller follower, 153–7, 167, 536, 674,
717, 719
roller inertia, 731
roller pin, 719, 731, 733, 734
roller pin bearing friction, 731, 733, 734
roller slip, 157, 731, 732, 733, 734
rolling, 57, 100, 155, 283, 348, 349, 350,
358, 364, 396, 397, 399, 400,
418
rolling contact, 155, 667, 717, 731, 735
rolling friction, 349, 350, 358, 364, 396,
399, 400, 418, 677, 721, 729,
730, 731, 732, 735
rolling resistance, 100, 283, 348, 397
root cause analysis, 95
root mean square, 239, 665, 763, 809
root-mean-square error, 239
rotary valve, 716
rotatability, 248, 250
rotor dynamics, 802
rotor inertia, 873
roughness, 67, 165, 186, 664
RSM see response surface methodology
rubbing friction, 408, 651, 652, 673,
737, 837
Rudolf Diesel, 8
Runge–Kutta integration, 572, 692
running-in, 52, 670
rupture, 43, 113, 114, 120, 127, 132,
136, 688, 704, 713, 744
S/B ratio see stroke–to–bore ratio
S/N ratio see signal-to-noise ratio
saddle point, 253, 254
safety, 120, 397, 401, 418, 455, 458,
665, 950
safety factor, 123, 124, 144, 163, 184,
185
safety margin, 184, 266, 464, 950
saturated boiling, 845
scale parameter, 180, 229, 276, 277
scaling, 836, 837, 882
scavenging, 12, 151, 311, 323, 535, 825,
826, 872
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1027Index
SCR see selective catalytic reduction
scraping, 673, 682, 684, 686, 687, 693,
698, 699, 782, 786, 787, 788,
789
scufng, 114, 133, 134, 150, 151, 153,
167, 168, 467, 672, 675, 678,
682, 723, 784, 841
sea-level altitude, 284, 300, 450, 845,
850, 878, 946, 947
sealing, 81, 120, 161, 716, 879
seals, 115, 147, 168, 674, 699, 717, 719,
721, 736, 741, 744
second-order, 233, 239, 243, 248, 250,
252, 261, 262, 263, 300, 323,
690, 737, 739, 779
second-order model, 233, 243, 262
secondary emissions, 514
secondary motions, 162, 680, 687, 692,
693, 696, 781, 785, 787
secondary retarder, 422, 423
secondary valve lift, 594
Sehitoglu method, 130, 131
selective catalytic reduction, 6, 11, 504,
505
sensitive design, 56
sensitivity analysis, 56, 181, 282, 292,
364, 395
sensor, 36
physical sensor, 923
real sensor, 916, 923
virtual sensor, 915, 916, 923, 924,
925
sensor dynamics, 923
sensor signal, 915
separation, 134, 359, 418, 428, 429, 538,
704, 705, 717, 722, 781, 794,
795, 796
serial EGR coolers, 868
service brake(s), 346, 397–8, 400, 404–5,
421–2, 651, 837
SET see supplemental emissions test
set point, 40, 911, 915, 919, 946
settling time, 775
severity, 19, 34, 46, 162, 401, 709, 713,
725, 744, 764, 792
shape factor, 315, 805, 806
shape parameter, 180, 229, 276, 277,
279, 280
sharpness, 49, 276, 760, 764
shear friction, 658, 704, 709, 712, 726
shear rate, 465, 670, 671, 710
shear stress, 656, 688, 726, 744
shear term, 688, 703, 711
shear thinning, 671, 706
shield, 767, 769, 770, 776, 802
shock loading, 114, 792
‘short bearing’ approximation, 708
‘short bearing’ theory, 742
side loading, 736
side thrust, 81, 657, 673, 677, 679, 680,
681, 687
signal-to-noise ratio, 50, 214, 215, 216,
217, 258, 259, 260, 261
SIL see software-in-the-loop
silencer
absorptive silencer, 799, 800, 802
dissipative silencer, 800
reactive silencer, 799, 802
similarity, 68, 311, 466, 488, 770, 836,
837
simulation, 508, 517, 827, 910
simulation at xed emissions, 945
simulation at variable emissions, 945,
954
simulation types of A, B and C analyses,
955
simultaneous engineering, 84–5, 87, 99
single-cylinder engine, 260, 475, 478
single-degree-of-freedom model, 558,
559, 563
single-piece polynomial, 563, 568
single-stage turbocharger, 878
sink temperature, 825, 847–53
six sigma range, 287, 289
skewness, 275, 734
skill sets, 103, 105
skirt area, 693, 738, 788
skirt deformation, 683, 688, 791
skirt length, 678, 684, 693, 783, 784
skirt prole, 681, 682, 692, 784, 785
skirt tilting, 682, 690, 692, 714
skirt–to–bore clearance, 680, 681, 684,
688, 691, 781, 785
sliding, 164, 406, 567, 657
sliding contact, 656, 722, 725
sliding velocity, 656, 667
slip, 505, 915
slip-ahead, 733
slip-behind, 733
slip-down, 734
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