Xin Q. Diesel Engine System Design
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
1008 Index
engine performance, 115–19, 240, 257,
262, 288, 299–305, 365, 368,
414, 443, 450, 468, 481, 488,
507, 508, 653
engine performance and system
integration (EPSI), 98–9,
103–6, 337
functional areas, 103–6
work contents, 98–9
engine performance parameters, 41, 115,
284, 288, 338, 488, 916, 919
engine program, 19, 27, 41, 85, 188,
462
engine raking, 158
engine size, 60, 69, 80
engine speed and load, 56, 94, 95, 161,
171, 262, 300, 329, 342, 462,
537, 681, 834, 835
engine speed uctuation, 654
engine system design, 3–108, 113–92,
203–93, 299–343, 348,
395–458, 462–90
engine system dynamics, 909–28
engine system layout, 320
engine system specication, 941–69
engine-transmission matching, 69, 100
engine valve durability, 150–2
valve material and design, 151–2
valve seating velocity and valve stem
fracture, 152
valvetrain durability issues, 150–1
engine–aftertreatment matching, 503,
515–18, 516, 517
engine–drivetrain matching, 365–8
engineering functions, 16, 21, 62, 85–6
engine–transmission matching, 368
engine–turbine matching, 881
engine–turbocharger matching, 515
engine–vehicle matching, 102, 348–86,
515
analysis in diesel powertrain system
design, 348–86
different road grades, 370
hybrid powertrain performance
analysis, 383–6
illustration, 386
importance of modeling in engine
system design, 383
modeling, 384–5
outlook in system design, 385–6
supervisory control strategies and
hybrid-electric congurations,
384
integrated design
and drivetrain for rated power
matching, 359
maximum drivetrain transfer ratio
for engine peak torque, 361
light-duty truck transient vehicle
acceleration simulation
engine displacement effect, 380
rear axle ratio and vehicle weight,
379
medium-duty truck driving cycle
simulation
city route, 375
highway route, 377
suburban route, 376
method
engine performance characteristic
maps, 369
with the ‘ZWB’ concept, 366–7
powertrain/drivetrain dynamics
and transient performance
simulation, 368–82
integrated vehicle–engine driving
simulation for system design,
376–82
transient powertrain dynamics
theoretical analysis, 368–71
powertrain performance optimization,
382–3
method in engine system design,
382
steady-state matching in engine ring
operation, 355–68
analytical engine–drivetrain
matching with engine
characteristic maps, 365–8
diesel full-load lug curve and
transient torque, 362
drivability and drivetrain design
parameters, 358–64
powertrain matching and vehicle
fuel economy, 364–5
transmission shift schedule map,
370
vehicle power requirements under
different operating conditions,
356
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1009Index
vehicle acceleration simulation,
372–5, 376
vehicle driving simulation at high
altitude and hot ambient on
derating effect, 381
vehicle driving cycle simulation,
371–2, 373–6, 377, 378
commonly used driving cycles,
374
heavy-duty Class-8 truck driving
cycle simulation, 373
light-duty truck driving cycle
simulation with partially loaded
weight, 378
SET and FTP operating points on
HD diesel engine speed–load
map, 372
vehicle performance analysis theory,
348–54, 355
acceleration characteristics, 354
areas, 348–9
formulae, 349–54, 355
tractive force characteristics, 353
tractive power characteristics, 355
entraining velocity, 153, 166, 167, 724,
725, 794
entrainment, 468, 485, 727, 728
entropy, 867
EPSI see engine performance and system
integration (EPSI)
equivalence ratio, 308, 924
equivalent air–fuel ratio, 915, 917
error bar, 239, 281
error state, 36, 39, 40
error(s), 31, 36, 40, 183, 231, 239, 246,
341, 368, 469, 480
estimation error, 281
experimental errors, 231, 826, 829
human errors, 31
manufacturing error, 796
measurement errors, 240
modeling errors, 268
numerical errors, 254, 691
round-off error, 692, 708
simulation errors, 338, 341
transmission error, 767, 797
weighted errors, 342
excitation, 146, 162
external excitation, 767
internal excitation, 767
excitation force, 768, 785
excitation source, 765, 796
exergy, 40, 414, 415, 867
exhaust acoustic modeling, 801
exhaust back-pressure valve, 507, 860,
916
exhaust brake, 652
conventional exhaust brake, 407, 409
variable-geometry exhaust brake, 426
VGT exhaust brake, 407, 426
VVA exhaust brake, 407
exhaust braking, 147, 425, 429, 431
exhaust energy, 9, 415, 439, 872, 882,
922
exhaust energy utilization efciency, 872
exhaust ap valve, 443, 446
exhaust gas pressure, 800
exhaust gas re-breathing, 613
exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), 6,
172–7, 224, 300, 365, 409,
462, 865–71
cooled EGR, 175, 826, 832
external EGR, 592, 594, 611, 613,
865
high-pressure-loop EGR, 828, 866
hybrid EGR, 870
internal EGR, 532
low-pressure-loop EGR, 827
uncooled EGR, 865
exhaust gas temperature, 36, 102, 133,
149, 151, 173, 224, 261, 300,
427, 508, 509
exhaust manifold, 12, 115, 117, 124,
133, 138, 145–50, 206, 304,
312, 318, 407, 409, 471, 475,
535
divided exhaust manifold, 884
steady-state exhaust manifold gas
temperature, 925
transient instantaneous exhaust
manifold gas temperature, 925
undivided exhaust manifold, 885
exhaust manifold durability, 145–50
design solutions, 148–9
exhaust manifold loading and impact
on engine performance, 145–6
impact of exhaust manifold pressure
on durability, 146–8
thermo-mechanical fatigue life
prediction, 149–50
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1010 Index
thermo-mechanical LCF failure, 148
exhaust manifold gas temperature, 42,
58, 206–8, 286, 291, 322, 447,
450, 472, 475, 555–6, 627, 633
steady-state exhaust manifold gas
temperature, 925, 926
transient instantaneous exhaust
manifold gas temperature, 925
exhaust manifold pressure, 12, 39, 94,
115, 146–8, 319, 322, 329–30,
407, 424, 425, 426, 427, 475,
653, 886, 910
exhaust noise modeling, 801
exhaust port, 141, 146, 316, 318, 431,
433, 466
exhaust port heat rejection, 837, 842,
944
exhaust port pressure pulse, 438, 445,
531
exhaust ports, 69, 81
exhaust pressure pulse, 414, 427–31
exhaust pressure sensor, 924
exhaust pressure wave, 452
exhaust restriction, 175, 241, 250, 305,
420, 445, 475–6, 507, 652, 800
exhaust runner grouping, 884
exhaust temperature, 7, 82, 133, 146,
149, 220, 224, 226, 304, 322,
361, 415, 424, 439, 470
exhaust temperature drop, 508
exhaust temperature sensor, 923
exhaust thermal management, 508–10
simulation of exhaust temperature
drop, 508
exhaust valve closing (EVC), 12, 310
exhaust valve oat limit, 430
exhaust valve opening, 167, 209, 309,
310
expansion chamber, 799
expansion ratio, 58, 799
expansion work, 591, 596, 599
expertise scope, 26
explained variance, 238
explicit integration, 691, 708
extreme ambient condition, 39, 477, 826,
878, 883, 947, 948
Eyring strength, 726
factor
control factor, 40, 205, 510, 862, 865
noise factor, 36–9, 227, 267
factor boundary, 255
factor domain, 255
factor level, 214
factor range, 203, 215, 280, 863, 954
factor screening, 241, 246
factor space, 203
factorial design
Box–Behnken design, 250
central composite design, 248
D-Optimal design, 250
fractional factorial design, 243
full factorial design, 205, 243
Latin hypercube design, 248
non-standard DoE design, 246, 248
Plackett–Burman design, 248
space-lling design, 248
standard DoE design, 248
failure mechanism, 121, 148
failure mode, 34, 40, 119, 160, 182
failure mode and effect tree analysis,
3, 34
failure mode effect analysis, 34
failure rate, 51, 52, 122, 178, 228, 230,
269
fan blade design, 803
Fast Fourier Transfer, 796
fatigue, 513
thermal fatigue, 120, 127, 845
thermo-mechanical fatigue, 81, 123,
124, 130
fatigue life, 136, 471, 514, 873, 879
fatigue limit, 132, 137
fatigue strength, 137
fault diagnostics, 654, 778, 808, 920,
927
FEA see nite element analysis
federal test procedure, 11
feedback, 341, 915
feedback control, 341
lling–and–emptying method, 317, 318,
921
lm boiling, 114, 174, 175
nger follower, 535, 723
nite difference, 318, 687, 708
nite element analysis, 68, 119, 123,
124, 774, 777
ring, 42, 144, 342, 349, 397, 403, 539
ring cylinder, 672
ring interval, 615, 872
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1011Index
rst-order, 315
xed emissions, 654
ash temperature, 153, 155, 718
at-faced follower, 167, 728–30
exible cooling, 60, 509, 982
ow coefcient, 81, 284, 342
ow rate
coolant ow rate, 161, 267, 304, 826,
953
cooling air ow rate, 284
EGR ow rate, 42, 82, 173, 304, 868,
885, 919
engine air ow rate, 58, 292, 300,
304, 426, 439, 510, 532, 953
fuel ow rate, 41, 94, 468, 838
gas ow rate, 94, 176, 305
mass ow rate, 139, 176, 300, 450,
868, 917
volume ow rate, 342, 504
ow resistance, 800
ow restriction, 10, 94, 172, 209, 305,
340, 467, 504, 652, 868
ow restrictions, 418
uid economy, 15
uid pumping, 675
ywheel, 406–7, 770
FMEA see failure mode effect analysis
FMEP see friction mean effective
pressure
FMETA see failure mode and effect tree
analysis
follower
end-pivot nger follower, 535
nger follower, 535, 723
at-faced followers, 153, 167, 728–30
roller follower, 153–7, 536
follower guide, 157
follower rotation, 723, 728, 730
follower–bore friction, 720, 736
forced convection, 311, 845
fouling, 13, 113–14, 338, 842, 843, 981
foundation brake, 396
four-dimensional design space, 941
four-stroke engine, 3, 70, 323, 439, 529,
651, 734, 737, 798
four-valve-head, 10, 151
fracture, 43, 113, 132
frame size, 876, 880
frequency, 48, 115, 275, 363, 414, 514,
538, 760
frequency band, 760, 761, 762, 801
frequency breakdown, 763
frequency domain, 769, 779, 810
frequency response function, 775
frequency spectrum, 769, 791, 808
frequency weighting, 760, 764
friction
analysis, 651–6
approach, 655–6
denition, 651–3
importance, 654
boundary friction, 670, 715, 787
characteristics, 672–9
design measures for reduction,
676–9
lubrication regimes, 672–5
piston assembly bearing, 714–16
piston ring, 696–701
speeds and loads, 675–6
system design effects, 679
Coulomb friction, 656, 658
dynamic friction, 656
mechanical (rubbing) friction, 651,
652, 653
models for system design, 736–46
angular speed through simulation
program, 743
level-1 engine friction model,
736–42
level-2 engine friction model,
742–5
level-3 engine friction model,
745–6
power cylinder friction, 675, 676, 679
static friction, 656, 674
Stribeck friction, 657
viscous friction, 656
friction coefcient, 167, 364, 400, 404,
655
friction force, 71, 349, 396, 653
friction-induced vibration, 795
friction loss, 530
friction losses, 465, 470
friction mean effective pressure, 653,
655, 715
friction model, 212, 654, 655–6, 657
friction modied oil, 722
friction modier, 670, 672
friction power, 41, 408, 664–5
frictional vibration, 794
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1012 Index
FTP see federal test procedure
FTP cycle, 360, 911
fuel consumption, 10, 67, 150, 158, 208,
222, 299, 300, 357, 359, 470,
481, 680
fuel cooler, 828, 829
fuel cooler heat rejection, 828
fuel delivery unevenness, 468, 919, 920
fuel economy, 7, 13, 121, 210, 349, 357,
397, 458, 467, 468
fuel economy improvement, 15, 60, 397,
654
fuel economy improvement roadmap,
104, 943–5
fuel economy regulations, 13
fuel energy, 305, 414, 828, 831
fuel injection, 6, 11, 133, 146, 209, 256,
300, 315, 425, 462, 466
fuel injection compensation, 619, 639
fuel injection dynamics, 467, 914
fuel injection pressure, 463, 467, 797,
805, 864
fuel injection quantity control, 920
fuel injection rate, 468
fuel injection system, 9, 114, 262, 462,
469, 769, 780
fuel injection timing, 11, 12, 133, 146,
204, 207, 300, 465, 467, 510,
864
fuel path control, 919–20
fuel path dynamics, 920
fuel pump, 41, 408, 467, 651, 742
fuel system, 11, 57, 113, 171, 316, 465,
467, 771
fuel system hydraulic dynamics, 468, 920
fuelling cut-off, 619
fuel–to–charge mass ratio, 926
full load, 120, 121, 149, 304, 352, 361,
470, 538, 715, 946
fully ooded, 665, 683, 688, 704, 745
functional block diagram, 36, 88
functional objectives, 18, 41
functional performance, 17, 39, 46
functional requirements, 18, 42, 477,
485, 716
functional tolerance, 48
Gamma distribution, 228, 274, 279
Gamma Technologies, 100, 102, 103,
384, 508, 914
gas leakage, 470, 874
gas loading, 153, 416, 417, 429, 538,
540, 673, 698, 717, 772
gas phase ammonia, 506
gas scavenging, 12, 151, 323, 535
gas side, 115, 132, 138, 144, 172, 509,
830, 840, 845, 916
gas wave dynamics, 104, 318, 321, 434,
457, 534, 767, 777, 799, 801,
803, 884, 915, 922
gasket leakage, 147, 148
gasoline engine, 7–8, 148, 150, 158, 262,
263, 266, 314, 409, 424, 463,
503, 504, 505, 512, 672, 715,
737, 770, 771, 782, 914
VVA performance, 589–92
IVC and EVO, 590–1
performance benets, 591–2
valve overlap, 590
gas–to–liquid, 15
gear, 300, 350, 363, 365, 400, 406, 411,
662, 675, 796, 809, 828, 910
gear number, 351, 363, 365, 382
gear rattle, 767, 796, 809
gear shifting, 100, 352, 371, 910
gear teeth, 796
geartrain, 759, 769, 770, 776, 778, 796,
797
geartrain dynamics, 778, 797
geartrain noise, 796–7
generalized extreme value distribution,
988
genetic algorithm, 204, 223, 254
global optima, 103, 204, 230, 231, 232,
254
glow plug, 41, 144, 425, 470
goodness of prediction, 238, 239
governor, 259, 262, 468, 919, 920
governor control, 468, 919
gradient-based search, 254
graphical display, 219, 220, 255
gravity force, 349, 350, 396, 397, 783
gravity resistance, 356, 400
Greenwood and Tripp, 670, 725
GT-DRIVE, 102, 371, 372, 384
GT-POWER, 100, 102, 124, 284, 300,
443, 914
GT-VTRAIN, 559
GTL see gas–to–liquid
Gu system, 593
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1013Index
guide clearance, 736
half-Sommerfeld boundary condition,
688
hand calculation, 86, 124, 941
hardness, 161, 164, 978
hardware, 17, 83, 149, 181, 210, 219,
221, 240, 262, 299, 306,
328–9, 334, 383, 462, 463, 480
hardware and software, 17, 18, 83, 94,
777
hardware capability, 968
hardware conguration, 892, 941, 942
hardware cost, 942, 954
hardware design, 20, 60, 221, 262,
306, 333, 337, 480, 490, 507,
909–10
hardware design limit, 946
hardware design specication, 941
hardware-in-the-loop, 914, 923, 928
hardware selection, 477, 941, 955, 968
harshness, 9, 759, 797, 799
hazard function, 275
HC see hydrocarbons
HCCI see homogeneous charge
compression ignition
HCCI controls, 611, 612, 613, 928
HCF see high cycle fatigue
HD see heavy duty
heat, 10, 13, 115, 133, 204, 256, 267,
304, 307, 312, 357, 377, 408,
410, 411, 447, 462, 470, 514,
696
heat exchanger, 10, 61, 846
heat ux, 39, 96, 115, 133, 138, 447,
468, 825, 864, 947
heat losses, 10, 102, 300, 330, 342, 357,
416, 509, 515, 828, 831, 922
heat rejection, 10, 49, 115, 174, 175,
256, 267, 312, 377, 383, 395,
411, 414, 447, 468, 471, 652,
654, 825–54
heat release rate, 13, 304, 308, 314–16,
470, 490, 826, 951
heat shield, 767, 802
heat transfer, 10, 83, 85, 97, 124, 150,
172, 174, 204, 306, 311–12,
414, 470, 471, 487, 825
heat transfer capacity, 847, 849
heat transfer coefcient, 124, 351, 830
heat transfer rate, 157, 414, 826, 838,
846
heavy-duty, 5, 9, 14, 67, 71, 82, 120,
160–3, 261, 284, 339, 348,
349, 371, 383, 443, 466, 475,
508
Hersey number, 661
Hertzian contact area, 725, 726
Hertzian pressure, 666, 726
Hertzian stress, 153, 166, 167, 168, 717,
728
heuristic macro-parameter-dependent
emissions models, 487, 924
heuristic model, 68, 119, 924, 925
high altitude, 69, 121, 175, 221, 284,
376, 378, 379, 395, 450, 463,
477, 841, 869, 883
high charge density, 593
high cycle fatigue, 125, 132, 140
high-EGR engine, 831, 853, 865, 885
high delity, 100, 108, 316, 922–3
high-pressure-loop EGR, 322, 828, 866
high-pressure-stage compressor, 117, 946
high-pressure-stage turbine, 333, 968
high-speed diesel engine, 5
high speed direct injection diesel engine,
14, 143
highway route, 371
HIL see hardware-in-the-loop
histogram, 48, 275, 277
history of
braking technologies, 407
diesel engine VVA, 407
diesel engines, 8–15
engine brakes and exhaust brakes,
407
engine heat transfer theory, 311
piston-assembly lubrication dynamics,
682–4
homogeneous charge compression
ignition, 467, 928
hot air recirculation, 845, 947
hot ambient, 69, 284, 463, 477, 481,
883, 946
HPL EGR see high-pressure-loop EGR
humid climate, 947
humidity, 36, 41, 176, 283, 325, 450,
466, 484, 947
hybrid EGR system, 337, 870, 982
hybrid electric, 14, 15, 60, 66, 384, 385
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1014 Index
hybrid-electric powertrain modeling, 386
hybrid hydraulic, 383
hybrid powertrain, 14, 60, 100, 383–6,
462, 767
hydrocarbon dosing, 915
hydrocarbons, 7, 11, 114, 172, 220, 262,
488, 505, 513, 514, 842
hydrodynamic friction force, 688, 703,
722, 723, 725
hydrodynamic pressure, 688, 703, 704,
705
hydrogen embrittlement, 113, 114
ideal gas, 306, 309, 318, 916
IDI see indirect injection
idle, 9, 175, 357, 423, 467, 482
high idle, 41
low idle, 183, 482, 770
idle quality, 41
idle speed control, 928
idle stability, 590, 591
ignition delay, 315, 470, 488, 770, 773,
778, 780, 809, 839, 842
ignition temperature, 513
imbalance, 189, 767, 802, 910
IMEP, 653, 672, 700
impact energy, 165, 680, 784, 785, 787,
806
impact force, 115, 163, 781, 784, 786,
790, 791
impact forcing function, 162, 790, 791
impact velocity, 687, 783, 784, 787, 788,
789, 790
impeller, 873, 876, 878, 879, 882
implicit integration, 690, 691, 692
impulse, 152, 170, 686, 784, 786, 790,
796
impulsiveness, 764
in-cylinder air turbulence, 864
in-cylinder cycle process, 306–7, 316,
317, 318, 319, 322, 915, 922,
924, 925
in-cylinder cycle simulation, 830
gas pressure, temperature, and heat
transfer engine, 830
in-cylinder heat rejection, 10, 839
in-cylinder heat transfer, 338, 471, 827,
830, 839
in-cylinder heat transfer coefcient, 830
in-cylinder turbulence, 81, 827, 839, 841
in-vehicle condition, 284, 285, 841, 947
in-vehicle underhood, 845, 947
INCOSE see International Council on
Systems Engineering
indicated efciency, 922
indicated specic fuel consumption, 619
indicated torque, 654, 921, 925
indirect injection, 6, 9, 312, 780, 806
indirect injection diesel engine, 806
induction system, 41, 799
inertia, 69, 71, 80, 81, 100, 124, 126,
139, 175, 349, 350, 396, 680
inertia force, 80, 348, 350, 396, 538, 673
injection timing, 11, 12, 45, 133, 146,
171, 188, 209, 219, 224, 262,
300, 341, 463, 480, 773, 840
injector ticking, 771
injector tip temperature, 427, 447, 468
inner array, 212, 217
innovative concepts, 12, 451, 465, 606,
781
insertion loss, 799
installed spring length, 577
instantaneous bearing friction torque, 709
instantaneous bearing load, 709
instantaneous crankshaft speed, 920
instantaneous friction force, 674, 713,
720, 738
instantaneous friction model, 654
instantaneous friction torque, 672, 742
instantaneous parameter, 312, 943
instantaneous turbocharger speed, 920,
921
insufcient engine delta P, 333, 953
insulation, 324, 775, 776, 845
intake acoustics, 799
intake charge cooling, 13
intake charge heating, 610
intake manifold, 7, 12, 146–7, 151, 174,
177, 205, 300, 304, 379, 414,
417, 426, 462, 466, 475, 529,
535
intake manifold dynamics, 914
intake manifold gas temperature, 94,
172, 304, 339, 462, 483, 485,
509, 860
intake manifold oxygen concentration,
483, 915
intake port, 81, 144, 151, 260, 313, 316,
318, 825, 863
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1015Index
intake port heating, 81, 875
intake port pressure pulse, 531, 559,
606
intake restriction, 41, 100, 337, 338, 342,
869, 878, 892, 951
intake throttle, 7, 8, 209, 224, 262, 323,
330, 408–9, 475–6, 510
intake throttle opening, 209, 224, 262,
340, 476, 510, 865, 891
intake valve closing (IVC), 309, 310,
470, 532, 737
early IVC timing, 593, 597, 599, 605
late IVC timing, 533, 603, 604, 607,
611, 621
intake valve opening, 12, 282, 310, 340
intake VVA, 426
integrated engine–powertrain–vehicle
design, 103
integrator, 691, 692, 709
intelligent diesel engine, 923
inter-stage cooler, 117, 265, 285, 338,
828, 847, 895, 913, 946
inter-stage cooler heat rejection, 828,
895
inter-stage cooling, 324, 873
interaction, 24, 36, 82–8, 123, 129, 163,
205–6, 427–31, 530, 666
interaction effect, 129, 163, 205
interaction terms, 218, 232, 245
intercooling, 12, 864, 871
interface matrix, 36
internal charge cooling, 602, 607
internal EGR, 436, 438, 532, 865
International Council on Systems
Engineering, 16
interring pressure, 699, 700, 701
irregular factor space, 250
irreversibility, 98
isentropic compressible ow, 916
ISFC see indicated specic fuel
consumption
isothermal, 133, 138, 142, 662, 709,
722
IVC see intake valve closing
jack-kning, 404
Jacobian matrix, 690, 708
Jake brake, 407, 410, 433, 434
JFO boundary condition, 688, 704, 688
journal misalignment, 678
journal trajectory, 708
jump, 274, 794
K-factor, 532, 538, 794, 862
‘Kadenacy’ effect, 532
kinematic cam design, 567–72, 795
kinematic valve lift, 537
kinetic energy, 115, 124, 161, 307, 384,
397, 398, 680, 693, 788
knock intensity, 613
knocking, 9, 674, 770
knowledge domain, 26
kurtosis, 229, 276, 277, 279, 281, 764
excess kurtosis, 229, 276, 277, 279,
281
lack-of-t, 231
lambda control, 918, 948
lambda ratio, 165, 669
lash adjuster, 721
hydraulic lash adjuster, 424–5, 536,
539, 541, 558, 568, 569, 721,
735, 795
mechanical lash adjuster, 536, 537,
538, 568, 569, 721, 735, 794
lateral motion, 683, 684, 789
lead covering technique, 771–2
leakage, 114, 148, 416, 442, 467, 605,
879
lean NO
x
trap, 60, 504, 506
least-squares t, 218, 235, 238, 279
level-1 engine friction model, 655, 663,
736–42
level-2 engine friction model, 655, 663,
742–5
level-3 engine friction model, 655–6,
745–6
level-1 system noise model, 778, 804–7
level-2 system NVH model, 778, 807–11
level-3 system NVH model, 778, 811
lifter guide, 734
light-duty, 5, 9, 11, 14, 66, 71, 371, 372,
378, 379, 380, 383, 550, 640,
667, 672, 683, 724, 740, 771,
950
light-off temperature, 504, 509, 510, 515
light-off time, 504, 621
light vehicle, 9, 79
limit
calibration limit, 54, 946
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1016 Index
design limit, 45, 54, 55, 82, 117,
118, 125, 127, 146, 147, 283,
290–2, 339, 358, 411, 423,
442, 447, 604, 882, 885,
946
line contact, 567, 724, 725, 732
linear, 18, 130, 739, 811, 927
linear design, 927
liner corrosion, 841
liqueed natural gas, 15
load, 115–16, 211, 314, 349, 362,
429–30, 479, 511, 531, 540,
772, 834–5
load carrying capacity, 670, 707, 789
load control, 589, 590, 619
load cycle diagram, 879
load response, 104, 592, 910
loaded viscous friction, 657, 658, 660
local optima, 204, 254
local optimization, 480
location parameter, 276, 277
lognormal distribution, 187
lookup table, 911, 915, 916
lost motion, 452, 583
loudness, 760, 762, 764
low cycle fatigue, 114, 125, 134, 878
low-EGR engine, 884
low-end torque, 7, 599
low-friction coating, 674
low-heat-rejection engine, 10, 838–9
low-pressure-loop EGR, 320, 322, 607,
827, 864, 866
low-speed torque, 8, 410, 411, 583, 596,
606
lower heating value, 309, 828
lube oil consumption, 10, 168, 169, 465,
617–18, 680, 736
lubricant, 13, 39, 659, 662, 670–2, 694,
783
lubricant additives, 13, 663, 718, 720
lubricant force, 659, 684, 691–2, 713
lubricant oil, 661, 670–1, 694, 697
lubricant oil additive, 670
lubricant property, 655, 660
lubricating oil lm, 674, 704, 840
lubricating oil lm forces, 684
lubricating oil lm pressure, 675,
678, 683
lubricating oil lm thickness, 655,
660, 680, 684, 720, 722
lubrication
boundary lubrication, 164–5, 167,
654, 663, 678, 788
elastohydrodynamic lubrication,
166–7, 683, 717, 719–20, 744,
789
fully ooded lubrication, 683, 745
hydrodynamic lubrication, 165,
166–7, 660, 678, 710–11,
719–20, 725
mixed lubrication, 165, 168, 665–9,
725
partially ooded lubrication, 683
thermo-elastohydrodynamic
lubrication, 655, 709, 746
thick-lm lubrication, 668
thin-lm lubrication, 668, 669, 717,
720, 785
lubrication approximation, 664
lubrication dynamics, 666, 680–716,
787, 793
engine bearing, 708–16
characteristics, 708–10
friction calculation, 710–14
piston-assembly bearing friction
characteristics, 714–16
power loss components, 714
engine bearing lubrication dynamics,
708–16
piston-assembly, 680–96
formulation, 684–90
friction characteristics and piston
assembly design, 680–2
half-Sommerfeld and Reynolds
cavitation conditions, 689
history, 682–4
lubricant oil lm pressure
distribution on piston skirt,
694
model, 685
multiphase piston dynamics
model, 686
piston design on skirt, 692–6
piston pin lateral offset and engine
load on piston titling, 695
piston pin vertical position on
piston secondary motions,
696
piston secondary motion, 695
piston side thrust, 687
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1017Index
piston side thrust at different
speeds and loads, 693
stiff ODE and numerical
instabilities, 691
stiff ODE characteristics, 690–2
piston-assembly lubrication dynamics,
680–96
piston ring, 701–7
cavitation and friction modeling,
705
friction characteristics, 696–701
lubricant oil viscosity on piston
secondary motions and skirt
friction power, 697
piston design on skirt friction
power and oil lm thickness,
698
predicted oil lm thickness, 707
piston ring lubrication dynamics,
696–707
lubrication lm breakdown, 666
lubrication model, 683–4, 687
lubrication number, 668
lubrication parameter, 666–7, 668, 673
lubrication regime, 658–65
lubricity, 469
lug curve, 89, 621, 831, 886, 947
lumped overall model, 736
Mach index, 586
Mach number, 586
MAF control, 915, 917
main effect, 206, 212, 213, 216, 217,
232, 241
main effect plot, 215, 216
main injection, 224, 262, 264, 780
manifold air pressure, 915
manifold lling dynamics, 316–19
manifold gas wave dynamics, 104, 321,
915, 922
manifold volume, 146, 872, 873, 886,
912, 913
manual transmission, 350–1, 419, 544
manufacturing tolerance, 43, 44, 49, 124,
268, 383, 796
map
engine performance maps, 299–300
map-based gain setting, 912
MAP control, 919
marine diesel, 785, 928
mass air ow, 915, 923
mass conservation, 308, 317, 328, 688,
701, 704
mass inertia, 690, 702, 708, 709
mass multiplier, 285, 287, 969
mass-spring system, 790
mass-to-fuel ratio, 304, 925
maximum allowable exhaust manifold
pressure, 117, 147, 148, 427
maximum braking force, 404
maximum cam lift, 561, 566
maximum drivetrain transfer ratio, 360,
361
maximum engine speed, 359
maximum mean effective pressure, 953
maximum valve lift, 534, 561, 564, 566,
574, 575, 741
maximum vehicle speed, 91, 353, 358,
359
mean effective pressure, 260, 451, 653,
837, 953
mean piston speed, 6, 70, 71, 74, 75, 78,
116, 311, 653, 737, 742
mean square deviation, 49
mean temperature difference, 846
‘mean value’ design, 56
‘mean value’ map, 915
mean-value model, 317, 318, 914, 922–3
mechanical design, 15, 84, 87, 465, 944,
976
mechanical efciency, 300, 470, 783
mechanical friction, 101, 300, 319, 408,
417, 944
mechanical impact, 769, 771, 788
mechanical impedance, 792
mechanical lash adjuster, 536, 537, 538,
568, 569, 721, 735, 794
mechanical loading, 129, 139
mechanical system, 68, 97–8, 716, 978
mechanisms of compression brake,
407–8, 411, 412, 433, 434, 439
medium duty, 5, 371, 372, 375, 376,
377, 950
metal–to–metal contact, 661–2, 663, 666,
670
Miller cycle, 595, 601–5, 607, 608
minimum BSFC, 107, 220, 225, 263,
463, 480, 600, 941, 955, 968
minimum BSFC optimization contour
map, 220, 224, 256, 263
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