West B.A., Murphy F.T. A Brief History of Australia
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA
280
1978 Australia’s first gay and lesbian Mardi Gras
parade is held in Sydney.
The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) begins
airing non-English-language news, movies, and
other programming.
1979 The Hydro-Electric Commission (HEC) chooses
the Franklin–Gordon River system in Tasmania
as an appropriate place for a dam project.
Galarrwuy Yunupingu is named Australian of
the Year; he is the chairman of the Northern
Land Council.
Women working in the private sector are
granted the right to maternity leave.
1980 10-week-old baby Azaria Chamberlain disap-
pears from a campsite near Uluru (Ayers Rock) in
the Northern Territory. Lindy Chamberlain, her
mother, is later convicted of the baby’s murder.
Australian athletes attend the Moscow Olympics
despite Prime Minister Fraser’s recommenda-
tions to join the boycott by the United States
and other countries to protest the USSR’s inva-
sion of Afghanistan.
UNESCO declares the Great Barrier Reef, the
only living thing on Earth visible from space, a
World Heritage site.
1981 Sydney sees its first death of acquired immuno-
deficiency syndrome (AIDS), it is not identified
as such until 1993.
1982 In an attempt to nationalize Australian Rules
football, the South Melbourne Swans club
moves to Sydney.
The state government of Tasmania approves
damming of the Franklin River, leading to a
massive blockade of southwest Tasmania by
protesters.
Thomas Keneally wins the Booker Prize for
Schindler’s Ark, the basis for the 1993 film
Schindler’s List.
Brisbane hosts the Commonwealth Games, a
sporting competition for nations that belong to
the British Commonwealth.
281
APPENDIX 2
1983 Ash Wednesday bushfires kill 75 people in the
states of Victoria and South Australia.
The Franklin River dam project is halted by
the High Court of Australia after a three-year
battle.
Bob Hawke and the Labor Party win the federal
election in a landslide.
1984 New South Wales decriminalizes homosexuality.
1985 Uluru National Park, including the iconic Uluru
itself, is handed over to the Mutijulu Aboriginal
community.
The Royal Commission on British Atomic Tests
at Maralinga denounces the British for violat-
ing safety standards; it also recommends com-
pensation be paid to affected communities and
individuals.
The Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre makes its first
request for repatriation of Aboriginal remains
from overseas museums and collections.
1986 Lindy Chamberlain is released from prison
when Azaria’s jacket is found outside a dingo
den; convictions of Lindy and her husband,
Michael, are quashed two years later.
The Australian House of Representatives elects
its first female speaker, Joan Child.
1987 In two separate incidents, 15 people are killed
by automatic weapons fire in Melbourne.
Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen retires from
Queensland politics.
1988 Canberra’s opening of the new Parliament
House is attended by Queen Elizabeth II.
1989 Bond University opens on the Gold Coast,
Queensland; it is Australia’s first private
university.
1990 Carmen Lawrence of Western Australia is
elected Australia’s first female state premier.
Bob Hawke’s Labor government is returned for
a fourth term.
The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Commission (ATSIC) is formed.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA
282
1991 The Labor Party replaces Bob Hawke as prime
minister with the treasurer, Paul Keating.
1992 The Mabo and Others v. Queensland case legal-
izes native title in Australia.
The Australian, a national newspaper, names
Eddie Mabo Australian of the Year.
1993 Paul Keating and Labor win an “unwinnable”
election.
The federal Native Title Act is passed.
1994 In the Blue Mountains outside Sydney a park
ranger finds a stand of Wollemi pines, which
had previously been thought long extinct.
1995 The parliament of the Northern Territory legal-
izes voluntary euthanasia only to see it over-
turned by the Commonwealth government
shortly thereafter.
1996 The Liberal Party leader, John Howard, is
elected prime minister as head of a coalition of
the Liberal and National Parties.
The Port Arthur massacre in Tasmania; John
Howard’s new government responds with tough
gun control legislation.
1997 Tasmania is the last Australian state to remove
laws making homosexuality illegal in the state.
1998 A constitutional convention on becoming a
republic is held in Canberra and concludes
that, in principle, republicanism is appropriate
for Australia and that a referendum on the issue
should be held in 1999.
John Howard is reelected despite a platform of
introducing a 10 percent goods and services tax
(GST).
1999 The referendum to make Australia a republic
with an elected head of state to replace the
British monarch fails.
Australian troops head a UN force in East Timor
to quell violence resulting from a positive vote
for independence in the small, half-island state.
2000 Sydney hosts the XXVII Summer Olympic
Games.
283
APPENDIX 2
The Liberal government introduces the 10 per-
cent goods and services tax (GST).
More than 500 detainees escape from the
Woomera detention center, which houses refu-
gees and illegal immigrants awaiting decisions
from the Department of Immigration.
2001 The Norwegian freighter Tampa is refused entry
into Australian waters.
John Howard pledges Australia to join the
United States in the “war on terror.”
David Hicks is arrested in Afghanistan.
2002 The “children overboard” claims are proven
false.
Eighty-five Australians are killed in a nightclub
bombing in Kuta, Bali.
Australia ratifies the International Criminal
Court.
2003 John Howard pledges 2,000 armed service
people to the U.S. invasion of Iraq; tens of thou-
sands of Australians protest the war in March.
A second year of record-low rainfall threatens
crops and results in water restrictions.
2004 The ruling Liberal Party gains control of the
Senate.
Water flows into Lake Eyre for the first time in
four years.
Australia and the United States sign the
Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement.
Peter Garrett, former lead singer of the 1980s
band Midnight Oil, becomes a Labor Party can-
didate for Parliament.
An Aboriginal man dies in custody on Palm
Island, Queensland, and about 300 people
destroy the police station and other buildings
in response.
Tasmanian Mary Donaldson marries Crown
Prince Frederik of Denmark.
2005 An Australian permanent resident, Cornelia
Rau, is discovered to have spent 10 months
being held in detention as an illegal immigrant.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA
284
Nine Australians are arrested in Bali for drug
smuggling and face the death penalty.
Immigration officials admit they deported
Australian Vivian Solon to the Philippines four
years earlier and were unable to locate her for
years.
The Cronulla riots in Sydney.
2006 Steve Irwin, a.k.a. the Crocodile Hunter, is killed
by a stingray off the coast of Queensland.
Australian troops arrive in both East Timor and
the Solomon Islands to settle unrest in those
two countries.
The 10-year drought has become the drought
of the century, sending food prices upward and
economic growth forecasts down.
2007 The Labor Party under the leadership of Kevin
Rudd defeats John Howard and the Liberal-
National Coalition.
John Howard loses his parliamentary seat of
Bennelong after 33 years.
The new prime minister, Kevin Rudd, signs the
Kyoto Protocol agreement.
2008 The Labor government apologizes to Australia’s
Aboriginal people for the Stolen Generations.
The federal government abandons some
aspects of the former government’s asylum
seeker policies.
Kevin Rudd appoints Quentin Bryce as
Australia’s first female governor-general.
Same-sex couples are granted the same rights
and responsibilities as those of de facto hetero-
sexual couples, except the right to marry.
2009 Bushfires in Victoria kill 173 people.
Drought ends in much of Queensland when
dry conditions are replaced by massive floods
in May.
Indian students studying in Australia protest
against racially motivated violence against them
in Melbourne and Sydney, putting Australia’s
enormous international education market at
risk.
285
APPENDIX 2
Australia’s soccer team, the Socceroos, qualify
for the World Cup Final 2010 in South Africa,
their second consecutive final appearance.
Australia is the first G2O country to raise inter-
est rates following the global economic down-
turn, signalling strong economic growth in the
latter half of the year.
286
Ap p e n d i x 3
austraLian
priMe Ministers
sinCe 1901
Edmund Barton, January 1, 1901–September 24, 1903
Alfred Deakin, September 24, 1903–April 27, 1904
Chris Watson, April 27, 1904–August 18, 1904
George Reid, August 18, 1904–July 5, 1905
Alfred Deakin, July 5, 1905–November 13, 1908
Andrew Fisher, November 13, 1908–June 2, 1909
Alfred Deakin, June 2, 1909–April 29, 1910
Andrew Fisher, April 29, 1910–June 24, 1913
Joseph Cook, June 24, 1913–September 17, 1914
Andrew Fisher, September 17, 1914–October 27, 1915
Billy Hughes, October 27, 1915–February 9, 1923
Stanley Bruce, February 9, 1923–October 22, 1929
James Scullin, October 22, 1929–January 6, 1932
Joseph Lyons, January 6, 1932–April 7, 1939
Sir Earle Page, April 7, 1939–April 26, 1939
Robert Menzies, April 26, 1939–August 28, 1941
Arthur Fadden, August 28, 1941–October 7, 1941
John Curtin, October 7, 1941–July 5, 1945
Frank Forde, July 6, 1945–July 13, 1945
Ben Chifley, July 13, 1945–December 19, 1949
Robert Menzies, December 19, 1949–January 26, 1966
Harold Holt, January 26, 1966–December 19, 1967
John McEwen, December 19, 1967–January 10, 1968
John Gorton, January 10, 1968–March 10, 1971
William McMahon, March 10, 1971–December 5, 1972
Gough Whitlam, December 5, 1972–November 11, 1975
287
APPENDIX 3
Malcolm Fraser, November 11, 1975–March 11, 1983
Bob Hawke, March 11, 1983–December 20, 1991
Paul Keating, December 20, 1991–March 11, 1996
John Howard, March 11, 1996–December 3, 2007
Kevin Rudd, December 3, 2007–present
288
Ap p e n d i x 4
aussie terMs and
phrases with
transLations into
aMeriCan engLish
All words that end in –er are pronounced as if they end in –ah; single
middle r’s should also be pronounced as if the r is an h or is absent
entirely.
ambo ambulance or its personnel
arvo afternoon
Aussie Australian
avo avocado
banana lounge reclining deck chair, long enough to stretch out on
barrack be a supporter of an athletic team, as in “I barrack for the
Bulldogs”
bastard the national adjective, can be positive or negative depending
on tone of voice and context
bathers swimsuit
bevvy alcoholic drink or beverage
big smoke large city, such as Melbourne or Sydney
bikkie, biscuit cookie
bingle not terribly serious car accident
bitumen blacktop
bloke guy
bloody very
289
APPENDIX 4
bloody oath true
blue fight or argument
Blunnies, Blundstones iconic workman’s boots, now mainstream
footwear for men and women
Bob’s your uncle a saying that means “and there you have it”
bogan usually pejorative or self-deprecating, for a person who is, or
is perceived to be, of a lower-class background
bonnet hood of a car
boogie board shortened surf board ridden by lying rather than stand-
ing on it
boot trunk of a car; also cleats worn for football, soccer, etc.
bottle shop liquor store, can be drive-in
break-up party to kick off the silly season at a workplace
brekkie breakfast
Brisvegas Brisbane, Queensland
buck’s night bachelor party before the groom gets married
buggered completely exhausted
Bundy Bundaberg rum, made in Queensland
burl call on the phone
cab sav Cabernet Sauvignon wine
cappuccino coffee drink with equal amounts of espresso, steamed
milk, and milk froth
cark it to die
car park parking lot
chewie chewing gum
chewie on yer boot a taunt used in Aussie Rules football to indicate
a bad kick
chockas or chocka block full, as in “The pub is chockas tonight”
chokkie chocolate
chook chicken
college can mean high school or a university dormitory
countery a meal from a pub where you order at the counter but it is
delivered to your table
cozzie, costume bathing suit