West B.A., Murphy F.T. A Brief History of Australia
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA
270
Thomas Austin introduces rabbits to Australia
in Geelong, about one hour from Melbourne.
1860 Indian, Pashtun, and other Muslim cameleers
(“Afghans”) arrive to explore the continent’s
interior with Burke and Wills.
“Blackbirding” transports kidnapped Pacific
Islanders to Queensland to work in the sugar-
cane fields.
1861 The Emerald, Queensland, massacre of 170
Aboriginal people in retaliation for the murder
of 19 settlers
1862 Victoria and New South Wales allow any cit-
izen, except children and married women,
to purchase land; Queensland follows suit in
1869, South Australia a year later.
1863 The Northern Territory is created as a depen-
dent territory, to be governed from Adelaide in
South Australia.
The inhabitants of the Torres Strait Islands are
first affected by white diseases and policies.
1867 Henry Lawson is born at the Grenfell gold fields
in New South Wales.
The first Australian cricket team to tour over-
seas is an all-Aboriginal team that plays 47
matches in England; after each match they are
required to display their talents with boomer-
angs and spears.
1868 The last convicts arrive in Western Australia
from Britain.
Aboriginal people resist arrest in the Kimberley
region and 150 are murdered.
1869 Victoria establishes Australia’s first Board for
the Protection of Aborigines. Other colonies
follow in 1883 (New South Wales), 1897
(Queensland), 1905 (Western Australia), and
1911 (South Australia).
1877 Settlers in far north Queensland’s Daintree
River area are murdered by Aboriginal people.
1880 The cultural icon Edward “Ned” Kelly is cap-
tured at Glenrowan, Victoria; he is later hanged
in Melbourne.
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APPENDIX 2
1882 Australia’s cricketers defeat England for the
first time in test cricket, the long, five-by-five-
day version of the game. This is the start of an
almost yearly event called the Ashes series.
The McKinlay River massacre, after which
the white murderers are exonerated by the
Northern Territory’s official inquiry
1888 “The White Australia Policy” first appears in print
in the Brisbane newspaper the Boomerang.
Australia’s first mosque is built in Adelaide by
“Afghan” cameleers.
1889 The Australian Women’s Suffrage Society is
formed.
1891 The “Monster Petition” containing signatures
from more than 30,000 women, about 10 per-
cent of the state’s total number, is presented
to the Victoria state parliament to support the
claim that Victorian women want the vote.
1892 Australia’s first French newspaper, Le Courier
Australien, begins publication; today it is the
oldest continuously published non-English
paper in the country.
1894 South Australia is the first Australian colony
to grant women the right to vote and stand for
election.
1895 “Banjo” Paterson writes “Waltzing Matilda.”
1897 Queensland effectively bans all Aboriginal peo-
ple from towns and cities, confining them to
reserves and missions.
1897 Australia’s first Orthodox church is built in
Sydney by Greek and Lebanese migrants.
1898 Western Australia grants women the right to
vote.
1900 Queen Victoria signs the act creating the
Commonwealth of Australia.
The Stolen Generations commence with
a change in government policy concerning
Aboriginal children.
1901 Federation
Sir Edmund Barton is elected the new country’s
first prime minister.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA
272
The Immigration Restriction Act restricts immi-
gration to whites and formalizes the White
Australia policy.
1902 Aboriginal people in New South Wales and
South Australia lose the right to vote with the
enactment of the Commonwealth Franchise
Act; white women gain that right at the federal
level.
The British execute Australian Harry “Breaker”
Morant in South Africa.
1903 Alfred Deakin replaces the retiring Edmund
Barton as prime minister; Barton moves to the
newly established Australian High Court.
1904 The Lawn Tennis Association is established in
Melbourne, helping to establish the city as the
sporting capital of Australia.
1905 Women in Queensland gain the right to vote.
1906 South Australia puts an end to the Macassan
trepang trade in the Northern Territory.
In Melbourne the Tait Brothers film company
premieres its film, The Story of the Kelly Gang,
the first of five films produced in the past cen-
tury chronicling the life of the bushranger hero
and possibly the world’s first full-length feature
film.
Outside Sydney the iconic Bondi Surf Lifesaving
Club is established.
1907 In Western Australia a 2,036-mile rabbitproof
fence begun in 1902 to protect grazing land is
completed.
The 1907 Exhibition of Women’s Work in
Melbourne contains 16,000 exhibits of women’s
work and attracts about a quarter of a million
visitors.
1908 Victoria is the last state in the Commonwealth
to grant women the right to vote.
Australia’s rugby team defeats England to take
gold at London’s summer Olympics.
1911 The Australian Capital Territory, home of the
new capital, Canberra, is carved out of land
formerly held by New South Wales.
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APPENDIX 2
The federal government takes control of the
Northern Territory.
1912 Walter Burley Griffin, an architect from Chicago,
wins the competition to design Canberra,
Australia’s new capital city.
Fanny Durack and Mina Wylie swim for gold
and silver, respectively, at the summer Olympic
games in Stockholm; Durack sets a number of
world records.
1914 With the start of World War I Australia offers to
support Britain to the last man and shilling.
The HMAS Sydney destroys the German cruiser
Emden in the Indian Ocean.
1915 Anzac (Australian and New Zealand Army
Corps) troops spend eight months dug into the
trenches at Gallipoli, Turkey.
1918 By war’s end the Australians have lost 59,342
soldiers.
1918–1920 The Spanish flu kills thousands of Australians
at home.
1919 Prime Minister Billy Hughes guarantees that
racial equality is not enshrined in international
law by obstinately refusing to support the cre-
ation of the League of Nations if this Japanese
proposal is accepted.
1921 Edith Cowan is elected Australia’s first female
member of a state parliament in Western
Australia’s seat of West Perth.
1922 Henry Lawson dies after penning such
Australian classics as Song of Australia and The
Drover’s Wife.
1924 The Sydney Harbour Bridge is begun; it offi-
cially opens eight years later.
Fred Maynard starts the Australian Aborigine
Progressive Association.
1927 Canberra becomes the official national capital.
1928 The Coniston massacre of more than 30
Aboriginal people north of Alice Springs is the
last recorded massacre in Australia.
A waterside workers’ strike in Melbourne turns
violent after scab labor is brought on-site.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA
274
1929 Stanley Bruce is the first Australian prime
minister to lose his government and his seat in
Parliament at the federal election in October.
1930 Phar Lap wins the Melbourne Cup horse race;
he dies in California just two years later.
1931 Sir Isaac Isaacs becomes the first Australian-
born governor-general.
The Statute of Westminster is passed by the
British Parliament, formally renouncing any
legislative authority in its overseas domin-
ions of Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South
Africa, and the Republic of Ireland; Australia
ratifies the act in 1942.
Talking movies introduced to Australian
cinemas
1932 Joseph Lyons becomes prime minister as leader
of the newly established United Australia
Party.
Prime Minister Joseph Lyons establishes the
ABC, the Australian Broadcasting Commission;
its successor, the Australian Broadcasting
Corporation, is a leader in noncommercial
radio and television broadcasting to this day.
1933 Western Australians vote 2 to 1 to secede from
the Commonwealth; the British government
refuses even to hear their case and the matter
goes no further.
Phar Lap’s body goes on display at the National
Museum of Victoria in Melbourne, where his
remains can be seen to this day.
As the effects of the depression wear on,
assisted passage for British migrants ceases.
Billy Hughes warns that Britain is no longer in
a position to protect Australia by sea.
1934 Melbourne’s massive World War I memorial,
the Shrine of Remembrance, is dedicated.
The Sydney Harbour Bridge is opened.
1935 Cane toads are released in Queensland.
1936 Keepers at the Hobart zoo allow the last known
thylacine, or Tasmanian tiger, to die of the cold
while chained outside.
275
APPENDIX 2
The Hume Dam outside Albury, Victoria, opens.
Australia becomes responsible for almost half
of the land area of Antarctica.
1937 Regular airmail service between Australia and
the United States is established.
1938 Immigration numbers are boosted when assisted
passage from Britain is reintroduced.
Canberra and Washington, D.C., are connected
by direct radio-telephone.
1939 Prime Minister Joseph Lyons dies in office.
Robert Menzies becomes prime minister for the
first of his 18 years in office.
Menzies declares that as a consequence of
Britain’s being at war, Australia is also at war.
1941 The Japanese attack Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
Menzies loses a cabinet election and is replaced
by the Country Party leader, Arthur Fadden.
Fadden loses his majority in the House of
Representatives, allowing the Labor Party leader
John Curtin to become prime minister.
Prime Minister Curtin’s letter of unequivocal
alignment with the United States appears in the
Melbourne Herald.
Women’s branches of the air force, navy, and
army are formed and women are hired as tram
conductors in Melbourne for the first time.
1942 Britain loses its Asian colonies to Japan.
The Kokoda Trail campaign
The Japanese bomb Darwin’s harbor and kill
243 people.
John Curtin makes the U.S. general Douglas
MacArthur head of Australia’s defense forces.
The Statute of Westminster is ratified in
Australia.
1943 John Curtin’s Labor Party wins the general elec-
tion with a wide margin.
The first woman federal parliamentarian, Dame
Enid Lyons, is elected; she is the widow of
the former prime minister, Joseph Lyons. The
first woman senator, Dorothy Tangney, is also
elected this year.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA
276
1944 Reginald Saunders becomes the first Aboriginal
soldier to attain the rank of a commissioned
officer.
The Liberal Party of Australia is formed.
1945 John Curtin dies in office.
The treasurer, Ben Chifley, becomes prime
minister.
Introduction of the welfare state with the inau-
guration of federal unemployment and sickness
benefits
1946 Despite their service during the war, Melbourne
bans women taxi drivers.
1947 The immigration minister, Arthur Calwell,
begins accepting European displaced persons.
Workers are granted the 40-hour workweek by
the Commonwealth Arbitration Court.
1948 Calwell expels all nonwhite war refugees from
Australia; 48 Chinese refugees are deported a
year later when the High Court upholds the
order.
The British Long Range Weapons Organisation
begins building its rocket range at Woomera,
despite Aboriginal protests the previous year.
1949 Robert Menzies is reelected prime minister; he
serves until 1966.
The Australian cricketer Donald Bradman is
knighted by King George VI.
Aboriginal servicemen are granted the right to
vote.
The Snowy Mountains Hydro Electric Authority
is established.
1950 Australia sends troops to the Korean War.
Menzies attempts to ban the Communist
Party from operating in Australia, and federal
police raid the party’s headquarters in Sydney,
Melbourne, Hobart, Perth, and Darwin.
1951 Australia signs the ANZUS Treaty with New
Zealand and the United States.
The introduced virus myxomatosis kills 99 per-
cent of the country’s rabbit population.
277
APPENDIX 2
1952 Iron ore is discovered in the Hamersley Range
of the Pilbara region, Western Australia.
Britain tests its first nuclear bomb, the Hurricane,
on the Monte Bello Islands, Western Australia.
1953 Britain tests three nuclear bombs at Emu Field,
a site near Woomera.
1954 Australia establishes Mawson Base, the south-
ernmost human settlement, on Princess
Elizabeth Land, Antarctica.
1955 Australia welcomes its millionth postwar
migrant, Barbara Porritt, a 21-year-old bride
from Yorkshire, England, who lands with her
husband, Dennis, on November 8.
Edna Everage enters Australian public life with
her stage debut.
1956 Melbourne hosts the XVI Summer Olympic
Games.
Victoria and New South Wales see the birth of
Australian television.
Britain begins a series of nuclear tests at
Maralinga that last until October 1957.
1957 A competition to design Sydney’s opera house is
won by Jørn Utzon of Denmark.
Drought in Australia’s wheat belt in the west leads
to the need to import wheat from Canada.
1958 Lake Eucumbene in New South Wales exceeds
Lake Hume as Australia’s largest reservoir.
1959 The country’s population reaches 10 million.
The Snowy Mountains Scheme puts its first
electricity plant online.
1961 The tennis player Rod Laver wins his first of
four Wimbledon singles finals; he wins the
grand slam of tennis the following year with
victories in the Australian, French, and U.S.
Opens, plus Wimbledon.
1962 Aboriginal Australians are allowed to vote in
federal elections with the enactment of the
Commonwealth Electoral Act 1962.
1963 The remaining members of the Mapoon
Aboriginal community on Cape York Peninsula,
far north Queensland, are evicted and their
A BRIEF HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA
278
homes destroyed by police to allow the Comalco
company to mine bauxite on their land.
Australia endorses the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty,
the first country to do so.
1964 The Mount Isa mining strike is the most dis-
ruptive and wide-reaching industrial action
since before World War II.
1965 Australia commits troops to the war in Vietnam.
The Labor Party deletes the phrase “White
Australia” from its immigration platform.
1966 Both Prime Minister Robert Menzies and the
Sydney Opera House architect Jørn Utzon
resign from their posts; the former is replaced
by Harold Holt.
Australia replaces its currency, pounds, shil-
lings (20 per pound), and pence (12 per shil-
ling), for dollars and cents.
1967 A Commonwealth referendum, passed by more
than 90 percent of voting Australians, makes
Aboriginal Australians citizens of the country
established in 1901.
Prime Minister Harold Holt vanishes while
swimming off the coast of Victoria.
1968 Possibly the oldest cremated human remains
are found at Lake Mungo, New South Wales;
carbon-14 dating results indicate they are about
26,000 years old.
Joh Bjelke-Petersen of the Country Party
becomes premier of Queensland.
1969 Australia begins its phased troop withdrawal
from Vietnam in December, five months after
police and 3,000 antiwar protesters clash at
Melbourne’s U.S. consulate.
The principle of equal pay for women is
adopted by the Commonwealth Conciliation
and Arbitration Commission just three years
after the ban on married women’s working in
the public service is lifted.
1971 Australian troops complete combat duty in
Vietnam.
279
APPENDIX 2
1972 Gough Whitlam and the Labor Party are elected
for the first time in 23 years.
The Aboriginal tent embassy is set up in
Canberra as part of the land rights struggle.
1973 The Migration Act is finally revised to end
nearly three quarters of a century of the White
Australia policy.
The Sydney Opera House is opened by Queen
Elizabeth II, with the Australian Opera
Company’s War and Peace, by Prokofiev.
Patrick White wins the Nobel Prize in litera-
ture, the only Australian to do so.
1974 Cyclone Tracy destroys much of the city of
Darwin and kills 64.
The Whitlam government hands over all remain-
ing missions and reserves in the Northern
Territory to their Aboriginal owners.
Australia grants independence to its Papua New
Guinea colony.
1975 The Whitlam government introduces a univer-
sal health insurance scheme, which has been
changed over the decades but continues to pro-
vide guaranteed health care for all Australians
today.
Gough Whitlam’s government is sacked by the
governor-general, who represents the queen.
Malcolm Fraser and the Liberal Party are elected
a month after the sacking of the Whitlam gov-
ernment.
1976 The Tasmanian Wilderness Society is formed at
the home of Bob Brown.
The remains of Trugannini, who died in 1876
as supposedly the last Aboriginal Tasmanian,
are cremated and her ashes are scattered off
Bruny Island, Tasmania.
1977 The Methodist, Congregational, and Presbyterian
Churches of Australia merge as the Uniting
Church.
Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip tour
Australia as part of the queen’s Silver Jubilee.