Water Power and Dam Construction. Issue April 2010
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APRIL 2010
Serving the hydro industry for over 60 years
Seismic analysis
The story behind Nam Theun 2
Focus on Asia
New developments across the continent
INTERNATIONAL
& DAM CONSTRUCTION
WWW.WATERPOWERMAGAZINE.COM
Water Power
INTERNATIONAL WATER POWER & DAM CONSTRUCTION APRIL 2010
APRIL 2010
Serving the hydro industry for over 60 years
Seismic analysis
The story behind Nam Theun 2
Focus on Asia
New developments across the continent
INTERNATIONAL
& DAM CONSTRUCTION
WWW.WATERPOWERMAGAZINE.COM
APRIL 2010
& DAM CONSTRUCTION
WWW.WATERPOWERMAGAZINE.COM
Water Power
001wp0410fc.indd_CS.indd 1 19/4/10 14:48:28
INTERNATIONAL WATER POWER & DAM CONSTRUCTION APRIL 2010
APRIL 2010
Serving the hydro industry for over 60 years
Seismic analysis
The story behind Nam Theun 2
Focus on Asia
New developments across the continent
I N T E R N A T I O N A L
& DAM CONSTRUCTION
WWW.WATERPOWERMAGAZINE.COM
A P R I L 2 0 1 0
& D A M C O NS T R U C T I O N
W W W . W A T E R P O W E R M A G A Z I N E . C O M
Water Power
001wp0410fc.indd_CS.indd 1 19/4/10 14:48:28
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MWH combines world-renowned hydropower expertise with
global wet infrastructure experience to provide comprehensive
water resources engineering and design. By optimizing the
use of natural resources with sustainable techniques, MWH is
building a better world.
LEADING SUSTAINABLE
HYDROPOWER
AROUND THE WORLD
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Q
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C O N S U L T I N G
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C O N S T R U C T I O N
I N T E R N A T I O N A L
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CONTENTS
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).4%2.!4)/.!,7!4%20/7%2$!-#/.3425#4)/.s)33.86olumeNumbersAPRIL 2010 3
DAM
ENGINEERING
ModernPowerSystems
COMMUNICATING POWER TECHNOLOGY WORLDWIDE
COVER: Preparation work on the
power house at Nam Theun 2 in
Laos – for further details on this
project see p20. Photograph cour-
tesy Atlas Copco
32
40
28
14
46
PROFESSIONAL DIRECTORY
48
WORLD MARKETPLACE
R E G U L A R S
4
WORLD NEWS
10
DIARY
F E A T U R E S
APPOINTMENTS
12
Executive movements
The latest appointments in the industry
ASIA
14
Spotlight on Asia
An insight into dam and hydro power development
across Asia
20
Profiling Nam Theun 2
As Nam Theun 2 begins commercial operation to
Thailand, IWP&DC takes a look at the project history
SEISMIC ANALYSIS
24
A risky business
The US Bureau of Reclamation has developed a
procedure using risk analysis to evaluate dams for
loading conditions, including seismic loads
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
26
Managing your assets
US utility TVA has made use of an integrated asset
management solution to standardise its operations
28
Sharing experiences of pumped storage unit design
Alstom Hydro shares its experience of designing and
installing reversible pumped storage plants
TUNNELLING
32
Tunnelling at Grand Poubara
Details on the project and the tunnelling aspects likely
to be encountered during construction of the Grand
Poubara hydroelectric project in Gabon
PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE
38
Enhancing the image of water development schemes
Working to enhance the industry’s public image
40
From conflict to collaboration
We learn how BC Hydro was able to gain increased
public acceptance of its hydro operations
44
Rules of engagement
Working with communities and their representatives to
achieve successful project development
4 APRIL 2010 INTERNATIONAL WATER POWER & DAM CONSTRUCTION
WORLD NEWS
T
HE US DE PA RTM EN T O F
Energy, the Department of
Interior and the US Army Corps of
Engineers have signed a Memorandum
of Understanding (MOU) which will see
the federal agencies cooperate more
closely and align priorities to support
the development of environmentally
sustainable hydro power.
The MOU aims to increase com-
munication between the agencies and
strengthen the long-term relationship
between them to prioritize the genera-
tion and development of sustainable
hydro power. It will allow them to focus
on increasing energy generation at
federally-owned facilities and explore
opportunities for new development of
low-impact hydro power.
Objectives of the MOU include:
s)DENTIFYINGSPECIlCFEDERALFACILITIES
that will be well-suited as sites for
sustainable hydro power.
s5PGRADINGFACILITIESANDDEMONSTRAT-
ing new technologies at existing
hydro power locations.
s#OORDINATINGRESEARCHANDDEVEL-
opment on advanced hydro power
technologies.
s)NCREASINGHYDROPOWERGENERATION
through low-impact and environmen-
tally sustainable approaches.
s)N T E GR A TI N G POL I C IE S AT THE
federal level.
s#OLLABORATINGTOIDENTIFYTOTALINCRE-
mental hydro power resources at
federal facilities.
The memorandum is supported by
detailed action items that the agen-
CIESHAVEIDENTIlEDASAREASOFCOL-
laboration, including Technology
Development and Deployment; Green
Hydropower Certification; Federal
Inland Hydropower Coordination;
Renewable Energy Integration and
Energy Storage; and Regulatory
Process Facilitation.
“While hydro power is the larg-
est source of renewable electricity
in the nation, hydro power capacity
HASNOTINCREASEDSIGNIlCANTLYINDEC-
ades,” said Energy Secretary Steven
Chu. “As the single largest owner of
hydro power generation in the United
States, it is important for the fed-
eral government to tap this valuable
asset so it can continue to contrib-
ute to our clean energy portfolio and
energy security.”
“As we build our clean energy econ-
omy here at home, we must explore
and develop new technologies and
new strategies for increasing hydro
power generation in an environmen-
tally sustainable manner,” added
Interior Secretary Ken Salazar. “With
better coordination among federal
agencies, a common-sense approach,
and a focus on low-impact hydro power
projects, we can supply more clean
power for our economy.”
US agencies sign MOU to
support hydro development
WORLD
NEWS
WORLD
NEWS
www.waterpowermagazine.com
First group of projects announced in
BC Hydro’s Clean Power Call
C
ANADIAN UTILITY BC HYDRO
has selected the first group
of 19 projects to be awarded
electricity purchase agreements
(EPA) under its Clean Power Call.
Combined, the projects will generate
more than 2400GWh of electricity
annually and include several hydro-
electric projects.
h4HESElRSTPROJECTSELECTIONSREP-
RESENTASIGNIlCANTSTEPFORWARDIN
meeting our provincial goal of becom-
INGENERGYSELFSUFlCIENTANDBUILDING
a clean energy powerhouse here in
BC,” said Blair Lekstrom, Minister
of Energy, Mines and Petroleum
Resources.
“These projects were selected
because they are among the most
advanced clean energy propos-
als put forward,” added Bev Van
Ruyven, acting President and Chief
%XECUTIVE/FlCEROF"#(YDROh7E
look forward to announcing more of
these projects in the weeks ahead
as we advance towards our target of
acquiring up to 5000GWh a year of
clean, reliable electricity generated
here in British Columbia.”
4HElRSTGROUPOFPROJECTSSELECTEDARE
s#&REE0OWER#ORPn'7HYEAR
run-of-river hydro project in Gold
Bridge.
s#02ENEWABLE%NERGY"#,IMITED
0ARTNERSHIPn'7HYEARWIND
project in Tumbler Ridge.
s#LOUDWORKS%NERGY)NCn'7H
yr run-of-river project in Harrison Hot
Springs.
s#LOUDWORKS%NERGY)NCn'7HYR
run-of-river project in Mission.
s#LOUDWORKS%NERGY)NCn'7H
yr run-of-river project in Harrison Hot
Springs.
s#REEK0OWER)NCn'7HYRRUN
of-river project in Pemberton.
s#REEK0OWER)NCn'7HYRRUNOF
river project in Pemberton.
s#REEK0OWER)NCn'7HYRRUNOF
river project in Pemberton.
s&INAVERA 2ENEWABLES )NC n
'7HYRWINDPROJECTIN4UMBLER
Ridge.
s&INAVERA 2ENEWABLES )NC n
'7HYRWINDPROJECTIN4UMBLER
Ridge.
s&INAVERA 2ENEWABLES )NC n
'7HYRWINDPROJECTIN4UMBLER
Ridge.
s&INAVERA 2ENEWABLES )NC n
' 7HY R WI ND P ROJE CT IN
Chetwynd.
s+WAGIS0OWER,IMITED0ARTNERSHIP
n'7HYRRUNOFRIVERPROJECTIN
Port McNeill.
s0LUTONIC0OWER#ORPORATIONAND'%
Energy Financial Services Company
n '7HYR RUNOFRIVER ON THE
Powell River.
s3ELKIRK 0OWER #OMPANY ,TD n
'7HYR RUNOFRIVER PROJECT IN
Golden.
s3TLIXWIM&IRST 0ROJECT #ORP AND
Stlixwim Partnership (NI Hydro
(OLDING #ORP n '7HYR
RUNOFRIVERPROJECTPROJECTSIN
Sechelt.
s3WIFT0OWER#ORPn'7HYRRUN
of-river project in Terrace.
Following execution of the contracts,
BC Hydro will submit the electricity
purchase agreements to the British
Columbia Utilities Commission for
its review.
Further project details, including
the range of electricity prices to be
paid, will be available in BC Hydro’s
lLINGTOTHECOMMISSION
! FURTHERPROJECTS REMAININ
the Clean Power Call and BC Hydro
expects to select additional projects
for the award of electricity purchase
agreements in late March depending
on the progress of discussions with
proponents. In addition, BC Hydro
will assess the adequacy of the
proponents’ consultation with First
Nations.
s7ANTTOREADMORENEWS4HENWHY
NOTSIGNUPFOROURFREEWEEKLYEMAIL
NEWSLETTERS AT WWWWATERPOWER-
MAGAZINECOM
E
M E R S O N P R O C E S S
Management has installed its
PlantWeb digital plant architec-
ture with the Ovation expert control
system at Unit 1 of the newly com-
missioned Dnestrovskaya pumped
storage power plant on the Dniester
2IVER IN THE 5KRAINEnONE OF THE
largest pumped storage plants in
the world.
Commissioned in December 2009
by UkrHydroEnergo Open Joint Stock
#OMPANY/*3#5NITISTHElRST
of the plant’s seven 421MW units.
When all units are operational, the
plant will have a total pump-mode
CAPACITYOF-7
Emerson’s Ovation control system
will not only monitor and control all
major equipment and processes,
including the Turboatom hydraulic
turbine, Electrotyazhmash pump
turbine generator, lubrication and
cooling, drain and leakage systems,
temperature monitoring systems,
auxiliary equipment and main elec-
trical system, but also interfaces
to the turbine governor, vibration
system and excitation system and
CONTROLS THE K6 SUBSTATION
While the system is integrated with
the regional and national dispatch
CENTERSITISCONlGUREDSOTHATALLOF
the unit’s subsystems can be con-
trolled locally, as well.
Ovation for
Dnestrovskaya
WWW.WATERPOWERMAGAZINE.COM APRIL 2010 5
WORLD NEWS
In brief
GVK POWER &
Infrastructure has announced
that its subsidiary – GVK
Developmental Projects – has
been named the winning bid-
der to develop the 690MW
Rattle hydroelectric project
on the Chinab River in
the Indian state of Jammu
& Kashmir. Targeted for
completion by 2017, the
project has an estimated
cost of Rs 5000 Crore. GVK
Development Projects will
carry out the development
work on a build, own oper-
ate and transfer basis.
ECUADOR AND IRAN
have agreed to jointly
develop three new hydro
power projects in Ecuador,
the Xinhua news agency
has reported. The plans
were unveiled during a
recent visit of Ecuadorian
Vice President Lenin
Moreno to Iran. Plans
involve building the three
new projects, each with
a capacity over 100MW,
using Iranian technology.
STANWELL CORP HAS
announced it is conduct-
ing a feasibility study into
a proposed 30MW hydro
power station at Australian
utility SunWater’s Burdekin
Falls Dam. The planned
hydro station would take
advantage of water released
from the dam and would
have the capability to
produce enough power to
supply up to 9500 homes
annually. The project
supports the Queensland
Government’s Renewable
Energy Plan which aims
to have more than 2500
MW of renewable energy
installed by 2020 (20% of
the National Renewable
Energy Target) – 31MW
of which is earmarked for
hydro operations.
Statkraft to invest heavily in upgrades
N
ORWEGIAN UTILITY STATKRAFT
has announced plans to spend
more than NOK1B on upgrad-
ing its hydro power facilities in a bid to
improve security of supply and boost
renewable energy output.
The company says that it will build
two new power plants in western
Norway to replace older facilities,
and will also modernise the Nedre
Røssåga hydro power plant in north-
ern Norway.
“These investments will result in
more renewable energy, increased
security of supply and significant local,
regional and national value creation,”
said Tron Engebrethsen, Senior Vice
President at Statkraft.
Statkraft will spend around
NOK700 million building the Eiriksdal
and Makkoren power plants as well
as carrying out a number of environ-
mental improvements in the area.
These include increased water flow in
the river below the power plants, and
replacing older power cables.
The new power plants will be con-
structed underground and will produce
around 330 GWh/year.
The upgrade of Nedre Røssåga in
northern Norway is the first stage of a
major modernisation of the Røssåga
facilities. Three of the units will be
upgraded first, followed by moderni-
sation or replacement of the support
and control systems.
This project will cost an estimated
NOK 400 million, and Statkraft is also
considering an upgrade of the three
other units in the power station, or
building a new parallel power station
to replace them.
T
H E I N T E R N A T I O N A L
Hydropower Association (IHA)
has issued a Policy Statement on
the Clean Development Mechanism
which calls upon governments to
elevate the future of the CDM, post-
2012, on their agendas for Mexico
(2010) and South Africa (2011),
while encouraging future CDM reform
to address current disincentives to
hydro power reservoir projects.
The association’s policy statement
explains the workings of the CDM and
looks in detail at the current and future
role of hydro power projects within it.
The key messages identified are:
s 4HE #$- REMAINS THE MAIN
international mechanism currently
in place to directly mobilise private
sector capital for clean develop-
ment worldwide.
s4HE#$-ALSOREMAINSANIMPOR-
tant way for Developing Countries to
avoid or mitigate greenhouse gases
through an international mechanism.
s(YDROPOWERISTHE#$-SLEAD-
ing deployed renewable energy: this
is likely to continue. In addition, the
sustainability of hydro power has
been defined and measuring tools
exist to indicate performance – this
brings greater confidence to all par-
ties involved.
s4HEREAREDISINCENTIVESTOHYDRO
power reservoir projects in current
CDM rules, which mean significant
missed opportunities for increased
climate change mitigation and adap-
tation – these should be addressed
in future CDM reform.
s4HEWORLDSHYDROPOWERSECTOR
calls upon governments to elevate
the future of the CDM post- 2012
on their agendas for Mexico (2010)
and South Africa (2011), and strong-
ly supports the current CDM reform
being implemented by the CDM
Executive Board, as a step in the
right direction.
In its review of hydro power’s role in the
CDM, the policy statement highlights
the importance of hydro CDM projects
INREDUCING#/EMISSIONS4HE
CDM registered hydro power projects
(as of December 2009) equate to the
largest proportion of CDM projects (by
type), with 27% of the total, which is
expected to generate more than 47
million tonnes of CO2 emission reduc-
tions per year until 2012.
The statement also draws attention
to the high and continuously improving
level of sustainability of hydro power
projects registered within the CDM,
many of which also voluntarily impose
upon themselves international sustain-
ability assessment frameworks, such
as the IHA Sustainability Assessment
Protocol (2006).
The IHA acknowledges that the
CDM remains the main global, environ-
mental investment and credit scheme
currently in place to directly mobilise
private sector capital for clean devel-
opment worldwide; but it is concerned
that with no legally binding interna-
tional treaty arising from Copenhagen
(2009), the long-term future of the
CDM is uncertain.
In other news, the association
has announced it has established
its first Regional Office – in South
America – at the Itaipu Technological
Park in Iguassu, Brazil. The office will
be hosted by IHA Platinum Sponsor,
Itaipu Binacional.
The signing of the cooperation
agreement between Itaipu and IHA
took place at the Itaipu Hydroelectric
Power Plant.
Commenting on the establishment
of IHA’s first Regional Office, Executive
Director Richard Taylor said: “The IHA
South America Office will promote
the work of IHA on sustainable hydro
power and foster increased IHA mem-
bership in South America. It will also
assist in communications between IHA
and its members in South America”.
Taylor added: “By achieving these
objectives, the experience and pri-
orities of South America will be better
represented and addressed by IHA in
its global activities”.
Mr. Jorge Samek, commenting on
the reasoning behind Itaipu’s support
for the foundation of the Regional
Office, said: “We have an obligation to
actively engage in discussions about
energy and sustainability that are
of regional and global importance”.
Samek added: “The hosting of the
Regional Office is an important step
in this direction”.
The work activities of the IHA South
America Office will include Spanish
and Portuguese translation and dis-
semination of IHA documents to IHA
members and potential members
in South America and support and
coordination of IHA events and activi-
ties in the region. The South America
Office will also take a leading role
in preparations for the establish-
ment of a Regional Training Centre
on Sustainable Hydropower at the
Itaipu Technological Park (Parque
Tecnológico Itaipu - PTI), in Iguassu.
The signing of the cooperation agree-
ment took place during a visit by IHA
Central Office team members to Brazil.
Another purpose of the visit was to
establish the foundations for the IHA
2011 World Congress, which will be
held in Iguassu, 14-17 June 2011.
IHA releases CDM statement,
opens South American office
The wise use of power – electrifying!
www.msw.de
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able share of the global energy
generation mix. To use this renew-
able resource to an optimum,
Voith Hydro offers you more than
just products, services and solu-
tions. We combine our experience
and expertise with the latest
patented innovations in energy
generation from water. But we
go even further: we believe that
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and must be done in a technologi-
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sustainable way. We pursue this
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tiveness, taking your business
where it belongs – to the leading
edge – for the wise use of power.
www.voithhydro.com
8 APRIL 2010 INTERNATIONAL WATER POWER & DAM CONSTRUCTION
WORLD NEWS
In brief
ABOITIZPOWER,
through subsidiary
Hedcor Inc, has signed a
Compromise Agreement
with the Davao City
Water District (DCWD)
that paves the way for the
development of a 10-15MW
hydroelectric power plant
along the Tamugan River
in Mindanao, Philippines.
The agreement, which was
signed by Hedcor president
& COO Rene Ronquillo and
DCWD chairman Eduardo
Bangayan, resolves conflict-
ing claims on the water of the
Tamugan River. The plant,
once completed, will add
further to AboitizPower’s
renewable generating capac-
ity which recently saw the
start of operations of Sibulan
Hydro, another greenfield
hydroelectric power plant in
Mindanao. The island is cur-
rently suffering from rotating
brownouts due to low water
levels at Lake Lanao, located
in Northern Mindanao, and
the main source of power
for the Mindanao grid, and
a lack of generation capacity
capable of filling the void.
HIMAL POWER LIMITED,
an SN Power majority owned
company, has handed over
a 635kW mini hydro power
plant in the Dolakha district,
Nepal, to the Khimti Rural
Electric Cooperative (KREC).
The project was transferred
over on 24 March. The plant
will supply electricity to 4,00
households and a further
3800 households will be
connected. A further mini
hydro power plant is also
being constructed, taking the
total capacity of the coopera-
tive to 1035kW. The Khimti
Rural Electric Cooperative
is the first fully independent,
democratically operated and
locally managed rural electric
cooperative in Nepal.
C
ONS TR UC TION WORK IS
now set to begin on the Fish
Passage Improvement Project
at the Red Bluff Diversion Dam, a
$5.25M cooperative agreement that
is part of the largest Department of
the Interior economic stimulus project
in the US.
US Secretary of the Interior Ken
Salazar and Bureau of Reclamation
Commissioner Mike Connor broke
ground on 23 March at the Red Bluff
Diversion Dam on Diamond Avenue,
marking the beginning of construc-
tion of the project that is part of the
$109M going to Red Bluff under the
President’s American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act (ARRA).
The Red Bluff Diversion Dam’s
gates are lowered to form Lake Red
Bluff, which enables the gravity diver-
sion of water from the Sacramento
River into the Tehama-Colusa and
Corning Canals to irrigate 150,000
acres of high-value cropland, more
than half of which are planted in per-
manent orchards. However, when
lowered to provide irrigation water, the
gates block threatened and endan-
gered salmon, steelhead and green
sturgeon, and other fish species, from
reaching their spawning grounds.
USBR’s partner, the Tehama-Colusa
Canal Authority (TCCA), received the
$5.25M in ARRA funds to construct
an interim screened pumping plant to
deliver irrigation water while the gates
are raised, thus providing unimpeded
fish passage. A construction contract
for the bridge and siphon was award-
ed in December for $21.45M and a
supply contract for pumps and motors
was awarded in January for $6.96M.
An additional $76.2M in ARRA funds
will be provided at a later date to con-
struct a permanent pumping plant.
The project will be completed in
multi-phases by USBR, TCCA, and
California. The total project cost is
estimated at $230M and is being paid
for partially by the $109M in ARRA
money. Construction of the project is
expected to begin in summer 2010
and be completed in 2012.
Construction to start on
Red Bluff fish passage
Lenihan Dam project recognized
for excellence in partnering
N
ORTH AMERICAN CONSTRUC-
TION firm Flatiron has been hon-
ored for its work on the Lenihan
Dam outlet modifications project in
Los Gatos, California, with the project
one of six to be honored with the
2009 Associated General Contractors
of America’s prestigious Marvin M.
Black Excellence in Partnering Special
Recognition Award.
The partnering efforts were recog-
nized on18 March at the 2010 AGC
91st Annual Convention in Orlando.
“These awards acknowledge and
encourage the fact that great builders
must also be clear communicators
and strong coordinators,” said Doug
Pruitt, the president of the Associated
General Contractors of America.
“Finesse, patience and planning are
as essential as concrete and steel for
converting plans into reality.”
Pruitt said Flatiron was selected
for the award because of its success
building partnerships with government
agencies and community groups to
build support for their work replacing
the dam’s crumbling outlet structure.
Partnering with Flatiron were Santa
Clara Valley Water District, tunnel-
ling subcontractor Drill Tech Drilling
and Shoring Inc., designer Jacobs
Associates Engineers/Consultants
and construction manager Hatch
Mott MacDonald.
“It is a great honor to be rec-
ognized for this award on such a
complex project. The client made a
key decision to provide Flatiron full
access to their technical designers
during the entire pre-construction
and construction phases,” said
Richard Grabinski, Flatiron district
manager. “Partnering was so suc-
cessful because Flatiron was able
to effectively plan and communicate
with these important stakeholders.
There now exists a seismically safe
water supply system where before
there was just a mountain.”
Flatiron worked to replace the
deteriorating outlet structure for the
50-year-old Lenihan Dam, a 1000ft
(304.8m) long earthen barrier hold-
ing water stored at the Lexington
Reservoir located at the foot of the
Santa Cruz Mountains. Surrounded by
pristine wilderness, the trail system
around the Lexington Reservoir is
one of the most scenic in Northern
California. The 2.5 mile-long reser-
voir is the second-largest reservoir
under the Santa Clara Valley Water
District’s authority, with a capacity
of 19,044 acre-feet and a surface
area of 412 acres. During the past
few decades, the dam’s old outlet
structure had deteriorated and a
new outlet structure was required.
Construction included a new 2000ft
(609.6m), horseshoe-shaped tunnel
14ft (4.3m) wide by 13ft (4m) tall to
house a 54-inch-diameter outlet pipe.
A 37ft (11.3m) vertical shaft was also
constructed down the backside of the
dam that intersects with the tunnel.
The Lenihan Dam project included
a significant amount of underground
and confined space work with the
tunnel excavation and the abandon-
ment of the existing outlet pipe. With
the partnership, this project was
completed safely, under budget and
ahead of schedule.
Full supply at
Nam Theun 2
T
HE NAM THEUN 2 HYDROELEC-
TRIC project in Laos has taken
a decisive step towards comple-
tion by beginning commercial export
of electricity to Thailand.
The project’s four export produc-
tion turbines began supplying the
Electricity Generating Authority of
Thailand (EGAT) with 1000MW of
electricity at commercial tariff on 15
March. This supply to the Thai grid
comes as power demand in Thailand
approaches its seasonal peak.
Electricity is also now available to the
Lao state utility, Electricité du Laos.
Nam Theun 2 has been designed
as a multipurpose project that aims
to contribute to local and regional
development, reduce poverty, and
provide a renewable and clean
energy source. Project operator,
the Nam Theun 2 Power Company
(NTPC), is co- owned by Electricité
de France (with a 35% sharehold-
ing), the Lao government (25%),
the Electricity Generating Public
Company of Thailand (25%), and
Italian-Thai Development (15%)