Water and Wastewater Engineering

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Atomic Atomic

Element Symbol Number Mass†

Actinium Ac 89 (227)

Aluminum Al 13 26.98

Americium Am 95 (243)

Antimony Sb 51 121.8

Argon Ar 18 39.95

Arsenic As 33 74.92

Astatine At 85 (210)

Barium Ba 56 137.3

Berkelium Bk 97 (247)

Beryllium Be 4 9.012

Bismuth Bi 83 209.0

Bohrium Bh 107 (262)

Boron B 5 10.81

Bromine Br 35 79.90

Cadmium Cd 48 112.4

Calcium Ca 20 40.08

Californium Cf 98 (251)

Carbon C 6 12.01

Cerium Ce 58 140.1

Cesium Cs 55 132.9

Chlorine Cl 17 35.45

Chromium Cr 24 52.00

Cobalt Co 27 58.93

Copper Cu 29 63.55

Curium Cm 96 (247)

Dubnium Db 105 (262)

Dysprosium Dy 66 162.5

Einsteinium Es 99 (252)

Erbium Er 68 167.3

Europium Eu 63 152.0

Fermium Fm 100 (257)

Fluorine F 9 19.00

Francium Fr 87 (223)

Gadolinium Gd 64 157.3

Gallium Ga 31 69.72

Germanium Ge 32 72.64

Gold Au 79 197.0

Hafnium Hf 72 178.5

Hassium Hs 108 (277)

Helium He 2 4.003

Holmium Ho 67 164.9

Hydrogen H 1 1.008

Indium In 49 114.8

Iodine I 53 126.9

Iridium Ir 77 192.2

Iron Fe 26 55.85

Krypton Kr 36 83.80

Lanthanum La 57 138.9

Lawrencium Lr 103 (262)

Lead Pb 82 207.2

Lithium Li 3 6.941

Lutetium Lu 71 175.0

Magnesium Mg 12 24.31

Manganese Mn 25 54.94

Meitnerium Mt 109 (268)

Atomic Atomic

Element Symbol Number Mass†

Mendelevium Md 101 (258)

Mercury Hg 80 200.6

Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94

Neodymium Nd 60 144.2

Neon Ne 10 20.18

Neptunium Np 93 (237)

Nickel Ni 28 58.69

Niobium Nb 41 92.91

Nitrogen N 7 14.01

Nobelium No 102 (259)

Osmium Os 76 190.2

Oxygen O 8 16.00

Palladium Pd 46 106.4

Phosphorus P 15 30.97

Platinum Pt 78 195.1

Plutonium Pu 94 (244)

Polonium Po 84 (209)

Potassium K 19 39.10

Praseodymium Pr 59 140.9

Promethium Pm 61 (145)

Protactinium Pa 91 (231)

Radium Ra 88 (226)

Radon Rn 86 (222)

Rhenium Re 75 186.2

Rhodium Rh 45 102.9

Rubidium Rb 37 85.47

Ruthenium Ru 44 101.1

Rutherfordium Rf 104 (261)

Samarium Sm 62 150.4

Scandium Sc 21 44.96

Seaborgium Sg 106 (266)

Selenium Se 34 78.96

Silicon Si 14 28.09

Silver Ag 47 107.9

Sodium Na 11 22.99

Strontium Sr 38 87.62

Sulfur S 16 32.07

Tantalum Ta 73 180.9

Technetium Tc 43 (98)

Tellurium Te 52 127.6

Terbium Tb 65 158.9

Thallium Tl 81 204.4

Thorium Th 90 232.0

Thulium Tm 69 168.9

Tin Sn 50 118.7

Titanium Ti 22 47.88

Tungsten W 74 183.9

Uranium U 92 238.0

Vanadium V 23 50.94

Xenon Xe 54 131.3

Ytterbium Yb 70 173.0

Yttrium Y 39 88.91

Zinc Zn 30 65.41

Zirconium Zr 40 91.22

*All atomic masses have four significant figures. These values are recommended by the Committee on Teaching of Chemistry, International Union of Pure and

Applied Chemistry.

†Approximate values of atomic masses for radioactive elements are given in parentheses.

List of the elements with their symbols and atomic masses*

1.008

6.941

22.99

39.10

85.47

132.9

(223)

40.08

87.62

137.3

(226)

44.96

88.91

138.9

(227)

47.88

91.22

178.5

104

(261)

50.94

92.91

180.9

105

(262)

52.00

95.94

183.9

106

(266)

54.94

(98)

186.2

107

(262)

55.85

101.1

190.2

108

(277)

58.93

102.9

192.2

109

(268)

58.69

106.4

195.1

63.55

107.9

197.0

65.41

112.4

200.6

69.72

114.8

204.4

72.64

118.7

207.2

74.92

121.8

209.0

78.96

127.6

(209)

79.90

126.9

(210)

83.80

131.3

(222)

26.98

28.09

30.97

32.07

35.45

39.95

10.81

12.01

14.01

16.00

19.00

20.18

4.003

9.012

24.31

140.1

232.0

140.9

(231)

144.2

238.0

(145)

(237)

150.4

(242)

152.0

(243)

157.3

(247)

158.9

(247)

162.5

(251)

164.9

52)

167.3

100

(257)

168.9

101

(258)

173.0

102

(259)

175.0

103

(262)

110 111 112 (113) 114 (115) 116 (117) 118

52.00

Atomic number

Atomic mass

810

The 1–18 group designation has been recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) but is not yet in wide use. No names have been assigned

for elements 110–112, 114, 116, and 118. Elements 113, 115, and 117 have not yet been synthesized.

WATER AND

WASTEWATER

ENGINEERING

WATER AND

WASTEWATER

ENGINEERING

Design Principles and Practice

Mackenzie L. Davis, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE

M ichigan State University

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Dedication

To all the professionals in the water and wastewater industry who give of their time and wisdom

to the generations that follow, and especially to

M yron Erickson, P.E

Thomas C. Gavin, P.E.

T i mothy D. McNamara, P.E.

Thomas Newhof, P.E., BCEE

L ucy B. Pugh, P.E., BCEE

Carlos A. Sanlley, Ph.D.

J i mmy L. Spangler, P.E.

Jeffrey R. Stollhans, P.G.

for the advice and wisdom they shared to make this book possible.

vii

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Mackenzie L. Davis i s an Emeritus Professor of Environmental Engineering at Michigan State

University. He received all his degrees from the University of Illinois. From 1968 to 1971 he

served as a Captain in the U.S. Army Medical Service Corps. During his military service he

conducted air pollution surveys at Army ammunition plants. From 1971 to 1973 he was Branch

Chief of the Environmental Engineering Branc

h at the U.S. Army Construction Engineering

Research Laboratory. His responsibilities included supervision of research on air, noise, and water

pollution control and solid waste management for Army facilities. In 1973 he joined the faculty

at Michigan State University. He has taught and conducted research in the areas of air pollution

control, hazard

ous waste management, and water and wastewater engineering.

In 1987 and 1989–1992, under an intergovernmental personnel assignment with the Office

of Solid Waste of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Dr. Davis performed technology

assessments of treatment methods used to demonstrate the regulatory requirements for the

land disposal restrictions (“lan

d ban”) promulgated under the Hazardous and Solid Waste

Amendments.

Dr. Davis is a member of the following professional organizations: Americ an Chemical

Society, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Society for Engineering Education,

American Meteorological Society, American Society of Civil Engineers, Americ

an Water Works

Association, Air & Waste Management Association, Association of Environmental Engineering

and Science Professors, and the Water Environment Federation.

His honors and awards include the State-of-the-Art Award from the ASCE, Chapter Honor

Member of Chi Epsilon, Sigma Xi, election as a Fellow in the Air & Waste Management

Association, and election as a Diplomate in the American Academy of Environmental Engineers

with c ertification in hazardous waste management. He has received teaching awards from the

Americ an Society of Civil Engineers Student Chapter, Michigan State University College of

Engineering, North Central Section of the American Society for Engineering Education, Great

Lakes Region of Chi Epsilon, and the Amoco Corporation. In 1998, he received the Lyman

A. Ripperton Award for distinguished achievement as an educator from the Air & Was

Management Association. In 2007, he was recognized as the Educational Professional of the

Year by the Michigan Water Environment Association. He is a registered professional engineer

in Michigan.

Dr. Davis is the co-author of two previous books: Introduction to Environmental Engineering,

ed. with Dr. David A. Cornwell and Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science, 2

ed.

with Dr. Susan Masten.

In 2003, Dr. Davis retired from Michigan State University.

PREFACE

This book is designed for use by professionals. The book covers the design of municipal water

and wastewater facilities. I have assumed that the reader has had an introductory environ-

mental engineering course and a first course in fluid mechanics. That is, I have assumed the

reader is familiar with notation such as m g/L an

d acronyms such as BOD as well as the con-

cepts of mass balance, Bernoulli’s equation, and friction loss. Because I could not assume

that the reader has used either Introduction to Environmental Engineering or Principles of

Environmental Engineering and Science, som e material from those texts is us

ed to introduce

the subject matter included here.

A Professional Advisory Board has provided their experience and expertise to vet the material

in Water and Wastewater Engineering. The Board is composed of licensed engineers, a licensed

geologist, and licensed treatment plant operators. A short biographical sket

ch and affiliation of

the Professional Advisory Board members is presented following this preface. They have read

and commented on all of the chapters. In addition, a number of operators have been interviewed

to obtain hints on methods for improving designs.

The book format is one that I used successfully over the 20 years that I taught the material.

The book starts with an overview of the

design and construction process including the application

of the code of ethics in the process. The first half of the book addresses water treatment. Because

my course was built around a term design project, the subject matter follows the flow of water

through the unit processes of coagulation, flocculation, softening (includ

ing NF and RO), sedi-

mentation, filtration (including MF and UF), disinfection, and residuals management.

The topics of wastewater treatment follow a similar pattern of following the flow through a

plant, that is, preliminary treatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment, tertiary treatment,

and residuals management. Special attention is given to the application of m

embranes.

Each subject in each chapter is introduced with a discussion of the theoretical principles that

are to be applied in the design of the unit process. In addition, in each chapter, appropriate design

criteria from the Great Lakes–Upper Mississippi River Board of State and Provincial Public

Health and Environmental Managers (known to the elders of the profession as the Ten State Stan-

dards) as well as alternative approaches

from the literature are addressed.

The text features over 100 example problems, 500 end-of-chapter problems, and 300 illustra-

tions. A highlight of the book is the inclusion of safety issues in the design requirements as well

as operation and maintenance activities. Hints from the field bring real-life experience in solving

technical issues.

For those using this book for a formal university level course, an instructor’s manual is avail-

able online for qualified instructors. Please inquire with your McGraw-Hill representative for the

necessary access password. The instructor’s manual includes sample course outlines

for both a one-

semester option and a two-semester option, solved example exams, and detailed solutions to the

end-of-chapter problems. In addition, there are suggestions for using the pedagogic aids in the text.

M cGraw-Hill hosts a website at http://www.mhprofessional.com/wwe . It includes over 5 00

annotated photos of equipment and the

construction process as well as a primer on engineering

economics, and seminar presentations by professional engineers and operators.

There is a student edition of this book under the same title. It does not contain chapters on the

following subjects: (1) intake structures, (2) wells, (3) chemical handling and feeding, (4) removal

of specific contaminants, (5) water plant process selection and integration, (6) storage and dis-

tribution sys

tems, (7) sanitary sewer design, and (8) clean water plant process selection and

integration.

I appreciate any comments, suggestions, corrections, and contributions for future editions.

Mackenzie L. Davis

Acknowledgements

The following individuals provided opportunities for photographs, insight on current design prac-

tice, operational problems, and hints from the field:

John Allen, Plant Superintendent, Grand Rapids Water Filtration Plant

T o m Arlington, Project Manager, United Water, Armada WWTP

M i chael P. Avrill, Operations Supervisor, Wyoming Water Treatment Plant

R i chard S. Bacon, Project Manager, Wixom WWTP

Don Baron, District Manager, Johnson Screens

Larry Campbell, Plant Superintendent, PARRC Wastewater Treatment Plant

Gerald H. Caron, Plant Superintendent,Wyoming Water Treatment Plant

J i m Carrol, Operations Supervisor, East Lansing, Meridian Township Water Authority

Patrick Cook, P.E, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality

R yan Craven, Project Foreman, C&D Hughes, Inc., Charlotte, MI

Jerry Crisp, Assistant Superintendent, Wastewater Treatment Plant, Brownsburg, IN

Delvin E. DeBoer, South Dakota State Universit

B r uce DeVantier, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

Stanley Diamond, P.E., Associate, Greeley and Hansen, Indianapolis, IN

Kathy Dillon, Superintendent, Wastewater Treatment Plant, Brownsburg, IN

Chad Everts, Site Engineer, FTC&H, Grand Rapids, MI

Larry Fitzgerald, Director of Operations, Southern Clinton County Municipal Utilities

Au thority

Ira Gabin, P.E., Vice President, Dixon Engineering, Lake O

dessa, MI

Brock Howard, P.E., Michigan Department of Environmental Quality

James E. Kilduff, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Dave Koch, P.E., Project Manager, Black and Veatch, Grand Rapids, MI

Brian Lee, Operator, United Water, Armada Project

A n dy Linebaugh, Michigan State University Physical Plant

Benjamin S. Magbanua, Jr., Mississippi State University

K. Andrews Miller, P.E., A

ssociate, Greeley and Hansen, Indianapolis, IN

P a uline Rampanelli, Utility Plant Operator, Clean Water Plant, Wyoming, MI

E d Renkie, Landing Board of Water and Light, Lansing, MI

x PREFACE