Wang X. Vehicle Noise and Vibration Refinement
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Vehicle noise and vibration refi nement
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Related titles:
Advanced direct injection combustion engine technologies and development Volume
1: Gasoline and gas engines
(ISBN 978-1-84569-389-3)
Direct injection (DI) enables precise control of the fuel/air mixture so that engines
can be tuned for improved power and fuel economy, but ongoing research chal-
lenges remain in improving the technology for commercial applications. As fuel
prices escalate, DI engines are expected to gain in popularity for automotive appli-
cations. This important book, in two volumes, reviews the science and technology
of different types of DI combustion engines and their fuels. Volume 1 deals with
direct injection gasoline and CNG engines, including history and essential principles,
approaches to improved fuel economy, design, optimisation, optical techniques and
their application.
Advanced direct injection combustion engine technologies and development Volume
2: Diesel engines
(ISBN 978-1-84569-744-0)
Direct injection (DI) enables precise control of the fuel/air mixture so that engines
can be tuned for improved power and fuel economy, but ongoing research chal-
lenges remain in improving the technology for commercial applications. As fuel
prices escalate DI engines are expected to gain in popularity for automotive applica-
tions. This important book, in two volumes, reviews the science and technology of
different types of DI combustion engines and their fuels. Volume 2 investigates
diesel DI combustion engines, which despite their commercial success are facing
ever more stringent emissions legislation worldwide. Three main sections address
light-duty diesel engines; heavy-duty diesel engines; and the all-important exhaust
emission control strategies, including combustion diagnostics and modelling.
Tribology and dynamics of engine and powertrain: Fundamentals, applications and
future trends
(ISBN 978-1-84569-361-9)
Tribology is one element of many interacting within a vehicle engine and power-
train. In adopting a detailed, theoretical, component approach to solving tribologi-
cal problems, the minutiae can be overwhelmingly complex and practical solutions
become elusive and uneconomic. The system perspective generally adopted in
industry, however, can lead to shortcuts and oversimplifi cations, industrial projects
are subject to ad hoc trial and error, and subsequent ‘fi re-fi ghting’ activity is
required. This book seeks to bridge this divide, using a multi-physics approach to
provide suffi cient fundamental grounding and understanding of both detailed and
approximate analyses – thereby making ‘fi rst time right’ design solutions possible.
Tribological issues and solutions in piston systems, valve train systems, engine bear-
ings and drivetrain systems are addressed. New developments in materials, micro-
engineering, nano-technology and MEMS are also included.
Details of these and other Woodhead Publishing books can be obtained by:
• visiting our web site at www.woodheadpublishing.com
• contacting Customer Services (e-mail: sales@woodheadpublishing.com; fax:
+44 (0) 1223 893694; tel.: +44 (0) 1223 891358 ext. 130; address: Woodhead
Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge
CB21 6AH, UK)
If you would like to receive information on forthcoming titles, please send your
address details to: Francis Dodds (address, tel. and fax as above; e-mail: francis.
dodds@woodheadpublishing.com). Please confi rm which subject areas you are
interested in.
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Vehicle noise and
vibration refi nement
Edited by
Xu Wang
Oxford Cambridge New Delhi
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Granta Park, Great
Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AH, UK
www.woodheadpublishing.com
Woodhead Publishing India Private Limited, G-2, Vardaan House, 7/28 Ansari
Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi – 110002, India
www.woodheadpublishingindia.com
Published in North America by CRC Press LLC, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW,
Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487, USA
First published 2010, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
The authors have asserted their moral rights.
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded
sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated.
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but
the authors and the publishers cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all
materials. Neither the authors nor the publishers, nor anyone else associated with
this publication, shall be liable for any loss, damage or liability directly or
indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfi lming
and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without
permission in writing from Woodhead Publishing Limited.
The consent of Woodhead Publishing Limited does not extend to copying for
general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specifi c
permission must be obtained in writing from Woodhead Publishing Limited for
such copying.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation, without intent
to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-1-84569-497-5 (book)
Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-1-84569-804-1 (e-book)
CRC Press ISBN 978-1-4398-3133-5
CRC Press order number: N10197
The publishers’ policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a
sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp which is
processed using acid-free and elemental chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the
publishers ensure that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable
environmental accreditation standards.
Typeset by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited
Printed by TJ International Limited, Padstow, Cornwall, UK
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Contents
v
Contributor contact details xi
Preface xiii
Part I Introduction 1
1 Rationale and history of vehicle noise and vibration
refi nement 3
X. Wang, RMIT University, Australia
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Objectives and signifi cance of vehicle noise and
vibration refi nement 4
1.3 Scope of vehicle noise and vibration refi nement 4
1.4 The vehicle development process and vehicle noise
and vibration refi nement 5
1.5 Vehicle noise and vibration term defi nitions 14
1.6 History of motoring and vehicle refi nement 14
1.7 References and bibliography 17
2 Target setting and benchmarking for vehicle noise
and vibration refi nement 18
X. Wang, RMIT University, Australia
2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 Benchmarking of vehicle noise and vibration 21
2.3 Target setting for vehicle noise and vibration 21
2.4 References and bibliography 28
vi Contents
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Part II Measurement and modelling 31
3 Vehicle vibration measurement and analysis 33
X. Wang, RMIT University, Australia
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Hand sensing 33
3.3 Basic vibration measurements 36
3.4 Vibration response investigation and vibration testing 45
3.5 Environmental testing 48
3.6 Mounting the test object 48
3.7 Measuring the complex elastic modulus 50
3.8 Quoting vibration levels 52
3.9 Vibration isolation 57
3.10 The vibration absorber 61
3.11 Case studies 63
3.12 Bibliography 67
4 Vehicle noise measurement and analysis 68
X. Wang, RMIT University, Australia
4.1 Introduction 68
4.2 Sound fundamentals 68
4.3 Vehicle noise 78
4.4 Measuring microphones 80
4.5 Measuring amplifi ers 84
4.6 Calibration 84
4.7 Background noise 85
4.8 Recording sound 85
4.9 Analysis and presentation of noise data 86
4.10 Artifi cial head technology and psychoacoustics 90
4.11 Bibliography 92
5 Random signal processing and spectrum analysis
in vehicle noise and vibration refi nement 93
X. Wang, RMIT University, Australia
5.1 Random data and process 93
5.2 Correlation analysis 100
5.3 Fourier series 102
5.4 Spectral density analysis 106
5.5 Relationship between correlation functions and spectral
density functions 109
5.6 Linear systems 109
Contents vii
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
5.7 Weighting functions 111
5.8 Relationship between complex frequency response and
impulsive response 114
5.9 Frequency response functions 115
5.10 Bibliography 116
6 Theory and application of modal analysis in vehicle
noise and vibration refi nement 117
M. Kronast, Ford-Werke GmbH, Germany
6.1 Introduction 117
6.2 Application of modal analysis in vehicle development 118
6.3 Theory of modal analysis 122
6.4 Methods for performing modal analysis 128
6.5 Limitations and trends 139
6.6 References 140
7 Mid- and high-frequency problems in vehicle noise
and vibration refi nement – statistical energy analysis
and wave approaches 142
X. Wang, RMIT University, Australia
7.1 Introduction 142
7.2 Modal approach 145
7.3 Energy sharing between two oscillators 149
7.4 Energy exchange in multi-degree-of-freedom systems 153
7.5 Wave approach to statistical energy analysis (SEA) 159
7.6 Procedures of the statistical energy analysis approach 162
7.7 Evaluation of the statistical energy analysis subsystem
parameters 163
7.8 Hybrid deterministic and the statistical energy analysis
approach 170
7.9 Application example 171
7.10 References 172
8 Advanced simulation techniques in vehicle noise
and vibration refi nement 174
N. Hampl, Ford-Werke GmbH, Germany
8.1 Introduction 174
8.2 Basic simulation techniques 175
8.3 Frequency or time-domain methods 181
8.4 Simulation process 182
viii Contents
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
8.5 Application of virtual reality for vehicle noise and
vibration refi nement 185
8.6 Conclusions 186
8.7 Sources of further information and advice 187
8.8 References 187
9 Advanced experimental techniques in vehicle noise
and vibration refi nement 189
T. Ahlersmeyer, Ford-Werke GmbH, Germany
9.1 Transfer path analysis technique 189
9.2 Sound intensity technique for source identifi cation 192
9.3 Acoustic camera: beamforming and nearfi eld acoustic
holography techniques for source diagnostics 196
9.4 Laser techniques for dynamic analysis and source
identifi cation 199
9.5 Sound quality and psychoacoustics: measurement and
analysis 201
9.6 Ultrasound diagnostic techniques 206
9.7 Advanced material testing techniques 207
9.8 Advanced tachometer reference tracking techniques 212
9.9 References 215
Part III Noise and vibration refi nement in vehicle systems 217
10 Aerodynamic noise and its refi nement in vehicles 219
S. Watkins, RMIT University, Australia
10.1 The importance of aerodynamic noise 219
10.2 Aerodynamic noise sources: background 220
10.3 Modelling, relevant theory and the possibilities of
simulation 221
10.4 Causes of hydrodynamic pressure fl uctuations and
their reduction 224
10.5 Aeroacoustic measurement techniques and
psychoacoustic analysis 231
10.6 Conclusions 233
10.7 Acknowledgements 233
10.8 References 234
11 Active noise and vibration control in vehicles 235
S. J. Elliott, University of Southampton, UK
11.1 Introduction 235
11.2 Physical principles and limits of active control 236
Contents ix
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
11.3 Control strategies 240
11.4 Commercial systems 243
11.5 Future trends 248
11.6 Sources of further information and advice 250
11.7 References 250
12 Noise and vibration refi nement of powertrain
systems in vehicles 252
D. C. Baillie, General Motors Holden Ltd, Australia
12.1 Introduction 252
12.2 Principles and methods 253
12.3 Powertrain noise sources and paths 256
12.4 Enablers and applications 261
12.5 Future trends 280
12.6 Conclusions 284
12.7 References 284
13 Vehicle interior noise refi nement – cabin sound
package design and development 286
D. Vigé, Centro Ricerche Fiat, Italy
13.1 Introduction 286
13.2 Internal noise sources in a vehicle 286
13.3 Vehicle noise paths 289
13.4 Basic principles 291
13.5 Sound package solutions to reduce the interior noise 306
13.6 Simulation methodologies for interior noise 311
13.7 Target setting and deployment on vehicle subsystems 315
13.8 Conclusions 316
13.9 References 316
14 Noise and vibration refi nement of chassis
and suspension 318
B. Reff, Ford-Werke GmbH, Germany
14.1 Introduction 318
14.2 Road-induced noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) basic
requirements and targets 319
14.3 Foundations of road-induced noise, vibration and harshness 323
14.4 The tyre: the most complex component? 330
14.5 Suspension 340
14.6 Mounts and bushes – the art of isolation 343
14.7 Future trends 348
14.8 References 350
x Contents
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
15 Body structure noise and vibration refi nement 351
G. M. Goetchius, Material Sciences Corporation, USA
15.1 Introduction 351
15.2 Basic principles 352
15.3 Global body stiffness 356
15.4 Body attachment behavior 360
15.5 Body attachment design strategies 367
15.6 Body panel behavior 371
15.7 Body panel design strategies 377
15.8 Future trends 383
15.9 Conclusions 384
15.10 References 385
16 Vehicle noise and vibration strategy-based
diagnostics 387
X. Wang, RMIT University, Australia
16.1 Introduction 387
16.2 Wheel and tyre vibrations 389
16.3 Balancing 396
16.4 Driveline vibration 406
16.5 Propshaft phasing 412
16.6 Bibliography 414
Index 416