Wang Q.E. Inventing China Through History: The May Fourth Approach to Historiography

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Breysig, Kurt, 93

Bridgman, Elijah, 35

Buckle, Henry T., 44, 143

Buddha, 109

Buddhism, 174, 190, 192–195, 206

budikang (nonresistance), 168

bummeishiron (histories of

civilization), 16, 44, 47

Bury, John, 73, 134

Cai Yuanpei, 58, 124–125, 134, 153,

158

Cao Rulin, 82

Carlyle, Thomas, 143

Cassirer, Ernst, 206

CCP. See Chinese Communist Party

Chatterjee, Partha, 5, 24

Chen Dengke, 137

Chen Duxiu

arrest of, 161, 167

education of, 131

and May Fourth Movement at

Beida, 54, 74, 77, 167, 182

Cheng Cangbo, 179

Chengzhu bianyi. See Differences

between Zhu Xi and Cheng Yi

Chen Hesheng, 172

Chen Jiageng, 136, 138

Chen Lifu, 152–153, 158, 179

Chen Shou, 194

Chen Yinke (Yinque)

career of, 4, 205

and Fu Sinian, 87, 196

in Germany, 91, 134

on historical sources and source

criticism, 194

and Hu Shi, 190

and Institute of History and

Philology, 124

later life of, 196–197, 199

and Luo Jialun, 134, 137

at Qinghua University, 111

as student of Western learning,

19, 95, 191–192

study of Buddhism, 192–195

study of Tang history, 194–195

288 INDEX

and the ti-yong idea, 189–190,

196–197

and Wu Mi, 191

and Yao Congwu, 177, 190

Chiang Kai-shek

in Anti-Japanese War, 149, 166–

168

and Jiang Tingfu, 170

as leader of the GMD and ROC,

90, 124–125, 178, 196

and New Life Movement, 154

and Northern Expedition, 139,

163

China-based Cultural Construction

(zhongguo benwei wenhua

jianshe), 22, 155, 157. See also

Declaration of the Construction

of a China-based Culture

China und Europa, 157

Chinese Communist Party (CCP),

152, 158, 178, 185, 196

Chinese Students’ Monthly, 69

Chinggis Khan, 187–188

chongfen shijiehua. See complete

globalization

Chunqiu. See Spring and Autumn

Annals

Chunqiu bifa (writing style of the

Spring and Autumn Annals),

47, 118

Civilization and Climate, 91

Cixi, Empress Dowager, 148

class struggle, 3

Cohen, Paul, 38, 42

Cold War, 185, 188, 199, 201

Collection de Documents Inedits sur

l’Historie de France, 119

Columbia University, 55, 67, 69, 71,

133–134

Comintern, 167

Commercial Press (Shangwu

yinshuguan), 120, 152, 154

Communism, 166, 182–183, 197,

199

Communist Revolution, 26

Communists, 7, 180, 202–204

complete globalization (chongfen

shijiehua), 67, 157

Comprehensive Mirror of Aid for

Government (Zizhi tongjian), 3,

53, 105, 117, 177

Comte, Auguste, 143

Confucian China and Its Modern

Fate, 6

Confucian culture/tradition, 6, 184,

187, 207

Confucianism

its ebb and ﬂow, 94, 183–185, 188

in modern China, 6–7, 12, 41,

151, 207

and Three-age Theory, 31

Yao Congwu on, 183–185

Confucians (ru), 7, 12

Confucius

as historian, 27–28, 30, 118

in passim, 76, 80, 109–110, 131,

155

teaching of, 181

conservatism, 200

constitutionalism, 4

Cornell University, 54, 68

Critical Review (Xueheng), 22, 191

Croce, Benedetto, 208

Cui Shu, 64, 118

Cultural Revolution, 196–197, 199,

202, 205–206

culture fever (wenhua re), 205–206,

208

dadan de jiashe, xiaoxin de

qiuzheng (boldness in setting

up hypotheses and minuteness

in seeking evidence), 19, 56,

Dadong xiaodong shuo. See On the

Greater and Smaller Eastern

China

Dai Yi, 148

danghua (partiﬁcation), 140

Dante, 109

Dao (Tao), 28

Daoguang, the Emperor, 30

INDEX 289

Daoguang yangsou zhengfuji. See

History of the Opium War

Daoism (Taoism), 187, 193

Darwin, Charles, 44, 72, 143

Darwinism. See social Darwinism

datong (great unity), 42

Daxia University, 156

Daxue. See Great Learning

Dazibao. See Big Character Posters

Declaration of the Construction of a

China-based Culture

(Zhongguo benwei wenhua

jianshe xuanyan), 152–155,

157–158, 171

Decline and Fall of the Roman

Empire, The,48

De Groot, J. J. M., 94

Deguigenes, J., 94

Demiéville, Paul, 112

democracy versus dictatorship

(minzhu yu ducai), 166–167

Descartes, René, 44

Development of Logical Method in

Ancient China, 56

Dewey, John, 55–57, 62, 67, 83

Deweyan philosophy and

pragmatism, 55–56, 59, 61

Differences between Zhu Xi and

Cheng Yi (Chengzhu bianyi),

120

Ding Wenjiang

career of, 62

and Hu Shi, 66, 161

and Independent Critique, 164–

166, 168–171

Dirlik, Arif, 9

Discussions on Ancient History, 8,

20, 24, 87, 126–128

Dixue zazhi. See Journal of

Geography

Dongbei shigang. See Outline

History of Northeast China, An

Dongnan daxue. See Southeastern

University

Doubting Antiquity School (yigu

pai), 64

Dream of the Red Chamber, The

(Hongloumeng), 66

Droysen, Johann, 92

Duan Yucai, 28

Duara, Prasenjit, 5, 10–11, 163

Duli pinglun. See Independent

Critique

Dunhuang, 126

Dunning, William, 67, 133

Du Weiyun, 95

dynastic history/historiography, 2,

45–46, 78, 138

East and West Theory of Yi and Xia

(Yixia dongxi shuo), 128

Eastern Zhejiang School (Zhedong

xuepai), 112, 120

Eﬁmov, G. V., 204

Einstein, Albert, 86, 143

Emperor Wu of the Han, 98–99

Empress Wu (Wu Zetian), 195

Endeavor Society, 161

Endeavor Weekly (Nuli zhoubao),

161

Enlightenment, 13–14, 21–22, 89,

181

Ethics and Evolution, 43

ethnocentrism, 188–189

evidential scholars/scholarship (of

the Qing Dynasty)

and frontier study, 35

and Fu Sinian, 80, 122

Hu Shi on, 56, 58, 60–61, 88

its limit of, 28, 30

and source and textual criticism,

18, 23, 76, 88, 105, 118

evolution ( jinhua), 12, 109

evolutionism, 12

experimentalism (shiyan zhuyi), 55,

Faguo zhilue. See General History

of France

Fang Zhuangyou, 171

Fan Wenlan, 204

Feng Youlan, 67, 151

290 INDEX

Feuerwerker, Albert, 203

folklore, 8–9, 65, 152

Ford Foundation, 201

Formal Logic: A Scientiﬁc and

Social Problem, 84

Foucault, Michel, 208

Four Essays on the Sea Kingdoms

(Haiguo sishuo), 37

Franke, Otto, 92–94, 176, 184

Franke, Wolfgang, 92

Free China (Ziyou zhongguo), 200

Free World, 199

French Revolution, 145, 167

Freud, Sigmund, 84, 143

Fu Bi, 187

Fudan Miscellanies (Fudan zazhi),

131

Fudan University, 208

Fueter, Eduard, 97

Fukuzawa Yukichi, 44

fuqiang (rich and powerful), 18,

Furen xuezhi. See Journal of Furen

University

Furth, Charlotte, 62

Fu Sinian

in Anti-Japanese War, 171, 175

and Beijing University, 76, 129–

130

career of, 4, 23, 130

and Chen Yinke, 124, 192, 196

criticism of traditional

scholarship, 78–80, 85, 122

death of, 179–180, 201

early education, 75–76

in England, 83–86

and evidential scholarship, 80–

81, 129

in Germany, 86–87, 95

and GMD, 167–168, 178–180

and Gu Jiegang, 124, 128, 136

on historical sources, 129–130,

172–173

and Hu Shi, 74–75, 77, 80–81, 84,

122, 167–169, 179

inﬂuence of, 201–202

and the Institute of History and

Philology, 24, 81, 87–88, 90,

121–127, 130, 137, 175, 202

and Luo Jialun, 132, 134–135,

140

and May Fourth Movement, 77,

80–82, 124–125, 129–130,

180

and modern scholarship, 122–

123

and national salvation, 25, 150

on National Studies Movement,

123–124

and New Tide Society, 21, 82, 86,

88–89, 161

and Outline History of Northeast

China, An, 171–173

and positivism, 24, 83, 87, 123,

127–128, 175, 201

and Revolutionary History of the

Chinese Nation, An, 173–175

and scientiﬁc method, 19, 123,

130, 172, 201

and Shang excavation, 126–128,

130

study of logic, 84

study of the history of ancient

China, 121, 184, 189

at Taiwan University, 178–180,

202

teaching of Historical Methods,

129

and Yao Congwu, 89–90, 177–

178, 184, 189

and Zhang Taiyan, 76–77, 80,

122, 129

Fu Yiqian, 175

Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 20

Galileo, 61

Gan Yang, 206, 208

Gay, Peter, 32

General History of Civilization in

Europe, 44

General History of France (Faguo

zhilue), 39–40

INDEX 291

General Meanings of History and

Literature (Wenshi tongyi), 108,

112

Geschichte der neuren

Historiographie, 97

Geschichte der Romanischen und

Gemanischen Volker, von 1898

bis 1535,95

Geschichte des Chinesischen

Reiches, 92, 184

Gibbon, Edward, 48

GMD (Guomindang)

in Anti-Japanese War, 159, 178

under Chiang Kai-shek, 90, 139,

170, 196

and Chinese Communist Party

(CCP), 178, 196

and intellectuals, 150, 152,

154–155, 165–167, 170, 179–

180

and Luo Jialun, 140, 150

and May Fourth Movement, 182

and New Life Movement, 154

and Northern Expedition, 124,

132, 163

policy toward Japan, 163, 166

and students, 158

in Taiwan, 147, 185, 199–201

and Yao Congwu, 176, 187–188

Goethe, 157

Gong Zizhen, 28–31, 35

Gooch, G. P., 97, 146, 180

Graham, Gordon, 2

Great Learning (daxue), 45

Great Wall, 183–184

Grieder, Jerome, 161, 169

guangshu (broad narrative), 39

Guangxu, the Emperor, 43

Guizot, François, 44

Gu Jiegang

and Beijing University, 76, 86

on Chinese civilization, 189

and Discussions on Ancient

History, 87, 107, 127, 205

and Fu Sinian, 88, 128, 136

and Gushibian, 63–67, 200–201

and Hu Shi, 58–59, 74

later life, 199

and Luo Jialun, 136, 138

and National Studies Movement,

8–9, 24, 63, 87, 107

as New Tide Society member, 21,

and scientiﬁc method, 19

Guo Bingjia, 71

Guocui xuebao. See National

Essence Journal

Guo Tingyi, 139, 147, 201

Gushibian (Critiques of Ancient

History), 8, 20, 63–66. See also

Discussions on Ancient History

Gu Weijun, 67

Gu Yanwu, 61

Gu Zhenghong, 135

Habermas, Jürgen, 162

Haenisch, Ernst, 92–94

Haiguo sishuo. See Four Essays on

the Sea Kingdoms

Haiguo tuzhi. See Illustrated

Treatise on the Sea Kingdoms

Han Dynasty, 27, 65, 99, 126, 174

Hardy, Grant, 38

Harvard University, 191, 206

Harvey, William, 61

Hayes, Carlton J. H., 67, 133–134

He Bingsong

administration at Jinan

University, 158–160

as advocate and translator of

American progressive

historiography, 67–68, 71–73,

90, 111, 142, 206

career of, 4, 23, 67, 205

change of, 25, 152

and Chen Lifu, 152–153, 158

and Commercial Press, 152, 154

and Declaration of the

Construction of a China-based

Culture, 152–159, 171

on the difference between history

and historical sources, 118–119

292 INDEX

and Hu Shi, 153–157

and Luo Jialun, 133, 153, 181

on National Studies Movement,

114–115, 123

and Princeton University, 68–69,

132

and Robinson, James H., 18, 67–

on source criticism, 88

study of Zhang Xuecheng, 112–

120, 152

Hegel, Georg, 48, 96, 143

Hegelian philosophy and

philosophy of history. See

Hegel, Georg

Henan University, 178

Herder, J. G., 143

Hermentitik (hermeneutics), 98

Herodotus, 1, 106, 146

Heshang. See River Elegy

Heuristik, 146

Higham, John, 72

Hirth, Friedrich, 94, 108

historical consciousness, 3, 7, 14,

26, 50

historical geography, 9

historical metanarrative, 2–3

Historical Methodology (lishi

yanjiufa), 118–120

historical methodology, 23, 95–96,

172

Historical Methods (Shixue

fangfalun), 95, 129

historical Pyrrhonism, 13–14, 119

historical sources, 106, 118

historical time, 2, 17, 29

historicism (Historismus), 109–110

historicity, 5

Historiographical Ofﬁce

(bianshiguan), 104–105, 119

history

causal relation in, 108–110

as connections between past and

present, 1–3, 208–209

difference from historiography, 95

He Bingsong on, 115–117

Liang Qichao on, 104, 108–110

Luo Jialun on, 141–147

philosophy of, 143–144

relation with other social

sciences, 116–117

See also evidential scholars/

scholarship

Karlgren, Bernhard, 126

Keenan, Barry, 67

Kemp, Anthony, 20

Kepler, Johann, 61

Khitan, 184–186, 188

Khubilai Khan, 187

Konan, Naito, 112

Korean War, 185, 199

Kwok, D. W. Y., 62

La Marseillaise, 38

La Méthode Historique Applique

aux Sciences Sociales, 115

Lamprecht, Karl, 93

Langlois, Charles, 57, 106, 118,

146

Lanman, Charles R., 191

League of Nations, 169

Legge, James, 37

Lehrbuch der historischen Method

und der Geschichtsphilosophie,

95, 97, 119

Leibniz, 157

Lei Haizong, 184

Lei Zhen, 200

Levenson, Joseph, 6–9, 102

Liang Qichao

on causal relation in history, 108–

110, 117

change of, 22–23

and Chen Yinke, 192

on historical sources and source

criticism, 106–107, 121

and Hu Shi, 58

and Introduction to Chinese

History, 53

and Methods for the Study of

Chinese History, 18, 47, 55,

103–111, 119

as national historian, 6, 11–13,

43–44, 102, 184

and New Citizen’s Journal, 44–

45, 54

and New Historiography, 16–18,

45–50, 52–53, 70

as political reformer, 42–44, 131

on the role of history, 104

and scientiﬁc history/method, 73,

103, 205

on Zhang Xuecheng, 112

Liang Tingnan, 37

Liao Dynasty, 175, 182, 185, 187–

188

INDEX 295

liberalism

and historiography, 4, 7, 9

in modern China, 151, 160, 162,

167, 171, 200

Western ideas of, 45

liberals, 3–4, 7–9, 151

Li Dazhao, 54, 77, 182

liezhuan (biographies), 104

Life Weekly (Shenghuo), 163

Li Ji, 124, 126, 171

Lingnan University, 196

Lin Yu-sheng, 85

Lin Zexue, 15, 30, 34–35

Lishi yuyan yanjiusuo. See

Institute of History and

Philology

literary revolution (wenxue

geming), 54, 65, 167

liu jing jie shi (the six classics were

histories), 28

Liu, Lydia, 10–11

Liu Rengui, 175

Liu Rushi biezhuan. See Informal

Biography of Liu Rushi, An

Liu Shipei, 10

Liu Xin, 27

Liu Yizheng, 65

Liu Zhiji, 105, 108, 110, 114, 118

Li Xiucheng, 137

Li Zongtong, 103

Locke, John, 144

Lowenthal, David, 209

Lubot, Eugene, 171

Lueders, Henrich, 191

Luo Jialun

administration at Qinghua

University, 139–140, 158, 180

advocate of modern history, 132,

136–141

in Anti-Japanese War, 171, 180

and Beijing University, 76, 131

and Cai Yuanpei, 134, 147

career of, 4, 150

and Chiang Kai-shek, 90

at Columbia University, 133

early education, 131

and Fu Sinian, 132, 134–135, 140

on Fu Sinian, 83, 86

and Gu Jiegang, 136, 138

and Guo Tingyi, 139, 201

and He Bingsong, 67–68, 133,

153, 181

on history and philosophy of

history, 141–147

and Jiang Tingfu, 134, 140

and Mao Zishui, 134

on May Fourth culture, 84, 132,

181–182

and May Fourth Movement, 75,

82, 130–132, 148, 180, 200

and New Historians, 67–68, 133–

134, 142–143

and New Tide Society, 21, 75, 77,

81–82, 131

and Princeton University, 67,

132–133

and scientiﬁc method, 19

at Southeastern University, 138–

139

in Taiwan, 147–148

and Western education, 85, 91–

92, 134–136

and Woodbridge, 133, 141, 144

at Wuhan University, 143–145

and Yao Congwu, 134

and Yu Dawei, 134

and Zhang Youyi, 134

and Zhu Jiahua, 134

Luo Zhenyu, 108

Lu Xun, 77

Lytton Commission/Report, 169,

172

Mach, Ernst, 86

Manchuria

Fu Sinian on, 171–173, 175

loss of, 25, 96, 149–150, 160, 168–

169

Manchu(s)

in history, 175, 184, 186, 188

and Qing Dynasty, 10, 79–80,

174

296 INDEX

Manchuria in Chinese History. See

Outline History of Northeast

China, An

Manufacturing Confucianism, 12

Mao Zedong, 178, 202

Mao Zishui

on Chen Yinke, 191

and Fu Sinian, 76–77, 84–85

and Hu Shi, 63

and Luo Jialun, 131, 134

and Yao Congwu, 89–91

Marxism/Marxist ideology, 185,

201, 203, 205

Marxist historiography, 9, 203–

204

Marxists, 3–4, 7, 9, 151, 203–204

Marx, Karl, 143, 204

May Fourth generation

the formation of, 55

and science, 20, 24, 53, 102–103

and scientiﬁc method, 101–102,

105

shared mind-set, 82, 84, 88–89,

136

and tradition, 21, 24, 102, 151

and Zhang Taiyan, 76

May Fourth Movement

and antitraditionalism, 74–75,

189

and Beijing University, 82, 130

as Chinese Enlightenment, 20,

22, 150–151

and Communism, 200

and Fu Sinian, 77, 80–82, 124–

125, 129–130, 161, 180

He Bingsong on, 153

and Hu Shi, 66–67, 161

and individualism, 167

and John Dewey, 56

and liberal historians, 4, 6, 207

and literary revolution, 54

Luo Jialun on, 85, 130–131, 141,

181–182

and Luo Jialun, 131, 134, 148

and nationalism, 102, 114–115,

127, 150–151

position in history, 153–154, 181–

182, 206

and scientiﬁc history, 89, 142,

150, 201

and Western science and culture,

62, 150, 205

and Yao Congwu, 176

McCartee, D. B., 35

Mechanik, 87

Mei Guangdi, 191

Meizhou pinglun. See Weekly

Critique

Methods for the Study of Chinese

History (Zhongguo lishi

yanjiufa)

inﬂuence in Chinese

historiography, 47, 107–111,

119

and Western historiography, 18,

22, 103–106

Miao Fenglin, 172

Military History of the Qing

Dynasty, The, 31–32, 34, 36, 38

Mill, John S., 45

Ming and Qing Archives (Mingqing

shiliao), 125

Ming Dynasty

in passim, 28, 75, 79, 111, 125,

184, 196

Wei Yuan on, 35

Ming history (Mingshi), 36

Mingqing shiliao. See Ming and

Qing Archives

modernism, 48

Momigliano, Arnaldo, 14

Mommsen, Theodor, 88

Mongol, 36, 79, 174, 176, 184–186

Montesquieu, de la Brède et de, 44

Monumenta Germaniae Historica,

119, 136, 138

Mo Ouchu, 131

Morrison, Robert, 35

Morse, H. B., 146

Mou Zongsan, 200

Mueller, F. W. K., 191

Murray, Hugh, 35

INDEX 297

National Essence Journal (Guocui

xuebao), 10

National Essence Movement, 10, 76

national history/historiography

in connecting tradition with

modernity and past with

present, 7, 12

and Gu Jiegang, 8–9

and History, 10–11

and the Japanese model, 18

and Liang Qichao, 16–17, 43, 49,

102

and May Fourth scholars, 4–5,

21, 102

as modern scholarship, 10

in the modern West, 14

and national/cultural identity, 6,

23–24

as nation-building, 2, 21, 52

and scientiﬁc history, 5, 13, 18

and source criticism, 8, 102

and transnationalism, 6, 15, 18,

and universal history, 14

and Yao Congwu, 93

national identity, 6, 23, 150–151

nationalism

and Fu Sinian, 180

impact on historical writing, 3,

13, 48, 52

and Liang Qichao, 43

and Marxism, 3–4

and May Fourth Movement, 102,

114–115, 127

and transnationalism, 5, 13, 52

national salvation, 25, 151

National Studies Institute

(Guoxuemen),90

National Studies Institute (Guoxue

yanjiusuo), 111, 192

National Studies Movement

and Chinese history, 8, 63, 65, 87,

111

Fu Sinian’s criticism of, 123–124

He Bingsong’s criticism of, 114–

115, 119, 121