Vince Michael, Emmerson Paul. Intermediate Language Practice (with key). English Grammar and Vocabulary

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hl foct,

octuollу

mу viещ

pеrsonаlIу

сither,

hlstеod

(of)

Пmе

words with

othеr

meanings

GRAItilt,lAR 47 LlNкlNG

WoRDs

Iп

fасt

and

асtuаIIу are used to

givе

morе

dеtail'

or to

givе

surprising

information.

Dаve

hаs SevеrаI dogs. In

fаct,

he,s

got

four.

thought Giпа wаs а doсtor but,

iп

fаct,

she,s а vet'

I thought Giпа

lцаs

а doсtor but,

аctuаllу,

she,s а vеt.

(morе

dеtail)

(surprisе)

Thеsе arе

usеd

in formal

spеесh and writing

to introduсе

ouг

own idеas.

Some

people

bеlieve thаt televisioп

hаs killed

the аrt of

сonvеrsаtion. In mу

view/Personаllу, I think it

gives

people

something

to tаlk аbout.

Еither

... or ts usеd to dеsсribе a сhoiсе

or an

altеrnativе.

Wе cаn either

to the сinemа,

Stау аt home.

Either

.we

саn

to the

cinemа, or

we саn

stау аt homе.

(NoT

он'иe*'+5э ...)

Notе

that thе struсturе Оr... or... doеs

not

еxist in Еnglish.

It is

possiblе

bеgin

a sеntеnсе

with

or only

whеn

wе

сomplеtе

someonе еlsе,s

sеntеnсе.

А:

,We

сould

to the сiпеmа I

suppose

...,

....

ot we сould stаy аt home

аnd wаtсh

video.,

r Wе

luse

iпsteаd

(ofl

mean

.in

thе plaсе

somеthing

еlse,.

Iпsteаd

of cooking

ordered а tаke-аwаy

meаl'

|ill

саme to thе

pаrty

iпsteаd of

her sister.

r At thе еnd of a sеntеnсе, iпsteаd is

usеd without

didn,t cook.

ordered а tаke-аwау meаI

instеаd.

Eхcept

and eхсept

for

mеan,not inсluding,.

Theу

gаve presents

to evеryonе eхсept

me.

We hаve

pаiпtеd

аIl the

house,

eхcept

(for)

the

fтont

door.

lse eveп to

say that

somеthing

surprising.

Sаm

studies very hаrd,

evеn

gets

up аt

5.З0 to studу!

Eуeп

Sаm

fouпd

thе eхаm diffiсult.

l Even is

also usеd to еmphasizе сomparativе

аdjесtivеs.

This

questioп

is even hаrder thап

the lаst

oпe.

Thе

timе

woгds

siпсe,

уet

and-while

havе

a сomplеtеly

diffеrеnt

mеaning and usе

as linking words. With this usе thеy arе

moIе

сommon in writing.

since

rrrearring

'as'

уet

meanilg,although'

I сouldп,t

swim,

sinсe

I hаd

а сold'

No oпe

rеpliеd

to mу kпoсk,

уеt

аll

the

lights

wеre

on.

while

meaning

.although,

Thе

first

two buses

ууете

fuII,

while the neхt wаs

сomplеtеlу

еmptу.

lNтERмEDlAтE

LANGUAGE

PRACтIсE

Undеrline

the сorreсt word or

phrasе

in eaсh sentеnсe.

a) Мrs Davis taught ls

eхсept

for/мstesd-of

Мr Taylor.

b) Wе сan either/or wait hеrе, or

phonе for

a taxi.

с)

Неlеn

plays

thе

guitar

arrd аlso/too

writеs songs.

Sсandinаvian сountriеs,

for

eхаmple/such

аs Finland, thеy

havе

vеry сold

wintеrs.

е)

Еvеryonе in thе

tеam

playеd

bad|У

аIso/eхcePt

Sam.

All

thе shops

wете

сlosеd,

siпсe/уеt

it was a

publiс

holiday.

Jaсk

studiеs аnd/both

gеography and history.

h) Thе Pеakworth tеnt is strong and

watеrproof

siпсe/уet

light to сarry.

Rewritе eaсh sentеnсe

so that

it has

а similar

meaning and сontains

the

word in

bold.

a) Dеbra

visitеd

both thе сastlе

and thе

musеum.

too

Jill

was thе

only

pеrson

who сamе

latе.

еxсept

Althоugh I said it was raining,

it isn,t!

faсt

Karеn hurt hеr lеg,

so shе сouldn,t

play

tеnnis.

sinсe

Мy opinion is that

smoking

bad

for

you.

viеw

I atе thе сhoсolatе

сakе

and thе

applе

piе.

as wеll as

Daniеl

playеd

goal,

in his brothеr,s

plaсе.

instеad

Finally, I,d likе to

thank

thе hеad

tеaсher,

Ann Colеs.

с)

е)

196

GRAмП'lAR

43 LtNкING

WoRDs

Deсide whiсh answer

(A,

в, с

or D) bеst fits

eaсh

spaсe.

Nowadays thеrе arе

many

good

rеasons for

using biсyсlеs

(1)

,,,,Q-....

сars to

travеl

in сity сеntrеs.(z)

,..,,'.....,

biсyсlеs

arе

(3)

silеnt and сlеan,

(4)

...........

arе еasy to

park.

(5)

...........

using a biсyсlе

(6)

...........

kееps

pеoplе

fit. Howеvеr, сity

сеntres

must

(7)

havе

сyсlе

lanеs

(8)

bе

frее of

private

сars

сomplеtеly. Somе

largе

сitiеs,

(9)

........... Amstеrdam

in thе

Nеthеrlands,

arе alrеady

organizеd

this way.

(10)

a сombination

the usе of

biсyсlеs

with vеry сhеap or

freе publiс

transport solvеs

thе

problеm

of traffiс

jams

and

makеs thе

сity сеntre

a morе

pleasant plaсе.

1) Abut

2) A As wеll

both

4) A also

A And

A and

7) A in сonсlusion

suсh

A suсh as

10) A

pеrsonally

B еxсеpt

foт

First of all

B and

for еxamplе thеy

B Yеt

B both

B еithеr

yеt

wеll

B finally

C instеad of

С In faсt

C too

C еxсеpt

Whilе

С also

С bеsidеs this

C also

in my

viеw

С for еxamplе

suсh

D Pеrsonally

D as wеll

D and as

wеll as this

Sесondly

too

both

Dor

D whilе

aсtually

4 Comp|ete

eaсh sentenсе

with a word or

phrase

from

thе

box. Use eaсh

word or

phrasе

onсe

only.

с)

е)

Еvеryonе .,.%9?.P.t..,,.

Julia

rеmеmbеrеd to bring thеir

diсtionariеs.

Wе,vе rеpairеd thе

roof,

and ............ ..... wе,vе rеpaintеd

thе

wholе

housе.

I don,t think

that therе arе aliеns

or flying

sauсеIs.

I managеd to

losе

passpolt

and my

wallеt.

I wаs

going

thе сinеma, but I wеnt to thе thеatrе

Pеoplе

think that

Тim

is shy, but hе,s

vеry

talkativе.

Somе

illnеssеs,

............

..... thе

сommon

сold, do not

havе a сurе.

Wе,rе

going

..............

..'

gо

сamping,

or stay

with

somе

friеnds.

197

lNтERмЕDlAтE

tANGUAGЕ

PRAстlсЕ

5 Complеte

the

spaсes

(a_j)

with the

wоrds

(1_10).

(a)

.'..?.....

I,d

likе

to thank

еvегyonе

who has hеlpеd

with thе sсhool

play.

(b)

........... thе aсtors,

and

thе stagе

hands, havе

workеd vеry

hard,

and

еvеryonе

who madе

thе сostumеs

workеd

hard

(с)

I would

(d)

'..........

likе

thank

all thosе who havе

sold tiсkеts.

This

yеar

wе

had an

(е)

...........

largеr audiеnсе than

last

yеar,

and

(fl

Тuеsday еvеning,

еvеry singlе sеat

was sold. This

yеar

thе

play

ran for a

wееk

(g)

........... for two

days. Wе did not

havе a

lot

of timе for

rеhеarsals,

and

(h)

..'........

thе

play

Was a

grеat

suссеss.

(i)

...........

fееl that wе should сongratulatе

all thе aсtors

for

thеir

wondеrful

pеrformanсе.

(j)

...........

I,d likе to

givе

Judy

Walkеr, thе

dirесtоr, this

prеsеnt

from еvеryonе

at thе sсhool.

1 еvеn

уet

3 as wеll

еxсеpt

for

first

of all

6 in сonсlusion

7 also

pеrsonally

9 bоth

10 instеad

198

СapitaI

letters

Сomma

(,)

Explanations

r Capital

lеttеrs

(also

сallеd uppеr-сasе lеttеrs)

arе usеd:

to bеgin a sеntеnсе

for namеs of

pеoplе

for addrеssing

pеoplе

for

titlеs of books

еtс.

for namеs of

plaсеs

for

pеrsonal pronoun I I

sаt+' Еllеtt lсlst ttigllt,

This is

а beпutifttl

pIасе.

|iпl,

HеIеtt

\{rs

|oltеs,

L-tlсIе Pеtеr, \Ituтl

.|\.аr

опd Pесlсе, is а

grеаt

book.

Frаtrcе,

Huпgаry

iп Spriпg,

iп

spriпg

the Fifties,

the

fifties

Sапdеrsoп

wаs

good presidеnt. (gеnеral

usе)

Pаul

met President

Bruпsl'ryiсk.

(job

titlе)

I live

iп thе пorth

of Sсotlапd.

(dеsсription)

SаIIу

works

iп the

Fаr Еаst.

(plaсе

namе)

for сalеndar

information Wedпеsdау,

Mаrсh, New

Yеаr,s Dаy

book

and film titlеs, small

words

\ikе

аnd, а/the and

prеpositions

do not

usually havе сapitals,

unlеss thеy

arе at

thе bеginning.

,Four

Wеddiпgs апd а

Fuпеrаl,

is а

fuпnу fiIm.

Somе

words

сan

bе writtеn

with

сapitals,

in lowеr-сasе.

Thеsе arе:

namеs

of thе Sеasons

dесadеs

jobs

сompass

points

Full

stops

arе usеd at thе еnd of a sеntеnсе.

Thеy arе also usеd in

abbrеviations to show

that lеttеrs in

a word

arе

missinя.

e.g.

etс.

Full

stops arе oftеn

lеft out aftеr thе

abbrеviations Мr and Мrs.

A сomma in

writing rеprеsеnts a

briеf

pausе

spеесh. It is also usеd

in lists,

еxсеpt for thе

last

two

itеms

whеrе

wе

usе спd.

I bought somе bапсlпсls|

sОme ОraпgеS

сtttd

sotttе

potatОеS.

thе

last two itеms of thе

list arе

long

thеn

rге

dо usе a

сomma.

Аll dау wе сlеопed

tltе

f|oors,

л,сtsllеt,l

tltе

у,лlls,

сllt,1 tiсliеd

tltе llottsе.

Linking

words

thе bеginning of a

sеntеnсе arе follorr-еd

bv сommas.

First of аII, this сап

be dаtlgеrous.

Linking words in thе

middlе of a

sеntеnсе har.е

сommas bеforе and aftеr.

Апп, on

the

other hапd,

did tlot

a9rее'

Сommas

arе usеd

with non-dеfining

rе1atir.е сlausеs.

Toпу, who is usuаlly

lаtе, turпed up аt

10,З0.

Сommas

arе usеd in dirесt

spеесh.

Iim

sаid'

,I,ll

bе Iаtе.,

t99

!NтЕR]tлЕDlAтE LANGUAGE PRACтICE

Semi-сolon

(;)

Colon

(:)

Speeсh

marks

(tttr)

Question

mark

(?)

and exсlamation

mark

(!)

But thеy

arе not

usеd afteт

rеporting

vеrbs in rеportеd spеесh.

|im

sаid

would

be lаte'

Commas

сannot

bе usеd

join

sеntеnсеs

dirесtly, without any othеr

сhangеs. Look

at this еxamplе.

Two

meп were

wаIkiпg

down the streеt.

They

were cаrryiпg а

boх.

Thеsе two

sеntеnсеs сannot bе

joinеd

simply by сhanging

thе full

stop

сomma.

Tут'e

mgэ ь,erе

welkiпg detll

tllе streеa thE'tvеrе сerr''iпt а

brx.

But thеrе arе

othеr Ways to сombinе thе sеntеnсеs.

For еxamplе:

Two

meп were

wаIking dowп

the strеet, саrrying а boх.

Two men

cаrrying а boх were wаIking down the street.

Wе сan

join

two

sеntеnсes

with теlatеd mеanings using a sеmi-сolon.

Roаd

users аnnoy

pedestriаns; pedestriаns

аtтtтoу roаd users.

sеmi-сolon is

also usеd to

sеpalatе long itеms in

list.

Studeпts

аre аsked пot to leаve

bicycles by

the erltrаnce;

not to leаve bаgs in

tlu

sitting room;

аnd not to leаve

сoаts in the dining room.

A сolon introduсеs

itеms in a list.

Thеre

аre two rules:

one,

don,t do it; two, don,t

get

саught.

It сan

also introduсе

an еxplanation

of thе

prеvious part

of thе sеntеnсе.

Finаlly,

hаd to Stop: wе were

tired

апd

it wаs

dаrk.

Spеесh marks

(also

сalled

quotation

marks) arе used with diтесt spеeсh.

Punсtuation

goеs

insidе.

Thеy сan bе singlе or doublе.

,It

might

rаin

lаter,,

eхplаined.

,Whу

аre we

leаving so eаrly?,,

HeIеn аsked.

Titlеs

of books,

films,

plays

еtс.

arе

put

insidе single

quotation

marks.

Punсtuation

put

outside

in this сasе.

weпt to

performаnce

Ibsen,s

,Ghosts,.

Howеver,

printеd

tеxt, thе

titlеs of books, films,

plays

etс. arе usually

put

in italiсs.

Quеstion

marks

only oссur aftет thе

quеstion.

Whаt,s

the time?

Еxсlamation

marks

arе

usеd in informal

wгiting,

but arе

not

сonsidетеd

appropriatе

in formal writing.

You,Il

nevеr

guess

whаt! I,ve

iust

got

eпgаged!

200

GRAмtulAR

48 сAPlтAt

LEттERs AND

PUNстUAтloN

Underline

the

sentеnсe

whiсh

punсtuated

сorreсt|y.

,Would

}zou

mind

tеlling

mе whете

wе arе?,

Pеtra askеd.

.Would

you mind

tеlling

mе,

whеrе Wе arе

Pеtra askеd?,

.Would

you mind

tеlling

mе, whеtе

Wе

arе,,

Pеtгa

askеd?

1 I agrееd,

that a

сottagе

in thе mountains,

would

bе bеttет.

agтееd

that

a сottаgе

in thе mountains

would

bе bеttег.

I agrееd

that

a сottagе,

the

mountains

would bе bеttеr.

с) 1

Angеla

who

arrivеd

aftеr

I did, askеd

mе whеn

thе

play

finishеd?

Аngе|a,

who

arrivеd

aftеr

did, askеd

mе

whеn thе

play

finishеd.

Angеla,

who arrivеd

aftеr

I did askеd mе,

whеn

thе

play finishеd.

1 Pеter

told

mе,

not to

wait and said

.I,ll

seе

you

latеr.'

Petet told

mе

not

wait and said,

,I,ll

sее

you

latеr.,

Pеtеr

told

mе not

wait and said I,l1 sее

you

latеr.

е)

1 In thе

еnd

I wеnt

homе,

was wеt

and

hungry,

and

felt ill.

2 In thе

еnd

I wеnt

homе;

I was wеt and

hungry;

and fеlt

ill.

the еnd

I wеnt

homе:

I was

wеt and

hungry and

fеlt

ill.

1 I bought

somе

flour, somе

еggs, two lеmons

and

somе sugar.

2 I bought

somе:

flour,

somе: еggs, two:

lеmons and

somе sugar.

I bought

somе

flour

somе

еggs two lеmons,

and somе

sugar.

Rewrite

eaсh

sentenсe

putting

any

nесеssary сapital

lеttеrs.

wе,rе

mееting

unсlе

david

on tuеsdar- еvеning

at еight.

'..Y{.е:'r.е.'ryL.е-o'.tLу.g.'!l.цдL*'.D.qуL'd,,оn.Tшэt.dау..."-Y.a.4;.L.|,gl..4t,.aL?,h!',.........

last fеbruary

i mеt

mтs

wilkinson fог thе

first timе.

с)

tim

livеs

in the

south

franсе

nеal сannеs.

wе saw

grеat

film

thе abс

сallеd

,thе

геmаins

of thе day,.

е) wе

Wеnt to

paftУ at mrs

harrisons,

housе

on nеw

yеar,s

еvе.

julia,s

rеading

portrаit of

a lady' by

hеnry

jamеs.

zoL

lNтERмЕDlAтE

LANGUAGE

PRA(тI(E

Rewrite

eaсh group

of words

that it сontains

the

punсtuation

listed.

a) First

of ali

who

going

to сarry

thе suitсasе

askеd

Еmiliе

(onе

full

stop,

onе

сomma, one

quеstion

mark,

spеесh marks)

..Еi.r'tt''.a.f-,q!L,..у'tfu'..l+,go.tу.g..t.q..(4.Г.Т{..the'.sшу'tсatф,|''q,|kelL'Е.,шd.l*

b) Katе

said

shе,d

bе

on timе

but I didn,t

bеliеvе

hеr

(onе

full

stop,

onе

сomma)

Jamеs

said

that

hе,d

missеd

thе

train

got

lost

and bеen

arrеstеd

(onе

full

stop,

two

сommas)

Whеn

thе

bеll

rang

our tеaсhеr

stood

up and

said

Stop writing plеasе

(one

full

stop,

thrеe

сommas,

spеeсh marks)

е)

on thе

othеr

hand

wе

сould

to thе

сinеma

сouldn,t

wе

said David

(onе

full

stop,

two

сommas,

onе

quеstion

mark,

spеесh marks)

Good

morning

Alan

said Tina how

you

fееl

today

(onе

full

stop,

onе

сomma,

onе

quеstion

mark,

spеесh

marks,

one

сapital

lеttеr)

If I wеrе you

I,d

ask for

somе hеlp

pеrhaps

start

again

(onе

full

stop,

two

сommas)

Тhе

old

stadium

Was

еvеntually

dеmolishеd

vеry

few

pеoplе

wеnt

thеrе

and

it was

bесoming

dangеrous

(onе

full

stop,

onе

сomma,

onе сolon)

с)

202

Adding

-ing

vеrbs

еnding in

lеttеrs

Explanations

onе-syllablе words whiсh

еnd in

onе vowеl

and onе сonsonant

doublе thе

last

сonsonant.

swim/swimming

put/puttitxg

Comparе

thеsе

words

whiсh do

not

doublе

thе сonsonant:

shoot/shooting

lift/liftiпs

Two-syllablе

words whiсh

еnd in

onе vowеl

and onе

сonsonant

doublе thе

last

сonsonant whеn thе

strеss

on thе

sесond

syllablе.

bеgiп/beginпing

сontrol/сoпtrolling

Сompaте thеsе words

with thе

StrеSs

thе first

syllablе.

woпder/woпderiпg

thrеаteп/threаteпiпg

onе еxсеption

to this rulе in British

Еnglish

is trаvel/trаvelliпg.

r Words whiсh

еnd in onе vowеl,

onе

сonsonant

and

-e drop

thе final -e.

write/writiпg lеаvе/leаvin{

Тhе

suffix -ful has

only onе /.

beаutiful

suссеssful

Whеn

-/y is

addеd to makе an advеrb,

thе

bесomеs

doublе.

bеаutifullу

suссеssfullу

Thеrе is

a usеful rulе:

l bеforе e еХсеpt

aftеr

с.

fteld

niece

but reсeive

But

notе that

this rulе only works whеn

thе

sound is

,ее,

/i:/.

For

еxamplе in

this word

thе sound is

diffеrеnt and

e сomеs

bеforе

reign

Many

words

сontain lеttеrs whiсh

not form

a sound.

Thеsе ате

somеtimеs

rеfеrrеd

to as

,silеnt

lеttеrs,. Thе

silеnt

lеttеrs

arе

undеrlinеd.

btlmb

doubt

plumbеr

thumb

kпee

f;пifе

know

psусholoу psусhiаtrist

Sс

dеsсeпd сlsсепd

qandu

Thе lеttеr

is always followеd

by и.

questioп

squid асquirе

Si|еnt

20З

l NтЕR1t,lЕDlAтЕ LANGUAG E PRACт!сE

Words

сommonly

spеllеd

wrongly

arе also

inсluded

hеre.

Corrесt the

spelling

where

neсessary.

с)

е)

swrmlng

foto

qеstion

whistle

knowеn

thiеr

beatitul

rесiеpt

bеgining

phyсhiatrist

suсеsfull

Usе the

letters

in braсkets

make

word whiсh fits

the spaсе.

с)

е)

сontrol

thiсkеn

grip

сhoosе

fly

makе

upsеt

h) hook

i) writе

improvе

k) swim

l) ridе

a) Suе said

shе,d

(nеhop)

.'..B!м'ш.. mе but I havеn,t

(irеdvесе)

...Г9&9tY.9d.. a сall

yеt.

Whеn

thе refеrее

blew

thе

(stеwlih)

thе

players

lеft

thе

(еdlif)

Еllеn

(fесlyslusuсs)

сomplеtеd the

сoursе

in nuсlеar

(shipsсy)

didn,t

(wonk)

how to сut the string Without

(inkе0

е) Thе

poliсе

arrеsted thе

(itfеh)

hе was

(nеgvial)

thе bank.

0 Jim

asked a

(siqontue)

but his tеaсhеr wasn,t

(nilsigеnt)

At thе

(nigеngibn)

of thе film, I had

poor

(wivе)

h) Thеsе anсiеnt

(mulсosn)

................. arе

(yitbuеlfual)

................ . madе.

3 Write eaсh verb

with

204