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THE KOREAN LANGUAGE
The Korean language is ranked eleventh amongst the languages of the world
in terms of numbers of speakers. Korean is now studied as an important
foreign language in an increasing number of countries. This book provides a
good overview of the language, written in a readable way without neglecting
any major structural aspects of the language. Furthermore, the book explains
the geographical, historical, social and cultural context of the language.
The Korean Language is designed to be accessible to English-speaking
learners of Korean and scholars working in disciplines other than linguistics,
as well as serving as a useful introduction for general linguists. The book
complements Korean language textbooks used in the classroom and will be
welcomed not only by readers with a wider interest in Korean studies, but
also by Asian specialists in general.
Jae Jung Song teaches linguistics at the University of Otago, New Zealand.
He has contributed to international journals including, Lingua, Linguistics,
Journal of Pragmatics and Oceanic Linguistics. He is the author of Causatives
and Causation (1996) and Linguistic Typology: Morphology and Syntax (2001).
He is also co-editor, with Anna Siewierska, of Case, Typology and Grammar
(1998).
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THE KOREAN
LANGUAGE
Structure, use and context
Jae Jung Song
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First published 2005
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
© 2005 Jae Jung Song
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Song, Jae Jung, 1958–
The Korean language : structure, use and context / Jae Jung Song.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-415-32802-0 (alk. paper)
1. Korean language —Grammar. I. Title.
PL911.S655 2005
495.7—dc22
2005001117
ISBN 0-415-32802-0
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
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For Kee-Ho, Peter, Taeyeon, James, Julia, Rochelle
and Michelle, who unwittingly motivated me to write
this book
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CONTENTS
Preface ix
Abbreviations xii
A note on romanization and Korean personal names xiii
Map 1: North and South Korea xiv
Map 2: Korea and the region xv
1 Korea: history, culture and language 1
Geography: land and population 1
History 3
Culture and society: age, gender and chwulsin 10
Korean: the language and its wider relations 13
2 Sounds and their patterns: phonology 22
Standard South Korean: Phyocwune 24
Sounds in Korean: consonants, vowels and semivowels 24
Sounds in combination: syllables and sound adjustment 32
Beyond sounds: stress, intonation and connected speech 39
Pronunciation of loanwords 42
3 Writing systems: Hankul and Hanca 45
Hankul: historical and conceptual background 47
Origins of Hankul: a controversy? 53
Writing conventions: the Original Form Principle 54
Other conventions: spacing, punctuation and direction 58
Chinese characters in present day Korea: Hanca 60
How to find words in Hankul and Hanca dictionaries 61
Romanization systems: which system to use 63
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4 Words and fixed expressions: vocabulary 67
Word classes: parts of speech 70
Origins: native words, Sino-Korean words and loanwords 83
Word formation: how words are created in Korean 90
Networks of meaning: semantics 92
Deference in Korean: respect and self-deprecation 93
Fixed expressions: idioms 95
5 Sentences and their structure: grammar 98
Word order: sentences and phrases 101
Noun phrases: role-marking particles 109
Verbs: grammatical and speech-level endings 117
Compound verbs: multiple-verb constructions 129
Complex sentences: sentences within sentences 135
6 Beyond sentences: discourse 143
Delimiting particles: topic/contrast particle: -(n)un 145
Formal versus informal style: omission and contraction 150
Lubricators: fillers, responders and connectors 155
Social formulaic expressions: nature and use 157
7 North and South Korea: language policy and planning 163
Language policy and planning: historical background 164
Differences between Phyocwune and Munhwae 171
Looking forward: unified nation and unified language? 175
References and further reading 177
Index 182
CONTENTS
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PREFACE
Books like this one are notoriously difficult to write because the target
readership cannot be expected to be au fait with the author’s own discipline.
Fortunately, this difficulty is compensated for by the prospect of capturing
readers whom one normally would not dream of reaching. This book, while
providing a largely linguistic introduction to the Korean language, has been
written primarily for readers with no background in linguistics. Every effort
has thus been made to avoid technical linguistic terms, and, where their use
is unavoidable, such terms have been explained in a readable, non-technical
manner. Moreover, throughout the book emphasis has been placed on
providing a descriptive overview of the salient features, rather than a detailed
theoretical or esoteric exposition, of the Korean language. In these respects,
it differs from other books on the Korean language, written with linguists
and students of (Korean) linguistics in mind.
Readers for whom this book is designed fall into four main groups. First,
Korean scholars specializing in areas other than (Korean) linguistics may
wish to learn about the Korean language and its historical and socio-cultural
contexts – whether in connection with their own research or out of curiosity
– but find it rather daunting, if not impossible, to sift through an enormous
amount of technical details in grammatical descriptions in order to arrive at
a general understanding of the Korean language. (To the surprise of some
readers, there are Korean specialists who may not be able to understand
Korean (well)!) This book is thus written in a way in which specialists in one
discipline would talk about their work to specialists in another discipline.
Second, English-speaking learners of Korean with little or no prior exposure
to (Korean) linguistics will benefit from the book. Such learners may wish
to read it initially for a general orientation to the Korean language and later
go back to specific sections or chapters as their learning progresses. For the
benefit of this particular group of readers, special attention has been paid to
potential areas of difficulty from the perspective of English-speaking learners.
Thus the book complements language textbooks used for self-study or in
the classroom. In this sense, it will also be of much interest to teachers of