Tsoulfanidis N. Measurement and detection of radiation
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588
MEASUREMENT AND DETECTION OF RADIATION
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and Matsuura, S.,
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D., and Anderson, D.
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A,,
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L.,
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W.,
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Standards for Protection against Radiation,
Code of Federal Regulations,
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Part
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1992.
Reactor Experiments, Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif.
(1990).
APPENDIX
A
USEFUL
CONSTANTS
AND
CONVERSION FACTORS
Table
A1
Useful Constants
Constant
Symbol or
definition Value 0.6022169
Avogadro's number
Elementary charge
Atomic mass unit
Atomic mass unit
Electron rest mass
Proton rest mass
Neutron rest mass
Planck constant
Boltzmann constant
Standard atmosphere
Finestructure constant
Classical electron radius
Bohr radius
Compton wavelength
NA
e
U
of mass
':C
m
MP
Mn
h
k
0.6022045
X
10" at/mol
1.6021917
X
10-l9
C
=
4.803250
X
10-'Oesu
1.66040
x
kg
=
931.481 MeV
9.109558
X
kg
=
0.51 1 MeV
1.672622
X
10-17 kg
=
938.258 MeV
1.674928
X
kg
=
939.552 MeV
6.626196
X
lo-%
J.s
1.380622
X
lo-"
J/K
101,325 Pa
=
14.696 Ib/inz
11137.14
2.818042
X
lO-I5 m
0.529177
X
10-lo m
2.424631
X
lo-'%
Table
A2
Conversion Table
To convert Multiply by To obtain (symbol)
MeV
Pounds
(Ib)
Inches
Lb/ina
Btu/h
Pounds force
Flux [particles/(cmz s)]
Density (g/cm3)
r
(cm' lg)
r
(cm-'
z
(an-'
)
Range (dcm')
Curies
Rad
Rem
Joules
(1)
Kilograms (kg)
Meters (m)
Pascal (Pa)
Watts
(W)
Newtons (N)
Flux (particles/ma
.
s)
Density (kg/m3)
r
(ma Fg)
r
(m-')
z
(m-')
Range (kglm')
Becquerels (Bq)
Grays (GY)
Sieverts (Sv)
590
MEASUREMENT
AND DETECTION OF
RADIATION
Table
A3
Prefur and
SI
Symbols of
Multiplication Factors
10" tera (T) 10- micro
(p)
lo9
giga
(G)
1 0-9 nano (n)
lo6
mega
(M)
10-
"
pic0 (p)
lo3
kilo (k) 10-IS femto
(f)
10- milli
(m)
10-la atto (a)
APPENDIX
B
ATOMIC MASSES
AND
OTHER
PROPERTIES OF ISOTOPES
a,
(b)
Isotopic
Natural
Density of for
(n,
7)
mass
abundance
element (in (0.0253-eV
Name Symbol
Z
A
(u)t
(%)
lo3 kg/m3) neutrons)
Aluminum
Antimony
Argon
Arsenic
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Cadmium
Carbon
Cesium
Cobalt
Copper
Gadolinium
2.73
6.62
Gas
5.73
1.85
9.8
2.3
8.65
1.60
1.9
8.8
8.96
7.95
592
MEASUREMENT
AND
DETECTION OF RADIATION
on
(b)
Isotopic Natural
Density of for
(n,
y)
mass abundance
element (in (0.025 3-eV
Name Symbol
Z
A
(u)t
(%)
lo3 kg/m3)
neutrons)
Germanium
Gold
Helium
Hydrogen
Indium
Iodine
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Mercury
Nickel
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Platinum
5.36
19.32
Gas
Gas
7.31
4.93
7.87
11.34
0.53
13.55
8.90
Gas
Gas
1.82
21.45
3.68
0.98
14.0
0.45
0.2
98.8
5,327.0
-
0.332
0.0005
11.1
193.2
6.2
2.3
2.7
2.5
1.2
0.17
0.0305
0.709
<
0.03
245
(n,
or)
0.037
3,100.0
0.018
2,500.0
50.0
50.0
4.5
0.4
4.4
2.6
2.0
14.2
1.5
1.81
0.00004
0.0001
78
0.04
0.00016
0.19
150.0
8.0
1.2
27.0
1.0
ATOMIC MASSES
AND
OTHER PROPERTIES OF ISOTOPES
593
0,
(b)
Isotopic
Natural
Density of for
(n,
7)
mass
abundance
element (in (0.025
3-eV
Name Symbol
Z
A
(u)?
(%)
1
O3
kg/m3
)
neutrons)
198
Rhodium Rh 45 103
Silicon Si 14 28
29
30
Silver
Ag
47 107
109
Sodium Na
11
23
Uranium
U
92 234
235
238
tlsotopic masses from
Nuclear Heat Transfer
by
M.
M.
El-Wakil, International Textbook
Co.,
N.Y. (1971).
*same number gives density in g/cm3
or
lo3 kg/m3.
APPENDIX
C
ALPHA,
BETA,
AND
GAMMA SOURCES
COMMONLY
USED
Table
C1
Alpha Sources
Isotope Half-life Alpha energy (Mew Relative intensity?
(%)
=I0
Po 138.38
d
5.304
awU 2.446
x
lo5
y 4.774
4.723
ass
u
7.038
x
10'
y 4.397
4.367
ass
u
4.468
X
lo9
y
4.196
4.149
239
PU 2.413
X
lo4 y 5.155
5.143
5.105
Am 432.02
y
5.486
5.443
lS2
Cf 2.646
y
6.1 18
6.076
?only intensities greater than 10 percent are listed.
Table
C2
Electron and Beta Sources
Isotope Half-life Type of particle Energy (MeV)
H
12.33
y
P-
0.0 186
l4
C 5730 y
0-
0.1565
P 14.28
d
0-
1.7104
35
S 87.4
d
P-
0. 1675
36
c1 3.0
x
lo5 y
0-
0.7095
O9
Sr 50.55
d
P-
1.463
Y
64
h
0-
2.282
99
Tc
2.14
X
lo5
y
P-
0.292
63Ni 100 y
P‘
0.0659
lr3
Sn 115.1
d
IC electron
EK
=
0.3625
EL
=
0.3875
137
cst
30.17 y IC electron
EK
=
0.626
EL
=
0.656
207
Bi
38
Y
IC electron
EK
=
0.4816, 0.5558
EL
=
0.9754, 1.0496
EM
=
1.060
tls7cs is also a
0-
emitter.
595
Table
C3
Gamma Rays Used as Reference Standards for Energy Calibrationt
Parent
Gamma-ray
Parent
Gamma-ray Parent
Gamma-ray Parent
Gamma-ray
nuclide
energy
(keV)
nuclide
energy WV) nuclide
energy (keV) nuclide
energy (keV)
t~rorn
R.
L.
Heath, "Gamma Ray Spectrum Catalogue, Ce(Li) and Si(Li) Spectrometry Vol. 2," Aerojet Nuclear Co. Report ANCR-1000-2, USAEC (1974).