Tony Dorcey - Large dam
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The World Conservation Union
The World Bank
Large dams have been a subject of growing international debate and controversy. They have played a key role in
economic development, meeting a variety of purposes, including electricity generation, flood control and irrigation.
Yet their adverse environmental, social and even economic impacts are increasingly noted. In 1996 the World Bank
Operations Evaluation Department completed an internal review of 50 large dams funded by the World Bank.
IUCN–The World Conservation Union and the World Bank agreed to jointly host a workshop in April 1997 to dis-
cuss the findings of the review and their implications for a more in-depth study. The workshop broke new ground
by bringing together representatives from governments, the private sector, international financial institutions and
civil society organizations to address three issues:
■ Critical advances needed in knowledge and practice
■ Methodologies and approaches required to achieve these advances
■ Proposals for a follow-up process involving all stakeholders
Two days of working together achieved a remarkable consensus on how to move forward. Most notably, agree-
ment was reached for IUCN and the World Bank to facilitate the establishment a two-year international commis-
sion by November 1997. Its mandate is to review the development effectiveness of dams and to develop standards,
criteria and guidelines to advise future decision-making. Part I of these proceedings summarizes the workshop
discussion and recommendations for future action. Part II contains a series of overview papers commissioned for
the workshop on four key topics: engineering and economics, social and stakeholder issues, environmental sus-
tainability, and future challenges facing the hydro industry.
Published with financial support from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation.
IUCN–The World Conservation Union The World Bank
Rue Mauverney 28 1818 H Street, NW
CH-1196 Gland Washington, D.C.
Switzerland USA
The World Bank
LEARNING FROM THE PAST
LOOKING AT THE FUTURE
WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS
Gland, Switzerland
IUCN–The World Conservation Union
& The World Bank Group
The World Conservation Union The World Bank
LARGE
DAMS
LARGE DAMS
IUCN - THE WORLD CONSERVATION UNION
Founded in 1948, IUCN-The World Conservation Union brings together States,
government agencies, and a diverse range of non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) in a unique membership: 895 members in all, spread across 138 coun-
tries. As a Union, IUCN seeks to influence, encourage and assist societies
throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to
ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustain-
able. A global secretariat and 35 regional and country offices coordinate the
IUCN Programme and serve the Union membership, representing their views
on the world stage and providing them with the strategies, services, scientific
knowledge and technical support they need to achieve their goals. Through its
six Commissions, IUCN draws together over 6,000 expert volunteers in project
teams and action groups, focusing in particular on biodiversity conservation
and the management of habitats and natural resources. The World
Conservation Union builds on the strength of its members, networks and part-
ners to enhance their capacity and to promote global alliances in support of con-
servation at the local, regional, and global levels.
THE WORLD BANK GROUP
The World Bank Group is a family of multilateral development institutions
owned by and accountable to member governments. These governments exer-
cise their ownership function through Boards of Governors on which each
member country is represented individually. The World Bank today includes
five international organizations: The International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD) is the largest source of market-based loans to developing
countries and is a major catalyst of similar financing from other sources. It lends
to governments or to public or private entities with government guarantees.
The International Finance Corporation (IFC) supports private enterprise in the
developing world through the provision and mobilization of loan and equity
financing and through advisory services. The International Development
Association (IDA) provides finance on concessional terms to low-income coun-
tries. The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
provides conciliation and arbitration services for disputes between foreign
investors and host governments. The Multilateral Investment Guarantee
Agency (MIGA) provides noncommercial investment risk insurance and tech-
nical services to help promote investment flows.
Inside Cover 7/31/97¥epp 2/2/99 3:05 PM Page 1
LEARNING FROM THE PAST
LOOKING AT THE FUTURE
WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS
Gland, Switzerland
April 11-12, 1997
Editor: Tony Dorcey
Co-Editors: Achim Steiner
Michael Acreman
Brett Orlando
The joint IUCN/World Bank initiative on Large Dams
was implemented with financial assistance from the
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation.
The World Conservation Union
The World Bank
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LARGE DAMS: Learning from the Past, Looking at the Future
The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression
of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or the World Bank Group concerning the legal status of any country,
territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or the World Bank Group.
This publication has been made possible in part by funding from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation.
Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK
The World Bank Group, Washington, D.C.
Copyright: © 1997 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and the International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development/the World Bank Group
Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized
without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged.
Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior
written permission of the copyright holder.
Citation: IUCN - The World Conservation Union and the World Bank Group. July 1997. Large Dams: Learning
from the Past, Looking at the Future. Workshop Proceedings. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and
Cambridge, UK and the World Bank Group, Washington, DC. v. + 145 pp.
ISBN: 0-8213-4028-X
Layout, cover Robert Dorrell
design by:
Cover photos: Clockwise from top right: (1) Pakistani settler and irrigation canal in the Tarbela Dam
area, Pakistan; (2) Construction site at the Pangue Dam, Chile; (2) Spillway construction at Victoria
Dam, Sri Lanka; (4) Tarbela Dam, Pakistan. All photos courtesy of the World Bank Group
Produced by: IUCN US, Washington, DC
IUCN Global Policy and Partnership Unit, Gland, Switzerland
Printed by: Reproductions, Incorporated. Gaithersburg, Maryland.
Available from: IUCN Publications Services Unit
219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 ODL, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1223 277894; Fax: +44 1223 277175
E-mail: iucn-psu@wcmc.org.uk; www: http://www.iucn.org
A catalogue of IUCN publications is also available
The World Bank
1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA
Tel: 202-477-1234; Fax: 202-477-6391
E-mail: books@worldbank.org; www: http://www.worldbank.org
The text of this book is printed on 50% recycled paper made with 30% post-consumer waste.
The World Conservation Union
The World Bank
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LARGE DAMS: Learning from the Past, Looking at the Future
TABLE OFCONTENTS
Preface ii
List of Invited Workshop Participants iii
PART I: SUMMARY REPORT OF THE WORKSHOP
0.0 Summary Contents 3
1.0 THE WORKSHOP: ORIGINS, PLANNING AND PROCEEDINGS 4
1.1 Growth of Controversy 4
1.2 World Bank Review 4
1.3 World Bank Partnership with
IUCN-The World Conservation Union 5
1.4 Preparations for the Workshop 5
1.5 What Happened? 8
2.0 MAJOR CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 9
2.1 A World Commission 9
2.2 The Proposed Agenda 11
2.3 Implementation Strategy 11
3.0 EPILOGUE 12
PART II: OVERVIEW PAPERS
4.0 ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF PLANNING, DESIGN,
OPERATION AND CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE DAM PROJECTS
by Engelbertus Oud and Terence Muir 17
5.0 SOCIAL IMPACTS OF LARGE DAMS
by Thayer Scudder 41
6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN THE HYDRO INDUSTRY
by Robert Goodland 69
7.0 MEETING HYDRO’S FINANCING AND DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES
by Anthony Churchill 103
8.0 HYDROPOWER: A NEW BUSINESS OR AN OBSOLETE INDUSTRY?
by Anthony Churchill 111
APPENDIX A
A.1 CRITICAL ADVANCES NEEDED IN KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE 121
A.2 METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES FOR ASSESSMENT 124
APPENDIX B
B.1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
by David McDowell 127
B.2 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
by Robert Picciotto 130
B.3 MCDOWELL-WOLFENSOHN CORRESPONDENCE 134
APPENDIX C
C.1
LIST OF PAPERS AVAILABLE TO THE WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS
139
C.2
BIOGRAPHIES OF THE REFERENCE GROUP
141
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LARGE DAMS: Learning from the Past, Looking at the Future
Preface ii
PREFACE
Working in partnership towards sustainable development is an often-cited objective. The workshop on large
dams jointly organized by IUCN - the World Conservation Union and the World Bank Group has been acknowl-
edged by all involved as a promising example of learning and cooperation.
Together we decided to tackle one of the “big debates” in sustainable development. For far too long conflict
and controversy have prevented constructive dialogue and objective assessments. Given the many differing per-
spectives on large dams, a great challenge remains in interpreting their development effectiveness and applying
the lessons learned to future decisions on whether dams have a major role to play in land, water and energy
development and how particular dams should be selected, constructed and operated. This challenge reflects the
complex judgments involved in meeting development needs, maintaining the viability of ecosystems and protect-
ing the livelihoods and cultures of people affected by such major infrastructure developments.
The workshop in Gland has created an important opportunity for addressing these questions in an open, trans-
parent and rigorous process. It is our hope that the proposed independent commission to be established by
November 1997 will enable all stakeholders to make substantive contributions to the review of large dams and
the development of new standards, criteria and guidelines to inform future decision-making.
We would like to thank the participants of the workshop for the time and effort they invested in making this
dialogue a success. Their continued commitment to the follow-up process of establishing the commission has
been remarkable. The support of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) in contributing to
this large dams dialogue was critical and their role in supporting this partnership is appreciated by all involved.
We also owe a special vote of thanks to the authors of the overview papers — Robert Goodland, Engelbertus
Oud, Terence Muir, Thayer Scudder and Anthony Churchill — who provided an important starting point for our
discussions.
Tony Dorcey, who facilitated the workshop, proved indispensable in creating the right atmosphere and the
right process for an open and constructive debate. Together with Mike Acreman, workshop rapporteur, he pre-
pared the workshop summary report. Andres Liebenthal (OED/World Bank) and Achim Steiner (IUCN) formed
the team that prepared and coordinated much of the process that led up to Gland. The support provided by the
IUCN staff in Washington and Gland in organizing the workshop and producing these proceedings was critical.
To all those who made the Gland workshop a reality, we owe a debt of gratitude.
This publication is an invitation to work with us in building on the success of the Gland initiative. As you will
see from the letters included in Appendix B3, both of our institutions have fully committed themselves to realizing
the mandate given to us in Gland, Switzerland.
George Greene
Assistant Director General
IUCN–The World
Conservation Union
Robert Picciotto
Director General
Operations Evalution,
The World Bank Group
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LARGE DAMS: Learning from the Past, Looking at the Future
iii Participants List
Sanjeev Ahluwalia
Tata Energy Research Institute
India
Peter Bosshard
The Berne Declaration
Switzerland
John Briscoe
World Bank
United States
Wenmei Cai
Beijing University
People’s Republic of China
Stuart Chape
IUCN/Laos
Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Eduardo de la Cruz Charry
ISAGEN
Columbia
Shripad Dharmadhikary
Narmada Bachao Andolan
India
Mbarack Diop
Tropica Environmental Consultants Ltd.
Senegal
Steve Fisher
Intermediate Technology Development Group
United Kingdom
Robert Goodland
World Bank
United States
George Greene
IUCN
Switzerland
David Iverach
Nam Theun Two Electricity Consortium
Lao People’s Democratic Republic
E.A.K. Kalitsi
Volta River Authority
Ghana
Andres Liebenthal
World Bank
United States
Richard Meagher
Hazra Engineering Company
United States
Patrick McCully
International Rivers Network
United States
Jeff McNeely
IUCN
Switzerland
Kathryn McPhail
World Bank
United States
Reatile Mochebelele
Lesotho Highland Project
Lesotho
Ricardo Luis Montagner
MAB
Brazil
Engelbertus Oud
Lahmeyer International GMBH
Germany
Bikash Pandey
Alliance for Energy
United States
*Elias Diaz Pena
Sobrevivencia
Paraguay
Thomas Philippe
Electricité de France
France
Robert Picciotto
World Bank
United States
Jean Yves Pirot
IUCN
Switzerland
INVITED PARTICIPANTS TO THE LARGE DAMS WORKSHOP
˜
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Martyn Riddle
International Finance Corporation
United States
Thayer Scudder
California Institute of Technology
United States
Aly Shady
International Commission on Irrigation and
Drainage
Canada
Andrew Steer
World Bank
United States
Richard Stern
World Bank
United States
Jan Strömblad
ABB
Sweden
Theo Van Robbroeck
International Commission on Large Dams
South Africa
Pietro Veglio
World Bank
United States
*Martin Ter Woort
Acres International Ltd.
Canada
Tanlin Yuan
Ministry of Water Resources
People’s Republic of China
*Mishka Zaman
SUNGI Development Foundation
Pakistan
Robert Zwahlen
Electrowatt Engineering Ltd.
Switzerland
FACILITATOR
Tony Dorcey
University of British Columbia
Canada
RAPPORTEUR
Michael Acreman
Institute of Hydrology
United Kingdom
COORDINATOR
Achim Steiner
IUCN/Washington office
United States
OBSERVERS
Ricardo Bayon
IUCN
Switzerland
Timothy Cullen
World Bank
United States
MEDIA
Stephanie Flanders
Financial Times
United Kingdom
Daniel Hoffman
Neue Zuercher Zeitung
Switzerland
Jan Kristiansen
Agence France-Press
France
Gideon Lichfield
The Economist
United Kingdom
Stephanie Nebehay
Reuters
Switzerland
Kalpana Sharma
The Hindu
India
* Invited but were unable to attend.
LARGE DAMS: Learning from the Past, Looking at the Future
Participants List iv
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