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абі турієнт

ʋ 4(4)/2010

Курс підготовки до ДПА і ЗНО-2011

Бланк відповідей А

ɍ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹɯ 1—12 ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɚɣɬɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɬɚɤ: x

ABCD ABCD ABCD

159

2610

3711

4812

ɉɟɪɟɜɿɪɬɟ ɫɜɨʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɿ ɡɚ ɤɥɸɱɚɦɢ ɞɨ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɬɪɟɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɧɚ ɫ. 34.

Ʉɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ ɨɰɿɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ 1 ɛɚɥ. ɋɭɦɭ ɛɚɥɿɜ ɡɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɫɬɭ 2 ɡɚɩɢɲɿɬɶ ɭ ɳɨɞɟɧ-

ɧɢɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ, ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɨɦɭ ɜ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿ ʋ 1(1), 2010.

əɤɳɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɭ ȼɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɥɢ ɩɨɦɢɥɤɢ, ɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɿɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ

ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɭ ɡ ɬɟɦɢ ɿ ɜɩɪɚɜ, ɳɨ ȼɢ ɨɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɥɢ, ɬɚ ɡɧɨɜɭ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɣɬɟ ɰɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ.

EXTENDED VOCABULARY

FOOD AND MEALS

Eating out

Café; restaurant; pub; sandwich bar; takeaway; to book a table; to order one's food; to have a starter /

the main course / a dessert; to pay the bill; to leave a tip.

Cooking

To fry; to boil; to roast; to bake; to grill; to steam; to grate; to squeeze; to beat; to slice; to chop;

to peel.

Meat, ﬁ sh and groceries

Beef; lamb; liver; veal; pork; bacon; chicken; duck; ham; turkey, fowl; salmon; prawn; trout; tuna;

cereal; ﬂ our; mustard.

Fruit and vegetables

Apple; cherries; grapes; currants; pineapple; peach; plums; water-melon; strawberry; raspberry; potato;

carrot; cabbage; beans; mushroom; onion; garlic; peas; pepper; cucumber.

Talking about food

To have breakfast / lunch / dinner / supper; a snack; to starve; tasty; delicious; tender; wonderful;

revolting; disgusting.

абі турієнт

ȺɇȽɅȱɃɋɖɄȺ ɆɈȼȺ

Курс підготовки до ДПА і ЗНО-2011

НАВЧАННЯ ІНШОМОВНОГО СПІЛКУВАННЯ

РОЗДІЛ 3. ПИСЬМО. ЗАВДАННЯ З РОЗГОРНУТОЮ ВІДПОВІДДЮ

Опрацювавши цей розділ, Ви зможете

ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɧɚɦɿɪɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ — ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ:

• ɡɚɩɢɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ;

• ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ;

• ɜɢɫɥɨɜɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɭ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɨɪɭ ɬɚ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɭɜɚɬɢ ʀʀ;

• ɜɢɫɥɨɜɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɧɟɜɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ, ɩɨɞɹɤɭ, ɨɰɿɧɤɭ, ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ, ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɬɨɳɨ;

• ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ;

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭɜɚɬɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨ ɜɢɤɥɚɞɚɬɢ ɡɦɿɫɬ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ:

• ɩɨɞɿɥɹɬɢ ɥɢɫɬ ɧɚ ɚɛɡɚɰɢ;

• ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɡ’ɽɞɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ;

• ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɧɿ ɬɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɿ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢ ɦɨɜɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ;

• ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɨɪɮɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ.

Перевірте свої знання

ɇɚɩɢɲɿɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ. ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɤɨ-

ɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɪɭɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɬɨɳɨ.

ТЕСТ 1 (ВХІДНИЙ)

You have read in the newspaper that the local authorities are planning to pull down a half-ruined historic

building in your street and to build a modern recreation centre instead. Write a letter to the newspaper editor

in which

• explain why you are writing

• say why we should preserve historic buildings

• dwell on the necessity of recreation centres

• suggest your solution to the problem.

ɊȿɄɈɆȿɇȾȺɐȱȲ ɌȺ ɌɊȿɇɍȼȺɅɖɇȱ ɁȺȼȾȺɇɇə

Ɂɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɪɨɡɝɨɪɧɭɬɨɸ ɜiɞɩoɜiɞɞɸ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɫɥɨɜɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɿɣ

ɮɨɪɦɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤ

ɬɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɛɥɚɧɤ. ȼɿɧ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɮɨɪɦɢɬɢ ɫɜɨɽ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɟ ɜɢɫɥɨɜɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɳɨɛ

ɧɚ ɛɥɚɧɤɭ ɜɢɫɬɚɱɢɥɨ ɜɿɞɜɟɞɟɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɰɹ.

ȼɢɤɨɧɭɸɱɢ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ, ɫɥɿɞ ɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɢ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɚ ɡɦɿɫɬɨɜɟ ɧɚɩɨɜ-

ɧɟɧɧɹ, ɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɦɿɠ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚɦɢ, ɥɟɤɫɢɱɧɭ ɧɚɩɨɜɧɸɜɚɧɿɫɬɶ, ɝɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɫɥɨɜ-

ɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ.

Ⱦɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɢɫɬɿɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɿɥɨɜɿ ɥɢɫɬɢ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ, ɡɚɩɢɬɢ, ɫɤɚɪɝɢ, ɜɿɞɝɭɤɢ, ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɿ ɬɚ

ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɿ ɥɢɫɬɿɜɤɢ ɬɨɳɨ.

Ɏɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɥɢɫɬ ɦɚɽ ɪɨɡɩɨɱɢɧɚɬɢɫɹ ɡɿ ɫɥɿɜ Dear Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms ɬɚ ɩɪɿɡɜɢɳɚ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ, ɞɨ ɹɤɨʀ ȼɢ

ɡɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɟɫɹ. əɤɳɨ ȼɚɦ ɧɟɜɿɞɨɦɿ ɿɦ’ɹɬɚɩɪɿɡɜɢɳɟɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚ, ɬɨ ɥɢɫɬ ɦɚɽ ɪɨɡɩɨɱɢɧɚɬɢɫɹ ɡɿ ɫɥɿɜ Dear Sir/

Madam.

абі турієнт

ʋ 4(4)/2010

Курс підготовки до ДПА і ЗНО-2011

ɍ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ ɚɛɡɚɰɿ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɜɤɚɠɿɬɶ, ɱɨɦɭ ȼɢ ɩɢɲɟɬɟ ɥɢɫɬɚ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɯɨɱɟɬɟ ɡ’ɹɫɭɜɚɬɢ: I am writ-

ing to complain about / enquire about / tell you about / suggest ...; I would like to request further information

about ...; I would be most grateful if you could send me details of ...; In response to your letter of 26 February,

I am writing to ...

Ɋɟɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɪɚɰɸɣɬɟ ɜɫɿ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɩɭɧɤɬɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ, ɩɪɢɫɜɹɬɢɜɲɢ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɡ ɧɢɯ

ɨɤɪɟɦɢɣ ɚɛɡɚɰ. Ɂɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɬɢɩɭ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ ȼɚɲɭ ɜɥɚɫɧɭ

ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɩɟɜɧɿ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɿ ɲɥɹɯɢ ʀɯ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ, ɫɤɚɪɝɢ ɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ʀɯ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ, ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚ-

ɰɿɸ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ, ɳɨ ȼɚɫ ɰɿɤɚɜɢɬɶ, ɬɨɳɨ. Ɏɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɿ ɥɢɫɬɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɬɢɫɥɢɦɢ, ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ

ɡɚɣɜɨʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ. Ȼɭɞɶɬɟ ɨɛɟɪɟɠɧɿ: ɧɟ ɜɠɢɜɚɣɬɟ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢ (I gonna, you see, etc.), ɫɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ

(isn’t, ’cause, etc.), ɠɚɪɝɨɧɿɡɦɢ ɬɨɳɨ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɦɿɠ ɚɛɡɚɰɚɦɢ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ ɜɠɢɜɚɬɢ ɡ’ɽɞɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɞɭɦɨɤ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɣɬɟ ɬɚɤɿ ɡ’ɽɞɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɟɥɟɦɟɧ-

ɬɢ, ɹɤ ﬁ rstly, secondly, to begin with, in addition, furthermore, lastly, moreover, besides.

ɇɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɭ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɣɬɟ: on the one hand…on the other hand, how-

ever, still, in spite of/despite, nevertheless ɬɨɳɨ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɿɞɛɢɬɬɹ ɩɿɞɫɭɦɤɿɜ ɜɠɢɜɚɣɬɟ: all in all, to sum up, in conclusion ɬɨɳɨ.

Ɂɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɽ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɹ ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɬɚ ɞɚɬɢ.

ɇȺɉɂɋȺɇɇə ɎɈɊɆȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɅɂɋɌȺ

ɉɨɱɚɬɨɤ ɥɢɫɬɚ

Dear Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms Lodge

Dear Sir/Madam – ɹɤɳɨ ȼɢ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɽɬɟ ɿɦ’ɹ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɿɡɜɢɳɚ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚ

ɉɟɪɲɢɣ ɚɛɡɚɰ:

ɦɟɬɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɹ ɥɢɫɬɚ

I am writing to complain about / enquire about / tell you about / suggest ...

I would like to request further information about ...

I would be most grateful if you could send me details of ...

In response to your letter of 26 February, I am writing to ...

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɚ:

ɨɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɭɧɤɬɿɜ ɤɨ-

ɦɭɧɿɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ;

ɡ’ɽɞɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢ

Firstly, secondly, to begin with, in addition, furthermore, lastly, moreover, be-

sides; on the one hand…on the other hand, however, still, in spite of/despite,

nevertheless; all in all, to sum up, in conclusion ɬɨɳɨ.

Ɂɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɥɢɫɬɚ I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours faithfully (ɹɤɳɨ ȼɢ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɽɬɟ ɿɦ’ɹ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ, ɞɨ ɹɤɨʀ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɟɫɹ)

Yours sincerely (ɹɤɳɨ ȼɢ ɡɧɚɽɬɟ ɿɦ’ɹ ɥɸɞɢɧɢ, ɞɨ ɹɤɨʀ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɟɫɹ)

ɉɿɞɩɢɫ

ȼɚɲɟ ɿɦ’ɹ ɞɪɭɤɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɥɿɬɟɪɚɦɢ

ɉɊɂɄɅȺȾ ɇȺɉɂɋȺɇɇə ɎɈɊɆȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɅɂɋɌȺ-ɁȺɉɂɌȺ

You have recently read an advertisement of a new Language School for people of any age or occupation.

As you’re planning a two-month business trip to Spain soon, you’d like to take a crash course in Spanish. Write

a letter to the School manager in which

• explain the reason for your writing

• ask about the duration of the course

• ask about the price of the studies

• ask for a brochure with a detailed information.

абі турієнт

ȺɇȽɅȱɃɋɖɄȺ ɆɈȼȺ

Курс підготовки до ДПА і ЗНО-2011

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am writing with regard to the advertisement of your Language School in The Sunday Mirror dated

May. I’m writing to request further information about your school.

To begin with, I am to go on business to Spain in two months, so I would like to enquire about the duration

of the crash courses you offer.

Secondly, I would appreciate your giving me detailed information about the prices you charge and terms

of payment.

I should be grateful if you ɫould send me a brochure about your language courses and a price list. I do

hope to become your student.

I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours faithfully,

J. Mellow

Jonathan Mellow

ɉɊɂɄɅȺȾ ɇȺɉɂɋȺɇɇə ɅɂɋɌȺ-ɊȿɁɘɆȿ ȾɅə ȼɅȺɒɌɍȼȺɇɇə

ɇȺ ɉɈɋȺȾɍ ɁȺ ɄɈɇɄɍɊɋɈɆ

Ʌɢɫɬ-ɪɟɡɸɦɟ ɡɚɡɜɢɱɚɣ ɦɚɽ ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɚɛɡɚɰɿɜ. ɍ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ ɚɛɡɚɰɿ ɩɨɹɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɹ ɥɢɫɬɚ,

ɱɿɬɤɨ ɜɤɚɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɚɞɚ, ɩɪɨ ɹɤɭ ɣɞɟɬɶɫɹ, ɿɞɠɟɪɟɥɨ, ɡɜɿɞɤɢ ɛɭɥɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɨ ɰɸ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ. ȼɨɫɧɨ-

ɜɧɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɤ, ɨɫɜɿɬɭ, ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ, ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɿɫɧɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ.

ȼ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɶɨɦɭ ɚɛɡɚɰɿ ɫɩɨɜɿɳɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɿ ɛɚɠɚɧɢɣ ɱɚɫ ɫɩɿɜɛɟɫɿɞɢ (ɿɧɬɟɪɜ’ɸ).

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am writing with regard to your advertisement in The Liverpool Post dated 13

March. I am very inte-

rested in getting the position of ofﬁ ce manager.

I have left school this year and ȱ am currently taking an evening course in ofﬁ ce management. Besides,

I have already completed a computer course and have been attending German and Spanish courses for a year.

I don’t have any previous practical experience of ofﬁ ce management, but I am a good student, a very

punctual and industrious person. I am sure I shall cope with the job.

As for my personal qualities, I am considerate, open and easygoing. I consider myself to be perfectly ﬁ t

for the position of ofﬁ ce manager.

I would be grateful if you ɫould consider my application. I am available for interview any day till four

p.m. I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours faithfully,

M. Lewis

Marion Lewis

Виконайте контрольний тест

ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɧɚɞ ɬɟɫɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɪɭɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɫɥɨɜɧɢɤɚ-

ɦɢ ɬɨɳɨ.

ТЕСТ 2 (КОНТРОЛЬНИЙ)

You have recently bought an MP3 player from one of the Electroworld stores. Unfortunately it turned out

to be faulty. Write a letter of complaint in which

• state your reason for writing the letter

• say when and where you bought the player

• describe the problem with your MP3 player

• say what compensation you would like to have.

абі турієнт

ʋ 4(4)/2010

Курс підготовки до ДПА і ЗНО-2011

КЛЮЧІ ДО ТЕСТОВИХ І ТРЕНУВАЛЬНИХ ЗАВДАНЬ

ɊɈɁȾȱɅ 1. ȽɊȺɆȺɌɂɄȺ

Ɍɟɫɬ 1 (ɜɯɿɞɧɢɣ)

1 D 2 C 3 A 4 B 5 C 6 D 7 B 8 D 9 C 10 D 11 C 12 C

ȽɊȺɆȺɌɂɑɇɂɃ ɆȺɌȿɊȱȺɅ ȱ ɌɊȿɇɍȼȺɅɖɇȱ ɁȺȼȾȺɇɇə

Exercise 1. 1. caring 2. political 3. ridiculous 4. funny 5. artistic 6. mindful 7. lovely 8. thoughtless

9. surprised 10. comfortable 11. important 12. sensible 13. indulgent 14. effective 15. boyish

Exercise 2.

fat

important

young

beautiful

good

common

thin

tall

a lot

fatter, the fattest

more important, the most

important

younger, the youngest

more beautiful, the most

beautiful

better, the best

more common, the most

common/ commoner, the

commonest

Thinner, the thinnest

taller, the tallest

more, the most

pretty

careful

bad

far

famous

lucky

simple

hard

angry

prettier, the prettiest

more careful, the most

careful

worse, the worst

farther, the farthest/fur-

ther, the furthest

more famous, the most

famous

luckier, the luckiest

simpler, the simplest

harder, the hardest

angrier, the angriest

High

delicious

Little

foolish

elegant

Fast

Tired

New

Sad

higher, the highest

more delicious, the

most delicious

less, the least

more foolish, the most

foolish

more elegant, the most

elegant

faster, the fastest

more tired, the most

tired

newer, the newest

sadder, the saddest

Exercise 3. 1. the prettiest 2. thicker 3. more 4. fewer 5. the most exciting 6. a less 7. more hardworking

8. the farthest 9. the worst 10. happier 11. the most important 12. the nearest 13. elder 14. the oldest

15. elder, older 16. a narrower 17. the most expensive 18. the most handsome/the handsomest 19. more tired

20. more careful

Exercise 5. 1. still warmer 2. much more interesting 3. more and more serious 4. still more unexpected

5. more and more cheerful 6. much younger 7. much sadder 8. still more humid 9. still tastier/more deli-

cious 10. much longer

Exercise 6.

1. Kharkiv isn’t so old as Kyiv.

2. The dictionary is as expensive as the encyclopedia.

3. The Balaton isn’t so big as the Baikal.

4. My room isn’t as light as yours.

5. The novel isn’t so exciting as the story.

6. Ann is twice as old as Jane.

7. Bob is half as tall as his elder brother.

8. Elbrus isn’t so high as Everest.

9. The cat isn’t so big as the dog.

10. Today isn’t so warm as yesterday.

Exercise 7.

1. The darker it got, the colder we were.

2. The more time I spend on my English, the better my grades are.

3. The more friends Justin has, the happier he is.

4. The more books Julia buys, the less money she has.

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Курс підготовки до ДПА і ЗНО-2011

5. The louder the music (is), the angrier Mum is.

6. The stormier the sea (is), the fewer people there are on the beach.

7. The bigger the apples (are), the tastier they are.

8. The more thrilling the book (is), the more interested in it my brother is.

9. The shorter the trousers (are), the funnier Pete looks.

10. The warmer the day (is), the more children there are outside.

Exercise 9. 1. much 2. a lot of/little/a little 3. much 4. few/a few 5. little 6. little 7. few 8. much,

a few 9. few/a few 10. little 11. little/a little 12. few/ a few 13. many 14. a little 15. a few/a lot of 16. a little

17. little/a little 18. a lot of 19. a few/a lot of 20. much

Exercise 11. 1. priceless 2. alive 3. similar 4. quiet 5. principal 6. former, latter 7. economical 8. sick

9. sensitive 10. imaginative 11. lonely 12. considerate, industrious 13. conﬁ dential 14. golden 15. loose

Ɍɟɫɬ 2 (ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɢɣ)

1 B 2 D 3 D 4 A 5 B 6 A 7 C 8 C 9 B 10 C 11 D 12 C

ɊɈɁȾȱɅ 2. ɅȿɄɋɂɄȺ

Ɍɟɫɬ 1 (ɜɯɿɞɧɢɣ)

1 B 2 A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6 C 7 A 8 C 9 B 10 C 11 B 12 A

ɅȿɄɋɂɑɇɂɃ ɆȺɌȿɊȱȺɅ ȱ ɌɊȿɇɍȼȺɅɖɇȱ ɁȺȼȾȺɇɇə

Exercise 1. 1 F 2 G 3 B 4 H 5 E 6 A 7 C 8 D

Exercise 2. 1 D 2 A 3 E 4 B 5 C

Exercise 4.

pig sheep poultry cow inside an animal

1. pork

2. ham

3. bacon

1. lamb 1. chicken

2. turkey

3. duck

4. fowl

1. beef

2. veal

1. liver

2. kidney

Exercise 5. 1 B 2 A 3 E 4 D 5 G 6 F 7 C

Exercise 6. A. 1. burnt; 2. fresh; 3. sour

B. 1. off, disgusting; 2. tasty, delicious 3. a bit overdone

Exercise 7. A. 1. blackcurrant 2. pomegranate 3. bananas 4. apple 5. lemon 6. strawberries 7. plum

8. pineapple 9. raspberry 10. pear 11. cherries 12. grapes 13. melon

B. 1. cauliﬂ ower 2. onion 3. cabbage 4. potato 5. mushroom 6. carrot 7. peas 8. aubergine

9. sweet corn 10. sweet pepper 11. tomato 12. cucumber

Exercise 8. A. 1. beat 2. slice 3. squeeze 4. peel 5. grate 6. chop

B. 1. steam 2. boil 3. fry 4. roast 5. grill

Exercise 11. 1. a piece of cake 2. a slice of sausage 3. a lump of cheese 4. a piece of bread 5. a drop

of water 6. a slice of lemon

Exercise 13. 1 D 2 G 3 E 4 C 5 H 6 B 7 A 8 F 9 I

Ɍɟɫɬ 2 (ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɢɣ)

1 C 2 D 3 A 4 B 5 A 6 C 7 D 8 A 9 C 10 A 11 B 12 B

абі турієнт

ʋ 4(4)/2010

Тест у форматі ЗНО-2011

ВІДПОВІДІ ТА КОМЕНТАРІ ДО ТЕСТУ У ФОРМАТІ ЗНО-2011,

УМІЩЕНОГО В ЖУРНАЛІ № 3(3), 2010

1 H

Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɿɧɬɟɪɜ’ɸ 1 ɽ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɞɸ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ H The dedication of disabled athletes makes them good

role models for other people, doesn’t it? (ɋɚɦɨɜɿɞɞɚɧɿɫɬɶ ɚɬɥɟɬɿɜ ɡ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɢɦɢ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɨɛɢɬɶ ʀɯ

ɝɚɪɧɢɦɢ ɪɨɥɶɨɜɢɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɲɢɯ, ɱɢ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ ?). Ʉɥɸɱɨɜɢɦ ɭ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɿ ɽ ɪɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɬɟ,

ɳɨ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɧɚɞɢɯɚɽ ɧɚɫɥɿɞɭɜɚɬɢ ʀɯ — It makes you think: ‘Whoa, if they can overcome that,

what am I moaning about?’ (ɐɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɬɟɛɟ ɧɚ ɞɭɦɤɭ: «əɤɳɨ ɜɨɧɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɞɨɥɚɬɢ, ɱɨɝɨ ɠ ɦɟɧɿ

ɠɚɥɿɬɢɫɹ?»)

2 F

Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ 2 ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ F What about other sports? (Ⱥ ɹɤ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɫɩɨɪ-

ɬɭ?). ɉɪɨɬɟɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢɰɟɦɨɠɧɚ, ɥɢɲɟ ɨɡɧɚɣɨɦɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɡ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɦ 2, ɚ ɣ ɡ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɦ 5,

ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ F ɽ ɪɟɚɤɰɿɽɸ ɧɚ ɜɢɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɉɨɥɚ Ɇɚɤɤɚɪɬɧɿ ɩɪɨ ɬɟ, ɳɨ ɜɿɧ ɩɨɥɸɛɥɹɽ ɮɭɬɛɨɥ, ɚɰɹ

ɞɭɦɤɚ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɚɦɟ ɭ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɿ 5.

3 B

Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɿɧɬɟɪɜ’ɸ 3 ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹɦ B Did you know much about the Paraɨlympics?

(ɑɢ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ ȼɢ ɡɧɚɥɢ ɩɪɨ ɉɚɪɚɨɥɿɦɩɿɣɫɶɤɿ ɿɝɪɢ?). ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ

ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ: A little bit, but not as much as I now know (Ɍɪɨɯɢ, ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ, ɹɤ ɡɚɪɚɡ).

4 D

Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ 4 ɽ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɞɸ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ D You must have met a lot of athletes — were there any indivi-

duals who particularly made an impact on you? (ȼɨɱɟɜɢɞɶ, ȼɢ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɚɥɢ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɚɬɥɟɬɿɜ — ɱɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɫɟ-

ɪɟɞ ɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨɫɬɿ, ɹɤɿ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɥɢ ɧɚ ȼɚɫ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɟ ɜɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ?). ɋɚɦɟ ɰɟɣ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɶ ɪɨɡɩɨɜɿɞɶ

ɩɪɨ ɚɬɥɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɿɦ’ɹ Ɇɟɬ ɋɤɟɥɯɨɧ, ɹɤɢɣ ɜɪɚɡɢɜ ɉɨɥɚ Ɇɚɤɤɚɪɬɧɿ ɫɜɨɽɸ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɸ ɠɢɬɬɽɜɨɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɽɸ.

5 E

Ɏɪ

ɚɝɦɟɧɬ 5 ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ You grew up in one of the most sport-obsessed cities in the world —

has sport always been a passion of yours? (ȼɢ ɜɢɪɨɫɥɢ ɭ ɦɿɫɬɿ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɮɚɧɚɬɿɜ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ — ɱɢ

ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɫɩɨɪɬ ɛɭɜ ȼɚɲɢɦ ɡɚɯɨɩɥɟɧɧɹɦ?) ɋɚɦɟ ɭ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɿ 5 ɉɨɥ Ɇɚɤɤɚɪɬɧɿ ɪɨɡɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ, ɳɨ ɧɚɫɩɪɚɜɞɿ

ɧɿɤɨɥɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɜ ɧɿ ɫɩɪɚɜɠɧɿɦ ɫɩɨɪɬɫɦɟɧɨɦ, ɧɿ ɡɚɜɡɹɬɢɦ ɭɛɨɥɿɜɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ, ɚɥɟ ɣɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɨɛɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɢɜɢɬɢɫɹ

ɮɭɬɛɨɥ ɩɨ ɬɟɥɟɜɿɡɨɪɭ.

6 Ⱥ

ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ The game of basketball appeared (Ƚɪɚ ɜ ɛɚɫɤɟɬɛɨɥ ɡ’ɹɜɢɥɚɫɹ)

ɽ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬ Ⱥ at an American school for boys (ɜ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɿɣ ɲɤɨɥɿ ɞɥɹ ɯɥɨɩɱɢɤɿɜ), ɚɞɠɟ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɿ ɦɿɫ-

ɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ, ɳɨ James Naismith, ɹɤɢɣ ɜɢɝɚɞɚɜ ɰɸ ɝɪɭ, ɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɜ ɫɚɦɟ ɜ ɬɚɤɿɣ

ɲɤɨɥɿ. ȼɚɪɿɚɧɬ ȼ because Naismith was a responsible educator (ɬɨɦɭ, ɳɨ Naismith ɛɭɜ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɢɦ

ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɨɦ) ɽ ɧɟɜɿɪɧɢɦ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢɭɬɟɤɫɬɿɧɿɱɨɝɨɧɟɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶɫɹɩɪɨɬɟ, ɹɤɢɦ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɨɦ ɜɿɧ ɛɭɜ. ȼɚɪɿɚɧɬ

ɋ because schoolchildren had nothing to do in winter (ɬɨɦɭ, ɳɨ ɲɤɨɥɹɪɚɦ ɧɿɱɨɝɨ ɛɭɥɨ ɪɨɛɢɬɢ ɜɡɢɦɤɭ) ɬɟɠ

ɧɟ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɿ ɥɢɲɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɳɨ Naismith ɦɚɜ ɩɪɢɞɭɦɚɬɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɿɣɧɭ ɣ ɰɿɤɚɜɭ ɮɨɪɦɭ

ɞɨɡɜɿɥɥɹ, ɳɨɛɡɚɣɧɹɬɢɯɥɨɩɰɿɜɝɪɨɸɜɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɿɜɡɢɦɤɭ (The game appeared in response to the request

of Naismith’s supervisors to develop a vigorous and interesting form of entertainment suitable for indoor

winter play). ȼɚɪɿɚɧɬ D after Naismith had been working it out for a long time (ɩɿɫɥɹ ɞɨɜɝɨɬɪɢɜɚɥɨʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ

Naismith ɧɚɞ ɧɟɸ) ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɢɦ, ɬɨɦɭ ɳɨ ɜɿɧ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɜ ɧɚɞ ɝɪɨɸ ɥɢɲɟ 14 ɞɧɿɜ (Naismith and his helpers

spe

nt 14 days).

7 ɋ

ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɛɚɫɤɟɬɛɨɥ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɜɚɬɢɫɚɦɟɹɤɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ

ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɨʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ (ɋ a result of team work), ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɬɚɦ ɿɞɟɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨ ɬɟ, ɳɨ Naismith ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɜ ɧɚɞ

ɝɪɨɸ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɿɡ ɩɨɦɿɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ (Naismith and his helpers). ȼɚɪɿɚɧɬ Ⱥ a combination of soccer and hockey

абі турієнт

ȺɇȽɅȱɃɋɖɄȺ ɆɈȼȺ

Тест у форматі ЗНО-2011

(ɤɨɦɛɿɧɚɰɿɹ ɫɨɤɟɪɭ ɣ ɯɨɤɟɸ) ɧɟ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ, ɛɨ ɧɟ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɽ ɮɭɬɛɨɥ (The game used elements of football,

soccer, and hockey). ȼɚɪɿɚɧɬɢ ȼ an exciting winter game ɿ D an amusing invention ɧɟ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ, ɛɨ ɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɿ

ɧɟ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɨʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ.

8 ɋ

Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɪɚɜɰɿɜ ɛɚɫɤɟɬɛɨɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ ɡɚ 6 ɪɨɤɿɜ (ɜɿɞ 1891 ɞɨ 1897 ɪ.) ɡɦɟɧɲɢɥɚɫɹ

ɡ 9 ɞɨ 5. ȼɿɞɬɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɞɸ ɽ ɋ soon decreased (ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɡɦɟɧɲɢɥɚɫɹ). Ɋɟɲɬɚ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɿɜ

ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɟɣ: Ⱥ grew rapidly (ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɡɪɨɫɥɚ); ȼ almost doubled (ɦɚɣɠɟ ɩɨɞɜɨʀɥɚɫɹ); D became half as big

(ɡɦɟɧɲɢɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ) ɧɟ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɦɢɫɥɨɦ.

9 C

ɍɬɟɤɫɬɿɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶɫɹ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ Ⱦɪɭɝɨʀ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɜɿɣɧɢ ɛɚɫɤɟɬɛɨɥ ɫɬɚɜ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɢɦ ɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ

ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɡɚɜɞɹɤɢ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɢɦ ɫɨɥɞɚɬɚɦ (U.S. servicemen in World War II popularized the sport in many

other countries). ȼɿɞɬɚɤ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɞɸ ɽ ɋ basketball became more widespread due to American

soldiers.

10 D

ɍ ɬɟɤɫɬɿ ɫɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ, ɳɨ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɿɫɬɶ ɛɚɫɤɟɬɛɨɥɭ ɡɪɨɫɥɚ ɧɚɩɪɢɤɿɧɰɿ 1970-ɯɡɚɜɞɹɤɢɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɸ

ɇȻȺ (The popularity of the game reached new heights in the late 1970s, due largely to the creation of the

NBA). Ɂɜɿɞɫɢ ɜɢɩɥɢɜɚɽ, ɳɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɞɸ ɽ D the number of basketball fans grew owing to the

NBA (ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɛɚɫɤɟɬɛɨɥɶɧɢɯ ɭɛɨɥɿɜɚɥɶɧɢɤɿɜ ɡɪɨɫɥɚ ɡɚɜɞɹɤɢ ɇȻȺ).

11 D

Ʌɢɲɟ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬ D ɦɿɫɬɢɬɶ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ, ɳɨ

ɧɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ: ɛɚɫɤɟɬɛɨɥ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɜ ɬɪɢ, ɚɧɟɱɨɬɢɪɢ

ɩɿɤɢ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɿ: ɭ 1893—1995 ɪɨɤɚɯ, ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ Ⱦɪɭɝɨʀ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɜɿɣɧɢ ɣ ɜ 1970-ɬɿ ɿɡ ɡɚɩɨɱɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ

ɇȻȺ. ȼɚɪɿɚɧɬ Ⱥ ɽ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɢɦ: ɝɪɚ ɞɿɣɫɧɨ ɛɭɥɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɠɧɿ (Naismith and his helpers spent

14 days, piecing together the rules for the game); ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬ ȼ ɬɟɠ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ: ɝɪɭ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɥɢ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɿ

ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ (Many US colleges adopted the game between 1893 and 1895); ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬ ɋ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɢɣ:

ɭ ɛɚɫɤɟɬɛɨɥɿ ɞɿɣɫɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɥɨɫɹ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɿɝɨɪ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɩɟɪɲɢɦ ɦ’ɹɱɟɦ ɛɭɜ ɦ’ɹɱ,

ɹɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɫɨɤɟɪ (the ﬁ rst ball used was a soccer ball).

12 ȿ

ɋɯɿɞɧɭ ʀɠɭ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɩɪɨɛɭɜɚɬɢ ɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ Royal National, ɞɟ ɽ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɶɤɢɣ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ (Chinese restau-

rant).

13 F

ɉɨɞɢɜɢɬɢɫɹ ɜɿɞɟɨɮɿɥɶɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ The Royal Court, ɞɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɚ ɬɚɤɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚ

(in house ﬁ lms … service).

14 Ⱥ

ɉɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɬɢ ʀɠɭ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ John Howard, ɞɟ ɽ ɤɭɯɧɹ (Luxury furnished apartments with repro-

duction antique furniture, hi-ﬁ and kitchen).

15 ɋ

ɋɩɪɨɛɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɦɨɠɧɚ, ɨɫɟɥɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ Coburg, ɩɨɛɥɢɡɭ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɨ

ɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɟɬɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ (it is very convenient for the many ethnic restaurants in the vicinity).

16 G

Ɂɚɣɦɚɬɢɫɹ ɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ George, ɞɟ ɞɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɿɫɧɭɸɬɶ ɭɫɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ (modern facilities which

include small indoor swimming pool …, snooker room and gymnasium).

17 ɋ

ɍɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɱɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɪɟɱɟɧɧɹ The relationship between audience and actors was lively

and high-spirited (ɋɬɨɫɭɧɤɢ ɦɿɠ ɝɥɹɞɚɱɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɩɿɞɧɟɫɟɧɢɦɢ)

ɿɝɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɭɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭɪɟɱɟɧɧɹɡɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɨɦAudiences became caught up in the plays (ɪɟ

ɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɽ

ɩɿɞɦɟɬ, ɩɪɢɫɭɞɨɤ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ ɿ ɦɨɠɟ ɭɫɤɥɚɞɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɪɹɞɧɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɚɛɨ ɩɿɞɪɹɞɧɨɝɨ

абі турієнт

ʋ 4(4)/2010

Тест у форматі ЗНО-2011

ɿɡ ɫɨɸɡɨɦ which), ɧɚɣɜɿɪɨɝɿɞɧɿɲɨɸ ɣɨɝɨ ɤɿɧɰɿɜɤɨɸ ɽ C talking to the actors, clapping and cheering

(Ƚɥɹɞɚɱɿ ɩɨɪɢɧɚɥɢ ɭ ɩ’ɽɫɢ, ɪɨɡɦɨɜɥɹɸɱɢ ɡ ɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɚɩɥɨɞɭɸɱɢ ɬɚ ɡɚɨɯɨɱɭɸɱɢ). Ⱦɿɽɩɪɢɫɥɿɜɧɢɤɨɜɢɣ

ɡɜɨɪɨɬ Present Participle Active ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɸ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧɢ ɫɭɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɨʀ ɞɿʀ, ɩɨɹɫɧɸɸɱɢ, ɹɤ ɫɚɦɟ

ɝɥɹɞɚɱɿ ɪɟɚɝɭɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ. ȼɚɪɿɚɧɬɢ Ⱥ using the slogan “Theatre as a Weapon” (ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɱɢ ɝɚɫɥɨ

«Ɍɟɚɬɪ ɹɤ ɡɛɪɨɹ»; D giving a start to many stars (ɡɚɩɚɥɸɸɱɢ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɡɿɪɨɤ) G getting more and more famous

(ɫɬɚɸɱɢ ɜɫɟ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɦɢ) ɧɟ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɦɢɫɥɨɦ. ȱɧɲɿɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɢɧɟɩɿɞɯɨɞɹɬɶɧɟɥɢɲɟɡɚɫɦɢɫɥɨɦ,

ɚ ɣ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɸ.

18F

ȯɞɢɧɢɦ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɨɦ ɤɿɧɰɿɜɤɢ ɪɟɱɟɧɧɹ Lawrence Langner, organizer of the Theatre Guild, helped Broad-

way become a dazzling performing arts center (Ʌɨɪɟɧɫ Ʌɚɣɧɟɪ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɬɨɪ Ɍɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɿɥɶɞɿʀ, ɞɨɩɨɦɿɝ

Ȼɪɨɞɜɟɸ ɫɬɚɬɢ ɪɨɡɤɿɲɧɢɦ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ) ɽ ɩɿɞɪɹɞɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɟ F that inﬂ uenced the theatre

of the world (ɹɤɢɣ ɜɩɥɢɧɭɜ ɧɚ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɣ ɬɟɚɬɪ). ɐɟ ɩɿɞɪɹɞɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɟ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ

ɞɨ arts center ɿ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɰɟɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ.

19E

ɉɪɨɩɭɫɤ 19 The number of productions declined and (Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɫɬɚɜ ɡɦɟɧɲɢɥɚɫɶ ɿ) ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ

ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɢɦ ɥɢɲɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɿɡ ɞɿɽɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɭ ɦɢɧɭɥɨɦɭ ɱɚɫɿ, ɬɨɦɭ ɳɨ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɪɟɱɟɧɧɹ

(ɚ ɧɚɹɜɧɿ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɟɣ, ɡɚ ɜɢɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɹɦ F, ɽ ɤɿɧɰɿɜɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɪɟɱɟɧɧɹ) ɫɨɸɡ and ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ

ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɹɤɚ ɛ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɭɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɡ declined ɭɱɚɫɿ. ȼɿɞɬɚɤ, ɽ

ɞɢɧɨɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɞɸ ɽ E put many theatre people out

of work (ɡɚɥɢɲɢɥɚ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɬɟɚɬɪɭ ɛɟɡ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ).

20Ⱥ

Ɂɚ ɫɦɢɫɥɨɦ ɧɚɣɤɪɚɳɢɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɭ 20 ɽ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬ A using the slogan “Theatre as a Weapon”,

ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɸ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧɢ ɫɭɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɨʀ ɞɿʀ: Many of Broadway theatres now included dramas of so-

cial protest, using the slogan “Theatre as a Weapon” (Ȼɚɝɚɬɨ ɛɪɨɞɜɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɟɚɬɪɿɜ ɬɟɩɟɪ ɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɞɪɚɦɢ

ɿɡ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɨɦ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɱɢ ɥɨɡɭɧɝ «Ɍɟɚɬɪ ɹɤ ɡɛɪɨɹ»).

21H

ɍɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɭ 21 Modern day Broadway is alive and well and Broadway theatre is considered the most

prestigious form of professional theatre in the United States, ɣɞɟɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨ ɬɟ, ɳɨ Ȼɪɨɞɜɟɣ ɜɜɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ

ɧɚɣɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɿɲɢɦ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɦ ɬɟɚɬɪɨɦ. ɍ ɪɟɱɟɧɧɿ ɜɠɢɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɨɝɨ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɹ,

ɬɨɦɭ ɰɿɥɤɨɦ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɢɦ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɨɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɭ ɽ H as well as the most well known to the

general public, ɹɤɢɣ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɶ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɭ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɹ ɣ ɫɩɨɜɿɳɚɽ ɩɪɨ ɬɟ, ɳɨ, ɨɤɪɿɦ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɭ,

Ȼɪɨɞɜɟɣɳɟɣɽɧɚɣɜɿɞɨɦɿɲɢɦɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭɡɚɝɚɥɭ.

22B

Ɂɚ ɫɦɢɫɥɨɦ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɿɪɨɝɿɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɪɟɱɟɧɧɹ This service helps sell seats that would oth-

erwise go empty, and (ɐɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɽ ɩɪɨɞɚɬɢ ɤɜɢɬɤɢ, ɹɤɿ ɿɧɚɤɲɟ ɩɪɨɩɚɞɭɬɶ, ɬɚ) ɽ ȼ makes see-

ing a show in New York more affordable (ɪɨɛɢɬɶ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɲɨɭ ɜ ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤɭ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɦ). ɐɟɣ

ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬ ɽ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɡ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɨɪɭ ɝɪɚɦɚɬɢɤɢ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɫɨɸɡ and ɭɩɪɨɫɬɨɦɭɪɟɱɟɧɧɿ

ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɜɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɞɨ-ɱɚɫɨɜɨʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ, ɹɤɚ ɛ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɭɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɡ helps.

23A

ɍ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɿ ɮɨɪɦɚ used ɽ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɨɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ Present Simple Passive ɿ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɽ «ɜɠɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ».

ɍ ɬɟɤɫɬɿ ɫɚɦɟ ɣɞɟɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨ ɬɟ, ɳɨ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ Oɯbridge ɜɠɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɿɜ Ɉɤɫɮɨɪɞɭ ɬɚ

Ʉɟɦɛɪɢɞɠɭ. ȱɧɲɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ ( to

ld — ɜɿɞ to tell — ɫɤɚɡɚɬɢ; taken — ɜɿɞ to take — ɛɪɚɬɢ; kept ɜɿɞ to keep —

ɭɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ) ɧɟ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɦɢɫɥɨɦ.

24D

Ɏɨɪɦɚ Present Simple Active share ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɸ ɩɪɢɫɭɞɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɿ ɞɿʀ (ɩɿɞɦɟɬɿ) the two

institutions (ɰɿ ɞɜɚ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɢ) ɣɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿ ɞɿʀ (ɞɨɞɚɬɤɭ) characteristics (ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ) ɿ ɦɚɽ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ

«ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ». ȱɧɲɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ (know — ɡɧɚɸɬɶ, ﬁ n d — ɡɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɿ divide — ɪɨɡɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ) ɧɟ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ

ɡɚ ɫɦɢɫɥɨɦ.

абі турієнт

ȺɇȽɅȱɃɋɖɄȺ ɆɈȼȺ

Тест у форматі ЗНО-2011

25 B

ɉɪɢɣɦɟɧɧɢɤ between ɽ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɫɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ between them (them ɡɚɦɿɧɹɽ the University

of Oxford and the University of Cambridge), ɹɤɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɽ, ɳɨ ɩɟɜɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɨɦ

ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɚɦ ɞɿʀ. Between them they have educated a large number of Britain’s most prominent scientists…

(ɐɿ ɞɜɚ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɢ ɜɢɜɱɢɥɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɚɣɜɢɞɚɬɧɿɲɢɯ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɭɱɟɧɢɯ…) ɉɪɢɣɦɟɧɧɢɤ

among ɧɟ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ, ɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɛɿɥɶɲ, ɧɿɠ ɞɜɨɯ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɞɿʀ; ɩɪɢɣɦɟɧɧɢɤɢ at ɬɚ with ɧɟ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ

ɡɚ ɫɦɢɫɥɨɦ.

26 Ⱥ

ȼɢɛɿɪ ɮɨɪɦɢ established ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ʀʀ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɦ institutions. ɋɥɨɜɨɫɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ to establish institu-

tions ɨɡɧɚɱɚɽ «ɡɚɩɨɱɚɬɤɭɜɚɬɢ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿʀ». ȱɧɲɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɧɟ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɦɢɫɥɨɦ — made (ɡɪɨɛɢɥɢ), found

(ɡɧɚɣɲɥɢ), executed (ɜɢɤɨɧɚɥɢ).

27 Ⱥ

ȼɢɛɿɪ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚ societies ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ debating. Ⱦɢɫɤɭɫɿɣɧɿ ɤɥɭɛɢ (debating socie-

ties) — ɨɞɧɚ ɿɡ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɣ, ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɭ Ʉɟɦɛɪɢɞɠɿ ɬɚ Ɉɤɫɮɨɪɞɿ. ɋɥɨɜɚ collections (ɤɨɥɟɤɰɿʀ), thea-

tres (ɬɟɚɬɪɢ) ɧɟ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɦɢɫɥɨɦ. ȼɢɛɿɪ ɦɿɠ societies ɬɚ ɫircles (ɤɪ

ɭɠɤɢ) ɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɚɠɤɨ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɬɢ

ɥɨɝɿɱɧɨ. ɍ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɚɞ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɫɥɿɜ ɬɚ ʀɯ ɝɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ.

ɋɥɨɜɨɫɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɢɩɭ debating societies, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɿʀ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɦɨɜɚ ɹɤɨʀ ɜɢɜɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ

ɡɚɩɚɦ’ɹɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ.

28 D

ɍ ɩɿɞɪɹɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɱɟɧɧɿ ɱɚɫɭ, ɳɨ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ when, ɿɞɟɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨ ɡɚɫɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ Ʉɟɦɛɪɢɞɠɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟ-

ɪɟɞɚɱɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɜɠɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɫɭɞɨɤ, ɜɢɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɸ Past Passive Simple ɞɿɽɫɥɨɜɚ

to found (ɡɚɫɧɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ). Ⱦɿɽɫɥɿɜɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ found (ɜɿɞ to ﬁ nd — ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɢ), made (ɜɿɞ to make — ɪɨɛɢɬɢ),

visited (ɜɿɞ to visit — ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɬɢ) ɧɟ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɦɢɫɥɨɦ.

29 C

Ɂɚɣɦɟɧɧɢɤ each ɽɩɿɞɦɟɬɨɦɪɟɱɟɧɧɹEach has a similar collegiate structure (Ʉɨɠɟɧɿɡɧɢɯɦɚɽɫɯɨɠɭ

ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɫɶɤɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ). Ɂɚɣɦɟɧɧɢɤ every ɡɿ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ «ɤɨɠɟɧ» ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɢɬɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɸ ɩɿɞ-

ɦɟɬɚ, ɛɨ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɭ ɜɿɞ each, ɹɤɢɣ ɜɿɞɫɢɥɚɽ ɞɨ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɫɿɛ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɿɜ, every ɜɠɢɜɚɽɬɶ-

ɫɹ ɭ ɬɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ, ɤɨɥɢ ɰɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɨɛɦɟɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ. Ɂɚɣɦɟɧɧɢɤ both, ɳɨ ɦɚɽ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ «ɨɛɢɞɜɚ», ɬɟ

ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɠɢɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɭ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɪɟɱɟɧɧɿ, ɛɨ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɽ ɩɪɢɫɭɞɤɚ ɭ ɦɧɨɠɢɧɿ. ɇɚɪɟɲɬɿ, all, ɳɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɽ «ɜɫɿ»,

ɧɟ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɦɢɫɥɨɦ.

30 B

Ɏɨɪɦɚ based ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɸ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɿɦɟɧɧɢɤɨɜɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ some schools ɭɪɟɱɟɧɧɿEntrance

is competitive and some schools promote themselves based on their achievement of Oxbridge offers (ȼɫɬɭɩ

ɽ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɢɦ ɿ ɞɟɹɤɿ ɲɤɨɥɢ, ɹɤɿ ɛɚɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ʀɯɧɿɯ ɜɢɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɿɜ, ɳɨ ɛɭɥɢ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɿ

ɞɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɿɜ Ɉɤɫɛɪɢɞɠɭ, ɫɬɚɸɬɶ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɢɦɢ). Ɏɨɪɦɚ given (ɜɿɞ to give — ɞɚɜɚɬɢ), sup-

ported (ɜɿɞ to support — ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ), insured (ɜɿɞ to insure — ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭɜɚɬɢ) ɧɟ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɦɢɫɥɨɦ.

31 Ⱥ

ɉɪɢɤɦɟɬɧɢɤ common ɽ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɫɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ common approaches (ɫɩɿɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢ).

Ɂɚɣɦɟɧɧɢɤ same (ɿɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɿ) ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɚɧɢɦ, ɛɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɽ ɚɪɬɢɤɥɹ the. ɉɪɢɫɥɿɜɧɢɤ likely

ɧɟ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ, ɛɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɢ ɿɦɟɧɧɢɤ. ɉɪɢɤɦɟɬɧɢɤ frequent (ɱɚɫɬɢɣ) ɧɟ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɦɢɫɥɨɦ.

32 D

ɍɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɿɪɟɱɟɧɧɹApplications must be made at least three months early (Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ

ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɦɿɧɿɦɭɦ ɡɚ ɬɪɢ ɦɿɫɹɰɿ) ɿɦɟɧɧɢɤ app

lications (ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ, ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɬɭɩɭ ɜ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ)

ɽ ɽɞɢɧɨ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɢɦ. ɏɨɱɚɜɫɿɿɧɲɿɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɢɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɟɣɦɨɠɭɬɶɜɠɢɜɚɬɢɫɹɡɞɿɽɫɥɨɜɨɦto make (state-

ments — ɪɨɛɢɬɢ ɡɚɹɜɢ; declarations — ɪɨɛɢɬɢ ɡɚɹɜɢ, ɨɫɜɿɞɱɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɯɚɧɧɿ; claims — ɜɢɫɥɨɜɥɸɜɚɬɢ

ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɿʀ), ɭɫɿ ɜɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɦɢɫɥɨɦ.