Imperfective Perfective English
Indeterminate Determinate
(multidirectional) (unidirectional)
бродñть* брестñ побрестñ to stroll, shuffle
пóлзать* ползтñ поползтñ to crawl
лáзить* лезть полéзть to climb
* These verbs are less commonly used and will not be covered in this chapter.
Let’s begin with two simple but essential criteria that Russians use to charac-
terize what they mean when they say go.
1. Russians distinguish between going on your own two feet and going by
vehicle—any ground vehicle (bicycle, skateboard, golf cart, bus, paddy
wagon, elevator), as long as you are riding or being driven.
2. Russians specify the type of action—whether it is a one-time, one-direction
action, or whether it is multiple or habitual.
It is this latter principle that needs to be understood, learned, and remem-
bered, and the best way to do this is by comparing a few Russian sentences with
the English translations.
Ходñть vs. Идтñ
Ходñть Идтñ
я хожÿ мы хóдим я идÿ мы идём
ты хóдишь вы хóдите ты идёшь вы идёте
он хóдит онñ хóдят она идёт онñ идÿт
Both of these verbs mean to go, both give the present tense when conjugated,
both are imperfective, and both specify by foot. Wherein lies the difference? Let’s
compare several pairs of sentences and see how their translations differ.
Indeterminate English Determinate English
Ячáсто хожÿ втеáтр. I often go to the Яидÿ втеáтр сегóдня I am going to the
theater. вéчером. theater tonight.
Он хóдит мéлденно. He walks slowly. Он идёт домóй. He is going home.
252 RUSSIAN: A Self-Teaching Guide