Соколова М.А., Гинтовт К.П., Тихонова И.С., Тихонова Р.М. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка

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oooo.гуМrFшapЦый{здт€л!.киu

ooo..Умаg!aap!ыйцзддтелnкdi

ф !hк!т,

ooo

.ry!щltaг!Цй

шдшeЛEn

цeпФ

влAдос'

,00J

А RP

lR€ёNed

Pronцnйlil'|.

AпФj@п.вфеd.PФNмiiiпsъl

тnь ьоok is аimed at futulo tеасheк

оfБnqlish, тЬelёaсhers

ol а foteiqn Ianguаqo аre

defini1elу awarё of thе

eхisten.e оf

Dhoneliсs

тhey аle аlwауs Ьelng told

lhаt t is essential thol

lьeу sЬоuld ьe ski|fLLl

phoпеtlсiаns тhe leасtiоn mаy

Ье difieг

вlI some teасheБ mo.t n

wnЬ UлdeБtаndjnq, sоme

protest

lhat t ь 0ol i'l their

рower

tоI !

ne(iсians оthersdeпy lhat nis

lеаlly nесessаIу,

,1s

il in fасl лкessаrу fоra |апguaqe

'eасherio

ьeа

рhопet

сiаn? I

would

.eplу that аIl

lаng!аge teасЬeБ

ujllу nilly а'e

рlасtiсal рurDоses'

lo teасh a

foreign lаnquаge lo аny

rypе

оI|eапle.' lоl аny

рlrроse

ьу аnу

рhопeliб'(42

23l.

ьJ

l]o

J,'i1P7P\o1d'.i'

es ьy

whiс}1

tьe lhоuqht

k а.tu

а|ъеd or

g'veп

аudiь|e shарс: tЬe nаlure

оl

(hese

поьes' 1heiI

сombin.liоns аn.l lhеir

lunсbоns

re|а!оn tо the mса0lnq.

Phопetiсs iudies the sound sуstem of l|lo |апgtrаgё

thаt х seg'

mPпtаl

рьопemes

word

nle* sу|labjс stDсtlre

апd

'ntоnаtion,

п ъ

рпmаi|y

..n.ёjned uith eхрIcssiоп lеvеl ноwovel,

рho

netсs ь oьlLged tо t.ke lЬe Фпleпl level

jnlo

сопsidеrаhоn !оo

lуsъ' а сoпs]derаьle

рdn

o' th.

р|о,",''"г,,'on"'n,,'i)

]" dl. t

ы,

lnn he

ь ёaаm'nn'q

аnd

meaпing, onlу neаnlnglul 5оUnd seq0enс.s аre

regаIded аs

s!ёфh, аld the s.ienсo o']rhon

Ioduсed ьy a llumФ voсаl аpра.

lаtus

а5 аre' оl may Ьe' сafiec olorganized

inloпаtion оf |an'

quаge

сonseque.tly'

pьonetiсs

ъ mpoiant in lhedudy of|аn.

guаqe

An undeБtаndiпg of it is а

рIerequБiе

lo аny adёquаte

undE*(and'ng ol the ыruсlure or

wоlkiпq

oflдnguаge

No krnd

|inguьtiс

sludy фn bс паde

It lollоws ltоm

lhis' lhаt

рhonetiсs

ъ a ьаnс ыanсh

палy

wolld

saу the nоst lundаnentаl

blanсh oflinquЬtiGj neither

lnquБtlс

lh.ory поr liпgxъtiс

llасliс€

с3n do wnhoцt

phonel

ш' апd no

lаnquаqe desсliption Б сопPlele without phonеti.s

lhe sс'e.сe сonсеmed

witЬ йe sроl.en medлп

оl lanquаgе.

тnal

'hy

phonetсs

сlaiФs to bё o' equаl inрonаnсe wnh

Pьoпetiсs hаs

lwo mаin divьions] o.

lhe oлe hаnd

phoDolo.

9y'

!hё sludy of tьe

sound

pallems

o,laпguаges' of ьow а

spо-

keл lаnguagе

funсtiопs аs а.tode,

and oп the olhel' lhёstudy

o' luьsьlФ' tЬt

сaпis lheсode,

вeloi€

аnа|ysmg thё liпguьliс

funсtiоn of

рьoпetiс

uпiь we

nфd

to kлоw how

thе voсаl mфьаot!п

асls iп

prcduсiпg

o.аl

speeсhаnd whаt

nelhods are арplied m invenigatinq

th€ mate-

nа|forn

оf$e |аnqшge'

that is iБ suьstaпсe,

нumа. sрe€h

ь the resull ofа highly

сompli.аt.d seriф oI

evenв'

тъe lormаtion

ot lhe сonсept tаkes

рlас€

аt a linquis!с

lelel thal is

in ihe Ьrаiп ol thе

speаl.е( thь nаge mаy ье

фuеd

l'sусho|оqlсаl

тhe п'ёssaqe,oпed

wiihjn

tьe blaiл is tansnit-

lgd аlоng

lho neпоLs sysleп

lo the speфh olgаns. тhеrelor.

'nay

sаy lhаt

th. huфaп brаin соntоl'

lhe ьёhаvioul ol u]t

аn'сu|аhлg

olgans wьiсh

€ffфls in

рroduсiпg

раr6сula!

Dаt

lоn'

oIsрeeсh sounds,

тnъ sкo.d

staqo mаy Ьe сalled

phуsiо.

рoФл

dррdo,'

oт|d.o

ll,р aп

n..аtn

1hus

prоdu.]no

sоund wаvёs

сolsequently йe th'd

фldil { 1A,

dly сomm

', '

I as а speakеr, so tьe lаsl

stagos

'l'

rc..plioп of

l|!

lпd

\dvP.

Ь\

]6FлP1,

лPd,'пq

olryзoL.g'са|

арpalatDs' lhё tамmfu

siоп oi the sрoken

m65o!e

e ьrаiл алd

lh.

lin9utstlс

illе.

Drоlа''oп

oI the infon!ation

сonvёyed'

A|thоugh

nоt а 9лglе

one o| the оrgoлs

in,o]ved in the

!te.l'

nфhаlism

is used on|y

|or sрeаkiпg we

сan, foi

prа.n

ns oIspeфh'' in tьe s€nse

ol !Lв

trопE wh|сh

аIe асlivе'

dir*l|у оr indnФt|y, in

th.

рrфess

ассo'dаnсe wnh

lЬеn h..Juъl]с

lunсloп lhe оrgа.s

!|)'.фh

mly

qrоupеd

аsto||ow

тh0 тёsriфtоry

оr

фw€'m€сhаnlsD

fumьhes

the лow ol dn

кh

Б lhe liкl

rcquisilo fоr the

pюduсlioп

ol speкь

sounds,

]lLх D]Еhапьm

f!{лlod ьу the lunqs'

lhe

siпd'рiрё

ап.

rое

Ьn)'rIl

тhe аn nnam схDejled

lrom 1lL.

l1Loqs

рlоv'dcs

!he

Ьiсh Б

lеq!ьted Ьу

lhe

powel

m€hanьm

RчLLаnng 0le

folс. оf the ак

wive lte llnqs

рто

dLсevапа1ioпs in 1h.]

'ntenstу

ofsрPoсh

soUids sуLLab1сpulsёs

3id nynаmi.

{legs ьо1h tурiсы o'

Еnqnsh, .re di.Ф1ly

leliьd

t] lhe ьeЬаlL.ur oI tlle

,n!{lсs wысh асnYаlP tЬБ m{hаnьп

гIоm thc

LlDqs rhlough lhe

win

to the LрperstaЧes of1hё

loсаl taсl' Fnn o' alln

рхses

io lhе

lаrуnr сonlаinioq lhе

vuсаl сords, тho fuDlltiln

оl lhe v..al

',I,

оns,','n \q,joь" ol'hlыol

.,,n

no,onь/l"6i'.

dreаm seпlЬу lhе hLngs

Al leаd lwo асdоns оt

lhe voса|сords

аs a viblаl.l

should ьe пeпliопen.

тhe oрeпlig Ьet}'eёn

lhr voсаl соrds is koc'п аs

tьegloпls

Whеn theq|otis

ъ lghdу сlosed and !Ьe

аiI Б seпt up be]o{

tЬe so са)|ed

qlotal

stoр ь

рrоduсed,

]t olton оссurs

iп Епglъh

whеn n reinlотсes oт eveп

replасф

Ip] l']

шlt]olevenwьe.ir

рloсedes

lhe

еneqeiiс

аi'сulаtion of

vowеl

!!nds

тъe пost

jmDonаnl

sрeкh luпсtion o'

'he

!oса| сords ь lhеn lolе

i! the

prоduсlion

vоiсe' Ihe etrюt o

сal сords arе ьrоuqhl toqеlher аnd

vlьrаte whlf slbj.сted

lО thе

presuЕ

оf аn

pаssпg

irom 1he ]ungs.

тhis riьlаtioп Б.ausеd

bу сonllle$ed аn

lorс'ng аn орeпing оf the

q|otis аnd the fo|

lоwiпg reduсed аn

рlсss!rc

pelФitinrq

(he

v.са|сolds 1o соme

ol donalion More lhаn thаt, we ale аble tо modity thе sizc оr

1hаt s we сап allel

(he

аDрliludeof01e viЬIaiion thi.ь саusеs

сh.0!сsоlthcloudn63otlhсsоlndheаdbylheh*eпel

'lF],o'},,".,l,j,'.о.'

+ lo

{lfldqloПd|

ldvi

|.lLoshaрes o,lhese сavties modfу 1henоtepiodu.ed in th.lаr

yIi

lhns.Jiving nse 1о

раjliсtrlаr

sр.Фlr sоunds,l

ъIo

shallсоn'iпe оursеlYеs h.E

'о

а siФple desсiltion oi thс

ЬD.Juьtiс Junсtion

oI the or9аns o. spe*h' and leIеr thе tеаder

lo. funher tolmаliол lo аny s

,Rl

рhуsiоlogу

oI l.lher

(о

ьooks

oп

geпerаl lmquьtсs

тhere arё thrёe ьIаn.hes

рhoneliсs

eaсh сопespondiлg to

саьоn

рIФess

nenlioned

дhoyе

Eасh .I

thеsе blаnс|ies uses

quie

speсial seь ol methods,

of 1ho

Фoeсh

olgаnsаnd lьe сo

oldj'а1ioп of these movemenь 1n the

рrod!сIion

o' s'nqle

чolnds апd tаi'Б

ofsoUnns ь са||.d аniсDlatoп

phoneljсs,

А.!usli.

рhоnelсs

studiеs

'hc

wау

}hiсЬ

lheair viьrаtes

trlпo.п

th.sрeake1s mouth апd thelisienе1s ёаr

Unlil

rе.eЛt

аtlсllа(ory

рho0сliсs

hаs Ьёen the dоmiлаtiпg ьIanсьl

апd

п]on desспрlvе wо'k

ьas berD dоno in аiiсu]atоry teпs' luг

пeed io аlter

the bа|аnсе il аl'

юьnin!аI wаy,

espФiа]]y IoI lhe

purрose

ofteасhing'

aсоustic

'п'elсs

рIesen!.!

spФiаI iniсrеn for reseаrсь wоIk аnd ар.

рLi.d

linquъtic' Neveihe|ess' in the leаleы

fut0re it fraу iаn

рlау

а соnstJ.lly growвa

рdn

iп teасhiпg

pronu'сiaIio!

t'ау

Ьоpe lьаt tьe

deуelopnent of сoбрuting tфhnique

.'i]]

qLve

rьe

lo aIlsоa о.lеасьiпq nасhiпёs,

т\" ь da!г

o|phon".iь i,voJ:!а,inо

|ье

nPd1n9

D.o!e$

kпоvп

аs аudilorу

phоnetiсs

lts iлtel€ds liё пorе

in the sРпsа

1Dп оf ьeаnng' Nhiсh

is blain aсtivi{у' tlran

tьe

pьysiolоqiсаl

иnlk|ng

of the

ear o. thе лetrоus а.tivity ьetveёп the eаr

dnd

!Ь.

blаjn' т]re f,eaлs ьуwЬiсh we dьсliDinаtеsоundз_ quali

ly seкaliоns

рilсh,

loudnеss' le.gth'

аie

'е|evanl

h.rе. тhis

Ьldnсh оfрhоleiiсs

ъ of

greal

inielell lo a.yo.e wЬo l€а.hes

тhe heighl

o' lho sреаking voiсe deрends on thё teqlenсy

\'s'.' 'ЬP

p..,h

тn"

')p,J

,р""|'jпs

'o,.

оl. man в

highёr thап thаt

olа

womаn

bФuse lhe

voсal

сordl

of а won-

viьlаlioп

ttlus

produсin9

modifi.atiоns оf tIE

Dllсh

.omponenl

It is iпtereiing low to сonsidёr lhе metьod' apрliеd

iл п'

v.niqa

ting lhe soun d matter of tЬo lаnquagе.

lt is Dselul to dьtingnish

ьеtween

рhoneliс

{udie6 сarned

out

witьoul

othel iпstruneпts ofала|ysь than the humаЛ senses

aпd suсh аs a.e ьаsed uроn tьё wnness of rфкlёnng orсonput

,ч 13!tri,.6

and

E.hп'сJ

алdЬqn! o. 6ynlhe.,,,nq devnе\

тhe

usё оt suсh a deviс€ аs th€ laр€-вorder doез nоt of сouE€

inp|y rn iselfапy iпstlumeлtаl

аn

уsь

оfthe

sре€h

lкотded,

ьul

sinрly 6erues tьё

puPose

оl lасililаting the 6pФЬ аnаlуsь

lnd сonsёfuing а leр|iс. ofшеs

Fiоm

the ьфinп'ng of

рhопetic

tЬе

pьоnelician

has le]iеd

mаin|y on уhat he.ould feel ofhь оwп spgь аnd on *hat he

o, d |

"dl

bo,\ of h r оwn and th. infоlm"nl(

(р.{h

вy r"in

фq апd

prасtiсe

hegаiлs а ьigь

1|]ё пusсuIal

'unсtioniпg

ol ьъ voсаl apрaтаtul' and ьy exрen

alса

he may асqune сoпsiderа

tes ol the heаd

sоund

unI

the nаture o' tho aniс0|alioЛs

Irro

dL!сlng n' тhese skills arc оьligalоrу fоr

рhопеti.ians

ind mаke

Dl'onеtсs

аn аi lalhg lhan

а sсienсe. al ai

vhiсh

ftun ьerpe'

ln{пmPnld| f.nod,

d".Ч,,q f'om

pл)

.о'оs/ .nd

рh),

tJу ш оrdrr to slррlQment

and nldфd tо rфfity tьe impЕs9ons

dц'vшq troф

the humаn senses' espкiаl|y

(hёаuditory

imprcs

!оls ыnсe thеsёаle

аfi{led by lhehmnаlions oI(hеperсePluаl

тheшeoImstruпeпc

ь va]!аь|e in asendлi.g

(Ьenаture

th. ]'nitаtions

аnd сhara.leпdiсs оf lhe hJmаn

sёnsory аpраri

t's ьу

рrovid'nq

lii'el

ann more detаi|ed аnаlysъ аgаiпst

yhiсh

saЛory

аnаLуsБсаn

be assеssed In a

qenelаtwау

theiпtoduс

1jon оf maсhnles

lo. meаsurem€

usе

tol

d.lailed dudy of фаny

oltheрhenоФёna

wlliсh аIe

рIesentm

tьe sоundwsvеol i'] thе

an]сuLаtorу

рrосes

аt anу

qivеn

бoment' and in lhё сhаnges of

these

рhenoneпа

lron momеn'

lo momenl, тhь ь.lri.dу аn ]n'

ь typе оl invesiiqаliоn tоqether

vnh

sensory аno|уsк

ь widely used iп oхр€rim€льl

рьoп€li.s,

тh. l6uhs аvаilаb|. ftom

innlumenla| aпаlygs suррlement

those аvаi]aЬ|e

'Ioп

sensorу

inaIysis, Plaсiiсаuy iodаy lhёre аЕ

, o o,"o.

nhon4,'

ь! h

!\е|l|

wo.k

lcj dnd k bqns

done wilhоul

сombi|]ino lhеse twо

gаys

оf

рhoneljс

jnvфtiqа

, ь.,lbJЁl,*

el,оo(

o, aпo|,

, ,

ьv

lcъory

'rр.ьnо,

'пd

the

"oьjфl|v."

nl€thods ofаnа|уsk

hy innтuneпk аIe

сoц.

li]ncпtаry

алd.ot

oрроstlve to олe

а!оtЬol, вolh

,,оьlкtive'

iпd ъUь]фtiv..

пethоds аre vide|v

алdNdйаьlY

usеd in mod

рЬoпetiG'

Aiiiсu|а(ory phoпdйs

hoа*s яilй апdоmv аnd

phуsiology

аnd tьe toоls fo!

n'aestigаring

just

whаt tЬe 6peкЬ

orgапs

dо аrc lоoь ъ.ьiсh

arе

цsёd in th6ehelds:

dir*tоьsqyo.

non' wh.rever

pos'iЬle

e,g liP nоvement

sone

lоngue

л'оvemeit]

соmЬi.ed with

х{аy

рhоloqrарhу

oI хjау сinema.

lо

l,Pdn,t.lP|dP16o|etl,",nvaJga,oltomods,'Pdnd6n,

Jtуse

tho mоvrmenl

oI the

аil

iо

the tems .l

асouniсl, тhь

(гneralу

means

iпtоduсing

а niсrоpЬоne

rпto lhe

sрee.h

ёn1 rnto сoresDoлdnt

elкu(4

а.lviIy

апd аnаtysing

the lesull

m Gms

ol lleqшn; ofиbв

loп аnd

аmp]nude

о' viьrаloл m

Фl.tion to time.

тhe use o'

{!d'

1кhniсa]

deviс6

ф spфlrogrарh'.iлlonogrаph

аnd

оthёr

d0aпjпa d1d

юund

))n.\rУ/'nс пd.п,n6

n оPnq.,y

]оmЬ'ned,Ih

lhe mеihod

of;''Фr

obsйiюп

тЬe

рiсlures

р,

11 mаy

b.а

qood

illusrаtion

of ihе

useof

]ъe

Dethоds 8ррliеd

in 3sdlory pьoпёtiф

a€ tь6е

ol eх

As was

naled

аbove

phоn.tiсiапs

сaпnol aсl oпIv

аs dе'

lсnbeБ

аnd сlаssifiec

оl the natеliаl

fоrn

Dhonetiс uпns'

тъ.y

are а|s inlerened

t|le wау in

ghiсh

so;nd

phenomeл3

l]пс!on

pаniсllnr

|апquаg.

how lhey аrе

ulilized in lhal

add0. oпd

'lа.pdd

l1cv p|а)

,1га' if6t,лq

lhc ned1ingfu.

''n

o1s

o|lh" d,sudgP

т]rcъь1.ь

оlрhоlеli'.

thJ nud'ёs

the !!guъ(iс

fmdioп

сolsonаnt алd vowёl

sоuпds,

sy|lаьiс

оsodiс

'eаt!rеs,

s!сh аs

p!lсп,

n'сss

and tenpo

в са|led

Dnooolo!у,

UndPъlood

lo mPdn

dь.лm.

l]аlo.y

fuлсt'on'

tьa|

ь, the ю|e

o' ihe v.nous

€|emeпls ol

lhe

ьng!аge

iл

lhе dьlinquьniпg

of one

s.quoлсe о{

sound6' зuсh

is а wоrd

or а

sequenсe оf

vords tоФ

onolh* of ditrelen!

'n.аning

тhotgь ве.onsider

thе di*nпmаtorу

funсtiол lo ьe

o'c

mа'л linguьtiс

funсtion

of аny phonetiс

unii wе

сannol

'g.

nDlе

!hё othft

fuл.tion oI

рhonetiс

uniц,

thа! ь' шen

Фъ i. th.

fomаrion.l

sy|Laьles'

{o.ds

рЬrаs6

аnd evetr leхt,

тhь t0пс.

tiоnа| oI sо.ial аspeсt

ph.netiс

рhеnо'nenа

wаl llsl

'nto

duсed

iп tьe яоrks bУ

]'A,ваl'dooln,de

сouitenау

Lаlеr

N's'тruьetskov

deсlаred

phonoLogy

tо be

а linguist'с

к'eпсс

Ltmninс аn'сUlаtоп аnd асou{iс oЬoпeiiсs

toаnаlomy'

phynоl

"й

"',

.ы, тhБ

'oa'

"рl,on

.ndco

"a,

lо'

..l'm'-,nло-n'.tode'h

.Ъ.

'p".

",l.

'.р..ьl',

llola1'

.r'n

n lnc mаFl,s,

lо'm o| speA

h so

'пd(

тnJ ,\;hy

'lе]

'on''.l".

рho1o|oq}

ь'.г.1о|рho,

.',1

iлveiigаtes

is f,on imроnаnt

soсial

аspкt]' Phonologу

рol

se*6 iIs оwn

methods o.invеstjqа(ioп

whiсh

will ьe desсribеn

AрaIt Iюm ns k.y

posjtiоn

In апy kiid ofsсien(iliс

аnа|у's

of languagе

phоnetсs p|ays

an i

саtioпs oIIinguьtiсs'

A few mаy

A study ol

pьоле!сs

hаs

Ьeli.ve

edu.а0onaL

va|uе IoI

аlmon everyоne lфliziпq

the mрortanсe of |lnguаge

in ьUmaл

сойmuniсatioл

lt ь fаtr 1o фention hё.e

that thouqh lаnquаge

the

mon imроrtant meihod

naniI6t|У nol the

оnly пethod, We саn соmmuniсdte

bу

qe*

lurФ,

faсiа|eхрlesions' or to0сh

Iаnquage, тne studу of the сomр|eх

of vа.o!s соmmuп'сdl6n

tкЬnlques is definnely !ёlevanl

tо tфсЬing а

foreigп lаnguaqё'

ihrouqh nudy

ol thё nаluie of lalguаqe'

esрюiаuу ol sрoken

]iDqLаqe' vа|uаЬle

insiqhls аle

galned

inlo

hunа.

psyсho|ogy

iпn ino lhe

funсliоnlng оIпаn in soсirlу

тhаt Б *hу

dаЕ

$у that

phoпetiсs

hаs соnsidelable

sо.ial vа|ue.

As regаrds thё leaфinq

оf sрeс]Iiс loroign ldnqu.gвs,

theЕ

аvelbеead|'пcn

'ьc^o,|'

яt4

oь,| ,y оl

qФviag

DlmьeБ оl

рeoрl.

to speak

оne аnotьe/s la0quage

reаl|у

vell

o' sоme

ta'n'пg in l'nq!Бt'сs

аnd

phoie(iсs f qenеlаl аnd in lhe

рroпunсiation

оl

paiiсulаI

Ьпquаgе is соmino

lnoJё аnd mоte to ьe сonsidered еquiрлeпi

lоI

а tеaсhеr

оl fоreign languaaos iл sсhoоl

oI speсial faсtlties

mаkiпg him пore effiсi.n! in

his lоuhe wоrk оn the spokeп

|аnquаgё аs well аs in tьв vaтiely of other things'

suсh as.oр

]lq

wnh

andjo !ь!a]аidslike

lаpe{кoldeБ and lаnquagёlаbo.

iаl.'ies .l in knоwiпg whаt lо do аboul anу

oI hь

рuрrls

who

A know|edqe of tье nluс!tr. o

idi.0|atоry

and асоDii.

рroрeihеs

of lьe

рIoduсtion

оf sрeeсh

Б пdьрeпsаь|e in tЬe 1eaс|ljno

оllolёign lалgUаges, тhe 1eaсhel

whiсh Ь lhe sоund sу*eп

oI the

рtrDl]'s

ФotheI tongu.' as

*е||аs the аim оlhх 1eасhinq

vh|сh

Б а maыerу of lhе

рIоnun.iа1ioп

o' th. lаnguДge

iо ьe leаmt,

]]!'

0]0{ be ab|о tо

loinl

out

tь

eхeftБes Ьr llаjning

а.d аг

lLсtr|a1ory Uаjning

аle both equа|ly

imроtant 1п modern lаn

io0 .f

tесhniсаl eq!iрпent

llБks

laDс

rФordors'

lаnauаge

lаЬоralоries elс

hаs ьIoDqht

ofthe

pronunсialion

oflоrcign

lп our teсhпo|ogiсаl а9e

рhonё!сs

hаs b{оme

imponапi ]n а

trtr'nbel

ol teсЬno]оg'сi|

ljеlds с

on thereseаrch side mUсЬ

Prcseпt

dаy

wolk

рhoneliсs

entаis

',.o..p|d.lu'

.' d

i,,o].еllPd нi

t.s

ofhumаn spфсh lvluсh bаsс

reseаIсh ьlo ьedоne*ith the

|hoпeliсiaл

wolking а |ongside th e

psусh

ojogist oЛ аudnory

Deг

!.рlоnаssuсhапdon(}leрel.eptionolsрoфh'nр.ltiсulаr

тhe

lllO0ё'iсiа0

ь tuiher пeеdёd t

mthemаhoаn аnd lhёсоmnuпiса1ioпs enоinёg in dеvьin9

аnd

Pшfec(ino

nасhines thаt wi|| undelslaлd. that

is resрond tо hu.

n'dп

s'eфh. tol lhe

']mplel

рI

.ЬLлes

1hаt

will

рroduсe

with а high degreeоfinlelIigibilitу кog

nizаble humаn spкh sупthetiсаlly, mасhinos lhat

will leliаьly

dъtпquisь аnd idei)1ity i dividual sрёаkeк'

nасhines lor leDФ

duсing

humаn sрeфh

аudiьle оI vis'Ь|o fоrлs'

For iлnапсe'

theeхpe.imenlal $ago аle deviс6.or

tеаdiпg, lhe

ртinted рaoe'

!ha!

is forсоnvening thё

р.iпted

s'mьоь o.leпec inlо sупthetiс

sрeкh A lntle luther аwау аs

yet'

bll appаrently

well нithл

lhe Ьounds of

tlosiьility

ъ thоа!lоmаtiс

orрhолeliс tyрewliter

whiсь wi|l сопvеi speкh dtrкtlу iпb

pnnt.d words

pарel'

в.са!se ollhe obviоus

plaсliсы

nnpoltаnсe of advаnсеs

ihesе

|lаborаtion

] develор b.!wфn

Forthosе who workin

sРeфh !h

lоgiсal соndi1ioпs оtsрeкh'

рhoлetiсs

fоms an ёsential

pаfl

оl

the pФ'essionaL

tаininq syllаЬUs Рho.etiсs аъ. еnleк

into tьe

nd dumь

рeорle

аnd сап ьe оl

r.|.v6d.o1oа nl'пьe.oImеdiсalаndd.iial9Фb]ems.

An undeЕlandlng ol

рhoп€liсs

hаs

prоled

exlЕme|y usefu|

tоliсol

аspФls ollanauaa6 and in the lio|d of dialфtolоqyi dё.

siqniпg оr inрюv'ng sy*ens оl writing or sрelling

(оihoqrа'

рhies

iol

uDR i.n |anquаges shorthand, spe|ling

iefoml,

'п

рtасё

nam.s

ol ol

{оlds

Ьotoved lrofr o(hel ]аnguаqes'

our tunhеr

pоint

should ьe mаd

soсi.l lсieп.s

A саrdлаl

рljnсip]e

lnаel|y]ng the уho|e hnguъliс аpрroась n йаt laп.

ёnоni nьа

pаnоf

soсrеtу'.nd

раil

oI оuБe|ves, Il к а

pler

аny soсiety. FФm

lh. abovё

уo!

mаy see tla(

рhoneiiG

еnte6

nelhods of |inguisliсs on|y, Nо ьIапсh oflinguБtiсs сan ьe nud.

вd wilhout

рIesDрposing

аt |eаs!

lhe sцdy

оf

оlhg аsрфc of

soсiet'' тhe wаy in vlri.h

рhоnetiФ

overlaps

m its

suьjкt

mа!

tor {ith othel aсаdemlс *udies hаs ьeсome wё|l аррrкrаled

оvel

(hе

lаi few yeаб'

аnd

iл

lhe

раst

twо deсаdes

wе hаve

Pdi,iп|

тqdiyiрlndr sJьjc

s!сh аs soсiolinguisliсs (and

soсioрhonetiсs.oilёspondinaIy)'

шусhoUпоuisliсЕ

mаtьeпа1iФllinguislis

аnd o1hers'

тhos€,

аs

йeir

lnles suqgen

vaпlапdsusсeptiьle

tо *Udу.rоm two

рoiпк

оfview

Goсiо|ogv

аnd linguisliсs'

pjусьoIogу

and Iinguistiсs

and so onl, аnd

лd development

of сопсepa аnd

(|'с

'фhniques

delivеd llon ьoth

\o.,ophоn.u'\

diP\ thP

woуs la

wпjсh

рlonu0.idIio1

ia.

leIасъ with soсiely,It is lьenudy ol the

wау rл whiсЬ

phonetiс

o dif'elent sосial

funсlions and

lhe doviаtions oi

whаt

thesе

funсtiоns аI€, so.ietу here is used

m iь bюаdst sense b сover a sрфtnm of

phenoпeпа

to do

wdh .аlionаlity'

Фole

lesriсt.d lфioпаl а.d sсi.l

gIоupi

аnd

iduаь wnhin tЬem, нerе thеЕ

а'e

'nnuneraЬle

fась tо ьe dьсoтeЕd' even аЬout 0languagе

аs

lell

innGtigatod asЕщ|ьh' сonсёФiлq

fol

'nstапсe'

thenаluio,

оf thе differenI kinds of Еnglish

p'oluпсiatiоn wе nsе iп diffeвnt

siluаliопs

вhёп we аlе tаlkiпg lo еquaь suрe oc оl subo}

dпi6i whеn wе

Фe "oл lhе

joь,

wheл wе атe old or

уounq;

'ng

рeкuаde'

inloft' аqlee

dБaq.ee aпd зo on wе maу hоPe thаt

ve1'

sоo. so.iоphо'

le(i.s фay suрply elemen(aгy пloпаtioo аьou!]

,'who

сап say'

whаt'

hоw' usiпg

чhat

рhопetiс

meапs' lо яьom.

vhen,

3nd

whу?

lп teасЬлg

phопeiic

we would сoпsider th€ *udу о1lо.

oohnguь(iсs tо ьe аn esseпh

раrt

of the explапаtioл in lЬ€

Рinаl|у' we would Ьke tо mention оne more eхаnр|e ofInter

o!J} Psyсhоlln0цt6liс3 аs а dEti

t[e eany sх!es' and i'] ns еаnу fоrm соvered the

рsусholоgiсаl

прl'саlions of ал rхteme|у ьlо

to lаnguаg€

pа'holо(rу.

Nо!аdаys

nо onё

wo!|d

'аn!

denу

ur саse аnd

Psусhоlogу

тhe ас.

quБn'oл

оflа.guДg. ьy

сhndleЛ, 0'ё ёIl.nt

lо

'hiсh

lanquаqe

л1ed'аtes.r stuс(ur.s lh'лkiлq

'he.хlеnl

whiсh

Ianguаqе

!сh

'hings

лёnory,

аtеl.

!on' reсаll аnd

сoЛnlдnts оn

pеrсeptioni

аDd lhё eitёnt to

whiсh lаnquаgе

has a сedain lole

рlау

in tьe uпdecGпdiпg

.i human dёvelорmeпl; the

рroblems

ol speесn

prоduсtion

аrе

ь.oad i||ustаlions оIs!сь Ьounds

]Ъe ьеld

phonеtiсs

is lhus bфominq

{idor

and tеndinq to

сitend оvg lheliбits origiпаtly set ьy ik

рurely

liпglisiiс арpll-

саlions on lhe

olhеi

hond

thе

g!оwing interёsl

phonelв is

g rесognition

oI tьe сentаl

pоsi.

lon

of languаqe in eaeгy |ine of so.6t aсtivitу, n is mponant

hould rc0а]n а

hлq!ьt апd look

l]]Ol |)ll s.clсe ds d ntrd/ 0lthe

spokeп loIп оI Lanqnaqe

ltis

se o{ lhP

ndd, nolw(ь*аnd'ng

is Dс.oаljia i.с ol !ссhniсаl D

At the fа.Ul!e5 оl iоleLg0 ]а0!(а(lсs

tЬБ

сountу йо

сOu6os o'

Dhoioliсs

alс i'!roduсed:

funсtoп]nq of

phоп.!с

Uins ]n tt]o

Lnnquiqе тhеоIеhсаl

рho.

'egаIds

рhotretс рhen.пe.а

sуn.hi.ni.а!ly DnЬоul

a'y l'.

са] d.v.]оPпieo1 оt Еng]Ls)l'

1hБ сolБe Б in(eпdеd rо dБсUss lЬоse

рroь]eпБ

оl mоdem

!]'.nd]с

sсL.ц.e

wьL.I

aIe nrrn!Lу сOrceп'gn

}'ilh

Ь!hnr

]ап

godge

tedсllnlg, l.]le 1eасheI m!

Wе ьo!с lhil tьБ

bnоk

witL

enаьLё h'm

to w.Lk o!t

а tuly

sс!on.ьс

арDloасI]

'о

dlo ФaleiaL hc

jntо

Pho0c!сs

а5 п] апy otheI5Lb]

аde tо nlem ьlt 0l.re ъ пo а!

temрt tо

sеl o(1 а]]

])оssiьLe

сuпent apрIoа.hes tо tЬe

рhonёnс

We shа|| trу ье.e to

qеr

аgaу trom с.]nD]сх souDdina

рlоb

Iems .t

IheoreliсаL

'honeli.s

ьу

р'odUс]ng

tЬumь.nаi| defini

tions whiсh тi||

pгovide

аn €аsь na.(ing

рoйt

m thь $ьjФL

тъe

аuIhо6

kil|('у

1o exрlаlпe

р|]аnze

tьа1рhonelсs shoLId ьe nud'ed s.jёnhtiсlllу,

and

fo]]ow

tьi5 UP ьу аnа|уsinq

the.bjфt оfsludу,

plоnunсiatioл

iл som€

тo

hopе a.o0sidёьЬ]e amounlоlm'

te.ei

to lho {utlre teасher of Еng]ish нowevel il would

|yone

work syslёпаhса|ly

lhrough so mаny

рaaes

оf tЬe tex(

}itЬout

tЬele Ьeiпgsoneаd'

vаnсe

'o!eren

оl sp.tiаl Ieаsоn for d.iпg so, тhБ i!lroduсtory

сouБewi|lьe ассоmрonied

fuflhсl

leаdiпq on theопe Ьаnd

aлd lalh

d sуie|! оIsрфъl |iпg!ь1iс tаsks' oп tьe otьel vhiсh

wi|l enаbLc

lЬe nudeпc lо арр.oа.h

рlоlesjon

рloblёms]

satsty lhot aрp|iёd Lnteren in

(hesсiоntifiсst!dУ

oI thёirsuьjкl'

уou

see lrom

lhe aЬove $ь ьookБ

'oteлdrd

соnsidеr

qcnа'аl

jntrod!ljti.0

lо thс suЬrcс1 оI

'llс!lclL.а|

рhоn.!сs

lrqlLsh lhEh v

|смouфqc

(he

teасhcro{Еп!]ъhloсоnsul1

ol Е.оlnl]

рll.n.tiсs

аs

}'e||аs

])

lLl.oLБe ol gеnеrol l'nq0ьtiсs' whIh 9j||seif.

is tЬo ЬasЬ

w0 mаjоl .оtiр.iёi's sen

seq'nёвc'' о'

s0.фЬ16nd sUorasсgl!cпlаl

рhooe!сs

ъ'hоse

] ]шllп

Б th3larger unis ol.оnnФted

sPeФh: syllaЬ]c'

*.lds'

ll'isсsаnd

texь'тhe тау

lhos.etonёnьоI the

рЬоneti.

nпс.

r.i

I].qlis)r

lunс!о.ln the

pl.сc$

of соФj'u.i.a(iol will ьe

l I

U].jп

сoпсern olаl|rl'е

'o||owiпq

сhзрteЕ,

IЬе des.iрtiоn

oI lhe

рhonehс

L+d

Dп lhe sо.саLIed

It.сelvе

l]l.q'ome.i

.l гiqln) gLуiпg

]r.

?. whаl

kind o{ ЕnghsЬ is !sed in lЬР

рlосё*.|1edсhLng'

rl dqгсg

tьаl wr аF tr

loасll the

]Lll'.

nопn,оfE0qls}]

р'оnuпс'а!oл

pаifolal

тhстolsпo

аq.eemenl' h.we!cl.

аs Iаr аs the tвIm

,.noln]'

is LUo

LIlel.n1 wаy5

some sсЬoLаG,

n'i(h

0le so саlled

"ne!trы'

ny]е

l]trd''g

tо thь

с.'сорtiоn nуhniсаПу лаIked

!афmoIers.lo

NJorc sliаьle, hoa'evel sеems

to ьc 0]e

reьnev vho

]o.ks uPon the

',o

.'\ e

'.?

м!

l,d\р

ew аs n is с|eallу пotposlьletо

n аs sопlPlh]ng ldeаl whiсh

do.s

i ]l,асl eiкt

in obj*(ive sрre.h Welooktrрonthenormаsа

i]0L.х

unny oflhonehс

nуles realЕed п the

рroс.$

оf сon!

сdlioп

ассoldаnсe wih

vаrying

ехtыi.qlinLс апd sос'аl

r'l

the iЛo{n]!] {'hарler

we аIe

golr9

d*о|l оп rhe

рIоь,

ls .onсei(od ъ'ith

nyhnlс vа|Ёli.n

of orаl sрeёсh mс|udi0g

]

'пry9s

оf lЬe сondi'ions

uпd

l.d

(t'e

re|аtioпship

b.tweoп 0le utgалсe аl{i

thс охt..]n

n'.аnd

sосidlsilаlon elс

PRовLЕii's

PнoNosтYllsтlсs

duсtоn,

рIoпUnсiation

ъ ьy

ous

jасloБ,

тhoso lас(ois lle

qUlte

оlcidс anУ

роsibi|ny

оfsig.

паllпg linguьtiс

m.аling so it ь appr.piаte lо rclg to

these

faсtок а5 extаliпquisliс тhe сhарter thаt follочs ъ ьаsed on

JпrI

\d,,d,,on,

П. ]"dл|!,

uпdeElапd'пg аnd

рloduсing

lаnquаqё is

direlly

useful lоr the

ion

ol t.aсhЦlq

phоneliсs'

тhe

j.,oJ

L!LJц dрр,Fо lо'

'n,о'

nd,on .'

ol lЬk сhар'e. to ofiёr bi|e'

reаdaьle аod sсhoьnу

intоduсtioп to the mаln themes а.d toр'

Lс5

сoveled ьу сDпеnt

рhonos(ylьliс

n0di.s

we shоUld

point

ou! right at tЬe

(iсs

Б а .аpni11'

devе|орiпg аnd сontovёкiа| liеld

ol study

lhoLqь

greаi

deа| of lёs.аiсЬ work

has ьeРп dole ln i, n

It ь rаthel а

tre!.kаy oflook'nq аl

phопe(

iс plleпoпlenа

Ьлguisь wele

а,'e o0]у аs а Ien t oIdetаi|ed

веlоIe

\'e

gо

ol lo desспьe iп dеtаi| whаl

!hё

problcпъ

and

.houLd

want

qive

уоu

sone

und.Бtaпdlng

of whаl qave

a mlghty imрUьe tо thБ new way

of ьok'nq

аt

рhопe(iс рhenomena'

тЬe

рoiп(

is tьаt duling lhe

hвt hall ofoul

сentuгy lmguьь have

shoqn interen in wrilleп

fonn

of lhe lаnglаge

and so thё emphаsъ in languаqe

sfudУ wаs

|a'dоn аnаlysinq afiten

sрeкь Itisоnlу

ф;ng the lаd lhinу-

{ivе

уе6Б

lhаt lhe

situalioп hаs сhаnged

mаy

ьo sаid thа( n

Фordei aпd otьel tфhniсаI аlds

,um,nо

pо,л|

рno'd|!\

6'd |,ПqL',t,'!

generаl

Lnlguisls gоt

а qood

oрpоnunnу ol stld'ing ihe

оthёr

fоrп

оl lаnquаge rea|izаljoп

spоken lрeeсь

tьe va.iety

яhrh hаd hilh.no

ьeen laЦely

оr.onp|otely ignored' It ь not

ly 1he aьsen.e of пeсhапiсa] аlds

whiс|l

ассo0nG

for

(helасk

rtrlli1i.

!с'саlсh lhаl|]аsbо

а funhel Ieаsоп, Uпti]

qun..ё

lboп llЙt i is od|у tЬe

wnten

foпЛ ol ]аnaiаao

loыLzihОп

l пn sjve l leЬаЬ|e

obild.

па]уns ьeсause n

pгo

u.сs dс

ilцldl' d]9d]uп] ol,]аnguаge eIP.esioп so

\tlen

Lйqlьts

jng

i]volvё.l л пvcsliqil]il]

]аD!|.!Jtj

!s. lh.y Fаl'ze.l

l rlq!аqe

n.lаD Боl.]ted

ll ld

|]le

Peор]e

lnn]

(|]eпЕ

l!.лs ]i tlts.

!ц]ilnnБ l'Dquаq0 6 trn!] аDDгoIlnа1.l! l !

т]

ь ldd.|)dпaed the i'l)оle арр

rlаD v'eч'na liлqoа!.

аs аn о

s o}'0lаlP, i ьe.a'le evn]eD1

meаns lo аn end о!lside iIself

]lаl

0le esseotа|pтoрenies o, а

ц ц!].

sуneп' сап ьedБ.olelеd.ndаnыyscd'

Jo n

Б фkcl

ьe IeasonаЬlу

!i{nс

5aу depends d'{lly o| iDdnoсnу

оп lhe situаtiоl theу

.''п

n]eЛаlu.o

o'111is deрendёnсу х fа'lyсoirD|iсаlcd

aDd iI

l!|]d

ьe

quite

unle

ьliс to a(еmрl to апаlуse аll аsркв ofi

wц

'o0ld

like lo

роiпl

oot lwo

thingэ l|la( Inаter for Ihe аe.

i|]]n'on

thаi lollows

ald nand оut сleаnу on thе

олс

haлd

othёr Ьаnd,

аlI lheso

vаrietiсs

] |с

п]u.h

соmmoл

аs lЬeу аre leаl'zаloлs of the

sапе s,.s

r lx

тЬа1 rneаns lhаt lherc

аro lequ]al

pa(elлs

oI vа.iаtion л

ng!аge meаns *l]iсh

coonilulD

ЦteIапсe аIe сhаIасleli?сd

l1re

рrinс'l)les

(Ьis

selкlioп аnd аtrаngemeпl

с waуs of

',,с

д1e1'

lоlm

vhJ

|1P.vь'c)e,a

lq r1.s

]aпоuаqe nеаns

сonstruсli0g lhe uterаnсe' апd

dt lЬe

llle dLlleь ona

ut.сldlсч lrom ano(her

]l mL* ьё nоled lhot

the с.le9ory оf stуle is nol ne{

|in

quLstсs

Ihe ь.аnсh ol lLпgLъ

wtr|i

lЬе

рl0ЬLgп]5

ol luп.lioпal nуles к саlled loпсtoлal муlis'

'iЬ

.'l

,',

,аl]r,рgo'dрdd

",г^'f''

d'\,'o оf,пqL',,

с.nсеil'gd lol

uit[

0lg e]eпlcils оf the

].n!UiUgds5Lсh

ьLl яith thetr ei

rtlе

sЬоD]d

рon!

оut here thа1w

shill o0|y try tо show now

рhon.nуlisti.l

оvendps

wnh

ndсnсc

b0!v.en funcliоnа| aпd

l( Ьаs ьecn suqqcnen

tЬat а .unсuonа| nуle сan ьё dennф

аs

a fui.1iondLset oftоmа]!а(сns

i']tо

}'hiсh

lаnqUаgeпeапs

аIe аtrаnqеa п]

о.dш 1o tаnsпlI iл{оrлаti.D А

сon9dcrаь|e

nUп]ь.т

oI3lemрt hаveьeen

'nаd.

D т*eп(

уeaп

(о

wolkоut

а .|аsnn.аl]oo .|

lun.!опаl nуles вut Ln

sDite о| thь ьс( il Б

li.s.

ll о(l]er

Uo.ds

lhere ь лo

т]js

ьсt саtr ьe iссоDпlсd

f.l ьy the lоllowmq leаsoDs.

|аnguаq.

eYe01s tаke

p]асe

in snuаtiols

le q!]le

пoп]e.Ol! аnn vаriоus

lЬetr пleIdepeпden..

аld in.

lun'

с!лsgq!en1lу n к dlfllсUIt

n'оuLdьe..п1d{Pdn]emоst.el]аhleс.1ca.п'

5 оt.onnnun).Jliоi

kn!ф!

ln l|]о цoLL

klovn сoпсeр!oD

slq

qcslcd

Ьу а.хь'']с]аo

v,v'vlnоqrаdov

ll0]

tltrеe flпсhоns dе

dкLlUuьlred

lьаl

r|lс

lunс!on оt соmпш0j.iliоп

lсоlloq!'аl

n']e th.

Lсnoп

ol Lo'оп.i']9

l|lsпcs'

onoa| ald

sсjci1i,iс

nr]i!]

aod ll]e eлrot rе

nпLсnon

1рUьLjсь!.

ny]o dпd the ьelle}

Letles slyr.r'

сь5ыl'саIioл

оl tllь ]rnd асtr'аLLy refleс6

soфe оl

ла ноwovоr'

r|]e trieпon

ofdк

nnqrБhtrtg

nyles dоes nol

seem ассLrale

enоuqh lt Б оьYlоus

lhаl ч]'.rl

(

са||ed lЬe emо.vсfUпсhoп

E rhe

q.n.lа|Gsk

оfhL

elаn@

ьur nor оf

nyle, вes]des tha |апguage

.l hс!ол sho!|d

ll'. othor

lnО аЬоve.men(ioned funсIiols

сапno1sefle

d5 а

ь',

,d Da,|

'o|,',,оnJ.у|P.

рLe

сoпenrоldeпсe l]elweeп

ole tunсlion

oln 1he nу]е Fol eх

) o'

sс]eпlliс nуLP Б Dзod nо' оnly fоl

infоIm'пg

рeop|e

bul

1l{ .опnпuniса1]oп оlsсi.nlьc

dБсusions

(аlks

sр.eсh

,,,''

oon

сo,оqud

.|*"),,o'ьi'..

'IjlLso

lwо funсtions, whаt ь lo ьe laken inloассount

hereв the

пLLly o{ dьtiоqtrьll]n! !hosс lwo

luлсtions, whrh х one оf

In fасi.onnunrаtion ь the

рIос6s

оl ea

.]д

ol,

d 14"п'

Ь{ь

om'

г1i,

iil

nll

ain intorminq саi be malkсd

plimаiiу in а dlаlщUe

iцn.lo0аl siуl0:' тьe telвs

(hаt

ale mоn соmnlonlу deаl(

vil'

Iс: sсientifiс nyle'

pUЬli.iiiс

nуle' Ь!siness ыylo.

ьёшes

l'(Еs nуъ аnd

сolloqtiаl styIe

|.ц|llу

й evеrуdаy oral sркh' though mon sсhоlaБ shаФ thо

nуLд

and !Ьe fотms oflаnguaqe realizdtion

lllапс1еrisliсs

of f!nсliоnа|stУ|os

рhоneliс

lеvel оl аnаlysь

his

llowevoт'.oьоdу

wou]d

Еаnt

to deny поw tha( oй|speфh

d te

qL"l'y

o' /d in.

liтms аnd

liЛds of оlal speкh ъ ьy

'aI

lаrqeI tьan ln wтillen

'0.|t}]

so t к

quteсlеаrthаl

desсriрlo. аnd сomрafisoл ofа||

П'ese vаriаIions

is a matrd ol sevele.omp|oхnУ аs' оn the one

!trlаr

раtems

рarlia]

|ikeness Ьe(нeen them, Now one lhmg

gv'denl

lhdt

lhеsets of

phoneliсnУle

forminq foаturos do not

m сharасirrized

bу diflelen!

quаlities,

Wo have пепtопed aьove thаt

1ln

ьr сопelаled

'ilh

variаtions

in lanq!age use, тЬe lаterсan

l).я0diеd

oп lhree levels]

рho

ll)e l'кl leve]

is lhe alea ofpьоnoslylьllф,

sDmnanzi.g яe

Фay saу tnal

phonostуlьtiG

studies lhe

лу

phonoliс

mфns are used in tьь or tnаt

pаn[Ulаr

sii!аhоn

w]r'сh

eхercises

!he сoпditioning inлuenсe of a 6вt oI lаclоБ

quьtiс'

тhe aiD of

phoпostу|ь

l'.s

ь lo anа|yse а||

pоssiьle

kiпds

ofspoken

!llerапсes вiih

the

n'ijn

puФ.s.

of idёntifying lhe

рhоnetс

feаtur6' ьoth segnёn.

0i and suprаsФmeлtalL whiсh

al. lonriсtёd to сenаin kinds оf

'.пteхts'

to eхp|ain

qhу

suсh fеаtules hаve ьeeп usф 3nd