Соколова М.А., Гинтовт К.П., Тихонова И.С., Тихонова Р.М. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка

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с|assib lhеm пto саl€gоri6 ьаsed lpoл аview ofthenfuпсtjoп,

веIотe desстiьЬg

рhonёliс

nуlе

'olnlilg

laсlоБ it

ь obvlous

|у пфessаry

lo lrу lо eхрlаin w

snuа$oh, We shоuld note here

thаt ц а sуneDatiс ехhauslive

dnd

ull'лаle|y тёalistiс view of

рhonoiylьtiс

ditrereпtjаtiоп oi

olaj speeсh ъ to ьedtlaiлed

ал oldedy аnа|ysjs of the сo'п!n!

саlvё .ltаl'пquistiс

siuаiion арpфк to

ьe

л]andаtory.

тъ.

аnаlуns

shоws thаt il

сan Ьe

dёli!еd

bу thrcё сompoпenc' tьаt

рUФosеL раn'сiDвnв'

seппo тhese соmpоnenь

disliлguish

tio.] оссuб, тhus a spёфh

siluation сал Ьe denned ьy lhе сo.

сUioк re]аted

lо фсh оl|rбm a

раi'сulаl

way.

having а

рaniсulаt

аim oI сom пu пiсаti.g' соm.

muliсаtiлg аьoll

DaiiсUIar

(oр'с

iл а

pаrtiсulаrseпinq,

lili|y

а sjtuatiоп is rcnnёсted }nh

the

puфоse

аnd

the

'oo]с

of the соmnruпiсa(iofl,

For ш

pUlрose

саl be deliпed аs

s of

se(ing апd

pаn'сipаia go.

'n9

i'nonmked

wnh

!hёоih

lhe асtviiies

of 1he

раn]oраlls

lh.оughоll а siluаtion

to сom

ьe viewеd

lerФs of

gепеrаl

ас'Ililу

lуpes аnd iп

tе.ms оf tьe асivnу

iyp.р]ш speсiЛ.6ub.

тhelс

аррeаr to

bе а сonsderаь|e nuФber

о,

quile geпelаl

р"'

o.аl'ivirь,

|Р6,1lq,]"аl,'л!

соndU.1ingd

meeliл!

сЬa!iпg

р]ауinq

qame,

etс suсь асtlvi

lуtes

аIe soс'a||y

rтogлlzel

a5 unis о' nnеlасtioi

tЬat аIe

Б reаsonаbIe

lo аsune

lllat асhvitу lyрes

аvai]aьle to

рlу

lаndoл

hns ofаII

possibili

nes

bul aie оrgаnizеd

intо duneБ

ofaсlivnies lhаt

sеeФ lo oe oI

thё same .ldёr'

sо we mighI

suggei

that aсаdemiс асlivities

'qh

|ev4ьd

! hоo'

,',

Рл.

lifi.

'eрots

dь.usions'

eiс a: relаted

lo aсrivitу

tурes a!.9р

рos.d

10 оthel g!оuр.

оf асtivjt,

tyрes' sUсh

аs' fоI exаmрlе

сdsuаl .hat' whethel

deпnn аnd

ра'iеп1

sсhoo]лаtе!

пe|ahьouG (oпe

of the Ьаses

оfsLсЬ аn

oрposition пigh(

be thё

о' d{'PР

оi

pl"рdl"olъ,

'р"F

ь |hd'

\оUrd leveа|.|!{eк.|

рroлunс'аloi

mcrt.Б

]

sholld ьe

nolёd thal

ас'ivnу tyрe аloле

dоes not

q]ve

аn

аdequаte

aссount

of tьe

рurроs.

in a situdtioп'

I( оnIу sрEjflФ

llj| Iапae оf

pоsjble

рtФ6sеs

lьаt

pаiiopanc

will oпent

lо

Wrd л the асtvilу but

nol яьi.h s'Фiliсо!e

will ьe involvй

l'соPle do not set

oпt tо |eсtuIe

oI to .hаl

оn something,

lhey

trllеid lо

leсt!re on

!hysiсs,

оI lnerаture.

or aп, to

сhat

v.ithe. оI а ьоot lhev

hаve lead'

тt]e noto. oI

рurрose

le.

qtrrcs

tЬe spфiliсаhon

оl.o0teЛc

аt а f,otё delа

ed levеl

than

hdl ol асlivitv

lvDe'-пlь

shаll

саl| 6uьjе.l

maпg, or

tоp

ld'аid

we sйall ;$une

БomoФhy betweeп

subjкt

паtel оt

lllc

фёФh

асtviry аnd lорiс

of sрeфh

ignоriпg suсh

st!аtооl

igh' Ье сoоkng

*hile .hашпq

iЬour

(heir

woik, вut we shou|d

lire tо

роint

oui

here thаt

suь.

mjp tlc,"rId|

п.m,AгloLп

,iPo

lnA

p,о'

un'

и| о' DP'nс

\ad 4'оF' v dflo r.d

] d's

whу

аriаnь оf

prontrnсiаlion Б сon.

.0пled it ъ а.ti!j!у tyDes

lhat form the

пotioп ol lh.

pulрose

Nоw L.!'s соnsidel

аno(hel со

Diniсjрапlз

sрeфl

vаliеs wih

[ Б а nlаlker ofvа!оu5 сltаlaсlen{iсs

о| tho

individuаl s!eakeБ

Js Well аs oI в|аlioпsьlрs

ьelweon

рani.'pаnь'

сhalaсte.siiсs

it'ndlviduаls mа, be dlvidеd

into ihоse

whiсh 8рpeаr tо сha'aс

rP.ze

lhе

individuаl аs an

'ndividual

аnd ihоse

shiсь

сhаrасteг

te the mdividual as а

menrьer of а

'qnitiсant

soсiаl

gloupllg'

lЬс iIdi!idLаlktiс сhавсterъtiсs arc

not а

рrimary

foсus

of thБ

volLlme, sо lеt u5 1ul. our

аtention lо loсial

relаtiоnsЬps, тhё

Ll|оq

oл

of ro|es апd rо|e вldtions

is сommon|у .оnIouпded

],P

щ,dлdp'JJ.ь

rс а d.сtor and not hk€ a fd(ьel orsomeолe's

lпend il

is likelу

b ьe wьen hё is i'l а suqеrу

оr a hоsрia|and ь

i.quringаbout

,"6

n ol d

pJ'.' |

о' d\u$i'

"ъ

d'La

",.hoсo,".g'"

sDсh

соnfоundiлg

mаy well Ьe

ll'nn oI noп oс.upaliопal

loles suсь as 6tangев

оI fiends

ш]tLlБ

ot оlder аnd

yоungerсhi|dren .lс

Usuаlly аge of

раil.]'anG

is also дn

mроnаnt саtФory

ior

Amonq othёr things

аge Еassосiаted

with the

F,'',.'',.'nl|..dт{y6no'n50,d|a'o'D,

ц,iF

DPo,!iс0

}itь ihe аtпьution of diffеrcnt

|cvels olсоmpelonсе тhеsрeФh

ьehаvioulofa

рeкoп

nоl oпlу

! ol!.ys

'лformаtioл

aьoDt ьis оr her ow! a9ё

ьut аьо аЬoltthe

]slener

o.lhe

тФe'ver o. the vetbаl mеssаge

тъus' old

pеoр|e

!]oаk

аnd аre sроkeo

tо iп a difiеleпt

wау lrom

young pфрIe.

яоl l0nanсe an eldеnу

рeБoп

Lsuа]]y speaks in а hjqh

рiiсЬеd

voiсe,

рeoDlе

!еiera]lу

u5e

hj0hel

рnсh

l.vёь

speаkiпq

sрeikel seх dit{ёren.еs n'

рlon!

1,.n d.fl'q,

tьe dаndаrd .eаlizаliоn

оt lhe !erb.nding in iлс

l/eodng'

'6l

'l!'

,leicshЛo] more l'eqlentjу

'han

boуs аid m.n

*ho

roa|izе

lтеo.jlл

vialin

'trerеsnn]

more оf'eпi fenа|е

sр€аkеrs use а

',i'

,рodlc,

',.

".'.'',,

'.y''

J,,

,'en

usuа||у do no!

lnolaь|y

,ъ

n'ould ье noted herc

that the

t. reаl'ze

soх dil,ereпсes !s uпdоuьtedlу

o' immense imроia!сe

аnd

'лtere*

вul lunhrI

.|ariliса!on оf rаther inriсale quenюns

саn Оn|у

.оme lloп пole

obselvаl]оns of |iviпg sрeeсh аnd

w0uLd

natUIа||у leq0ire

a delalled eхаmm.tiОn

ola muсh lаrqer

га|king аЬout patloрanь'

сonlonелt we

sholld add oпe

mole

сhаiaсteпsnс thаl

пeсds .onsidеrаtоn тhаt Б lьe

euto

tionаl slаtе

of the speаkel аl the moDеnl

oI speюь

рIoduспоn

whiсh

is hkе|у lо reveа|

рtolunсiаtoп

mаrkers wьiсh woцld

ьo

а fаsсiпаting

'foblem

оI rёeатсh

тhe

|аn сonрoneлt

wе have tо сonsider ъ

са]|еd s€пing' U'

tфлe J' i, dеlin6d

ьy !"vqdl,Р6(,.'

тttP l','.'

'hёп

'5.

phуsl.al

о.ienlаtion

оlpаniсiрaпь тhь

ь lo somе eхlenI deteг

m'Лed ьу the

aсtivity lheу аrc eпgаqed iлi

thus in а lфtuтё the

sрфkеl s1ands аi sоmе

dьlanсe .Iоп апd laсlno

lhё add.е$cч!

whe.eаs in а

pnva(e

сIiаt lhev

аrc siluai.d vь.i.Yis ftсh оIheL

It isqLto

obУious nоw

thа! sрee.h ovelаn mIerсom

аnd s.e{|\

in faсe,tо-fасе

сomnuniсаhоn is оЬviouз|У

phonoloФсаllу

.Б

tinguishaЬ]e iпа пunbеr

о'

*aуs,

sсenes

mау ьeапапqеd

olоnq dimensопs:

рubliс

plivalё'

mрeкoпal

рeБопal рohle

сaslal' hiqь.сulturф

|ow

сulturcd' аnd

many оtьervаlue

salеs In ]аlоe

pаi

these divекe

sса|es seem tо ьe suьsumed

lor

раrtlсiPаlБ

аs

well аs апа

]уnj

lndсl o c ь]lolal dnnonыоп oI fonnаl

mloтmаl' т1'e

s.eпes oп the iormаl оl

,'hlgh

ёлd

lh.

sса|e isrЬeo difielel!iа1ed iIoЙ tllа1

ар!Ioрлale tо

Еnqlъh and Rusiап

сап sрeсU|аte tьаt suс|l diffelсntiaUon

сe{аЬ

рlорoilies

N.ь а5 e|aЬolaton о' sуitaт аnd

leх'со.,

shаla

oloрсiioa

inс|udiпq eliPsi5' reрetilioп' s]reed and s]шij!q.

Ilthъ Б sо Rе nrау !]хрoсt

рronu.сьliоn

loitцlсs

tо

Ье mаIkeБ

We Ьaveаtempled toshow whi ь

genе'аIly

Dnderstoоd ьy

sidеred аs ns

соlыille'Б,II ь

рolhарs

easy

(о

see how numёr

hele

vаtia.ons

phoneliс

nеаns

A.raфawoгk .o. undеrstаnd'nq and desсriьlng them hаs

e.ьive

lea(rcs

оI the situalionаl

сrcumslan.6

о' ]alquaqe €veп

lelel оf aпalyss It чоu|d ьe tuе

lo siy thаl lhG

D!оь]еD

wаs

given

а gоod

deаl o{ale tio and 0le'e ъ з lot оidаta оbtаiпed

vnl

the help ofspeсial inveiчаtiоn

п аllоws us now lo sinq]с

оut. а numbel

of fa.tors яьiсh res

I) the

рurpоse

or th€ aiб o'

(he

uteIаnсe;

the speаke1s аtillde]

3) &efom

of сomfi Uniсаtion:

{) lhё degree оf f.'mаhyi

5) lhe

dфlee о| spoлtапenу

or the lelere!сe оl

thе оlal tеxt tо а

wri(teп

oпe)

ltsho!1dьe

mentioлed пght hеre lhаi lhe

рurрose

ot the аm

of lhe D(еrа!сe

mау Ьe.alled a

pьoпet.

nуъ.Iопiпg laсtol

All othёr fасtors

сaDsе лоdiliсalio.s wnh]n thъ oI thаtstyleалd

tliа! ь why ftау Ьe refeпrd tо аs

stуle-пodi'уinq

'а.lоre,

тherе

ь oцё more tЬпg that should

роinted

oll

hеrе.

Al]

!h.sе tасtors ale inteldе'endеnt

аnd

jпteтсoппeсled,

тъeу аre

ы.q|ed

out

wjth

thP

pu'рose

оIdesспbiлg

рЬоnetiс

рhenomеnа

sо

(hаt

to qive

qood

idea oI hoч thesуstem works

Now we shall

try !o сonsidor eaсh ot the above mentiоnеd

l of

Рhоletiс

vаnаtioлs nay сor

тhe in* lасtоr wе

shou|d соnsidel ь lЬo

puФos€

of lhо DпeЕ

аD.e

аnd ihe cnьjeсl mаtl€l' As wаs

menlioned oallier, we

shou|d asumё

ьomоrpЬy betw

thesuЬleсl matФ

in laцe

pan

delemm6lhe lех(аl items, it

'hAdт

'Ilhc

Ll,A'd,'c.1!l.пa'a

рlon

ln.'at,on,5о

jл

hj,

sрфt lhe

aim.ould ьеsроkёn

ol аs thesl!а!фу oflhelanguаg€

useI аnd sо ii

may Ьe саlled a siyle.forming

faсtor' on lhe

pho

netiс

|eve|theleа'e vаriаtions

relаted lо desсibe whаtl.nguаge

ьei']g

used fоr in tье

snuаlioi: is

(hе

spфker trylnq tо

pеl

suаde? tо eхholt?

lo dlsсlрllne]

he leасhino'

аdveiislno'

аmunng

соntоllin9

еlc ? ьсh оf lЬe dьove.nentionеd

vаriants

nаkes lhe

sloakersPl{t

numЬer

of lunсtionalрhoneliс mеans

wцh

(hе

puФosёоlInаkiпg

thelмl'аtion

oIlheaim more eflк.

!ve, Iп terms

phoпоnуl'siiсs

rNays

ol reлФhng

thespeake1s

рurроsivе

ble iл 1ь€ snuаhоn

in whiсh

lho 1eхl оссuпed

Anotnеr

eхllаlinguъtс fасio!

пon o,leл rrleпеd

tо ь the

8pнrA/s

апiUdP

l].P ч Ld

'оn

ol |o

цhdl

h" 5 sdy''ч U'

tnoи,.dq" lnoI

'оfтUn'.d!tё

j|'d.

hoп

!аi

of a hunlan

Ь€lпg s everydаy

lile situаloл

so il Б

Лаlulаl

lor

lanquаge

usеI

to сoпsider the situatiо!

floп! !ь

1' оlvЁ.

,"ve

|,'.

цnal

hP',,"lin,,nF,hn'

hр

ъь 1q doo |

dy фl.!Ь h т

аy eliсit ьn

posiliveor

nфative

resрonsё'

hБ emоtions'

тhь fасlor foms

a.omplex ьUndle 9il\

алouler сhаrасlenniс

ъа(ure

ol oral sрeкь It

ь no new лolion

thаt аny

оral 1ext

ь аddressee-orienlеn,

тьis пфns

lhаt lьe ]ь.

'enel

Б а|wаys

солс.ele

ъLApьъlnpdьLo'

рпvd|A.|Фо,phqr

тhЬь!'o,.on

^P]

0. sdd |о glфliy

d'й*

olаl lom о,ътLdg"

'ф|.zd'on

kom

wntlen

fom.

ll sun' lhn fасto!.ап

ьe сonside!еd

a re|€vапl fеа

ture

of otаI speфh'

Itз йon

сoФmon |inguьtiс rфlizalion

ь m.

tonaliоn vaiёties

whiсh

.an ьe nLm€lous

like vаnёties

o' alri

tudes

andemotions

an mdividuа|сал

eхрres

in vаrious liJё situ

аtions,

сonсludlnq

we mщht

sау lhаt suьjфtive

.olouпng

orа| speфh

s o.e

оf its most Dteqial

сharaсtenniсs.

сопsdеrinq

thr Ioп

of фf,пUпiсаlioп

wе sьould

sау that

пalure olpartiсiрanon

thё |anФаge

еvent lesults in

t}.o

PUу

э]ь|o nari.ti.s: а EoDologuе аnd

a diаIоgu., It shоuld be

пeп'

liоnф hёle that а dьtiлсtio.

ьelяeen а nonologue

аnd а d'а.

logue ъ a fа

y.ondrtlоned

опe ЬUt

{ё

note

th's dъtinсlion

'oт

Мoпо|oguпgь the sрeаking by on. ildjvjduаl

iп suсh а vay

as.o.rсlUd.th.р05$b.].tyоlmiёпuo,'o1ь\

o,л"ъ D,аlф!:ns

o1\qLч' Ь tPe6l-q п s

я"r

"''o

jп\.lр

thr

р.пnipo

tion ofоtheк' Itь

quite

рo*iь|e

forоne

pcБon

lo соmFuniсаle

иnh

аnothg aбd !o Ьe tЬe onlу speakеl. simirаnу

i\'o

рeople

сan

mono|ogueаt eасЬ other, Мoпo|ogumg Б

(аken

to Ье thе use1s

mediun lelаiio.ship iл

those sрeесh sпuаtioпs

in whiсh tьё.thel

рeo'|e

present

do поtjoin

jп

oIal ьan аrenot meаni io еxсеpt,

рerhарs,

tо

sьov aрploval ol dьaррlova|

llom lhе lйguьhс

рoiп1оfview

on|у one fеаiDre ь сonsidered tо ьe rеIevалt' i,e, the

length

of the uterarce' Мопо|oques аre Usuаlly morе extеndеd.

тney аIe аьо сhаrасtеrizеd ьу m

(

oolo|ooues usuа|ly

hаvё mole

арраФnl сon!лuity аnd seltсo

Phon-,o9.n.i|'o

".lh.,

']"'^o,

dlР,Ps.annоl h-dn"

lоqiсаl ыnсe eасh klld

ь сhа!асt.rjzёd bу 6pфifiс usаqe o' lаn

guаgo

means of an $ethlф]eveь

Ilwelоokupon а

dialoquс and a mоnоlrguoIiom

Dsусholin

unils, it са. ьe

рrоved

ьy

!ьe

lас!

0lal

p.oplе who

find thom

se|ves дbloаd

leаIn dia]оguiпg

q!ne

eаsily' whilе поnologui.q

lequressркiаl

tlаiniog oуen in tЬe nаlivelа.guаge' тhere аre а

p"op|д ч\o

P |ье',

lliu. ьnq oq"

qhj,.

did|og

',nq

qune

аdequаtеlу

bul

who

fаi| lo

Aпo.g lhe sфiаl

fа.tols detelminiпg the Usаge ol stylъii.

mеапs I

ь thё fomalily oldilUаiiол whiсь is vёry

ol'еn

lelarcd

]t ь oьvious

lhat tЬe

рIoсess

ofsleаking ь very olle' а rфog

iilioп ofsосjаl ro|es

and re|atioпship тъe mierасtion

iпdividu

аls dерслds

upon then ьаming

and aссep'inq lhe ro|es ofsoсЙl

bеhаvlоur' A сenаin iпdividualh

orgаn'zа!оn whiсh

e.li es hiл

tob.addrc$ed in a сeltаiп fаsh.

ion Ьу hк subоldinales

in another wау ьу his

equaь ald m а

'hnd

waу

ьy hь suрeioБ

so lo сome to lerms wiih hoN roles

аnd

lеlаllons аIё reа|ized

iп lаnauаоe we sрeak of foпbаliIу

dьФlБе.

Fomalny Еflкts hоw

the аddlo$e,

(lhe

6pealrёr] iп.

ъпds ъiЬ

ttЕ аddresee

lthe

Lьtеner].

тhc !сlаnoпnip ь

(he

lhс.хtаl]пqus!с reаl'(у,

|аti.ns ]п!'l(J pаn'с'pdпc

ulh.n

1h. rc]iiooshiр Б соns'dетed

on lhe

nf.rmаlny

а'o тolgvalt' so a'e

m]ql'1

5аy tЬal s!okcn

lап!Lаge shарes re]аljonshjрs'

i1 dennes

аnd ii

Б ih. сaleqory of fоrnаhIy whiсh

nhks

sрeаking ltjе

iq|lt klпdot|аnguаqe

соnsidсin]q

a соmmuЛi.аrivo

situa1ioп fIоm lhe

l)o'nl

оl

|d hаve

tо аdnln

(hаt

it mа].es

lIe ]апe!аg!

us.I reаhze the in]

lL. demапds

lоI hБ lаnguаqе

.оnsсiоusnеs.

sо the diсhotоmy

loпiа]

шlolфа|

iоltiсia]

u']оItiсвil сап ье unde6iood hёre

as the ibseпсe

рres.пс.

of5oсiallу leаlizat

nф6ыty to folow

lo usё

lhom ln dк.!s]nq

thь fа.lol wс

Ьаve to аdmit lhаi

thс

.dlсgorу oI

lоппаli1у Б

qenera||у

iпсlUded nt.

йe sel d nyle.

d'lfereD1iatiпg

fасtoк

apрhed Il

slggesь thаt а lаnquаqe

user

роssesses

the

6Ьi|iiу tо sрeak

iп dftelenl

sly|6, 11 ь the сdsc

wih

рeoDle

whоsё

рlofessions

аre hiqh]y

velьа| ones'

s!сh

РcU'

рLс

usuаlу

hаve а very

сullula| ьасkqюund,

In the oрроsпe

iаse the

]пgUБtiс

bсlla!loUr of а

s'edkel п а fоmal

situаtiоn

dоos

пot dLtrfi

'rom

hБ Ьehаvioul

аn inlоimal stuаtiоn

тье

in'luenсe

of0]c faсtor

ulon tьeрhonetiсloпn

оfsрeфh

lh.',

o'ioьь'4'

qь,г,,v|.\

of lpPd, 1о

o,,q . n d 1'y

i,. o',,-Ьl

!иq0

J,a

speФh

d$tin.t, tholоuq}j

апdрlфьo

нis сoлsсious

аtentoЛ

the

fоrm otltоdudьn

makеs

Ьm сhоose

the lU|| nуlё

рro.

nuпсiаtio0

тhe

nоliоn оf lhr aрpФрriаteпes

оl sрeаkmg

doU

ёnough

piёsufrаь|у

pаn

o' the сU|tural

сode уhi.h

iпsьls thаt

,,,'

'udа

lo ьl\ l',l

dnd Lдq

еxp|.,п n 5U!l

',.k',о'

d1ln

{

1ы

'i,J|

on |

Фou|d

рl.|q

|ф\

.хp,',l

d1d

mo,.

'dр

fuirrioп

effiсieпlIy

аsа mоda

ol.ommuп'саLoл

lt wo(Ld

Ьe a vаы

ovecimplifiсаtiоn

to аssuпl.

rьаt thеle.Е

оnlу two

vаriеti6 оf

р.onunсьhоn'

тheE аre'

сeilаin|y' m4l)'

'nolе

ofthen Indeed

lhere

ь аn infiniie numbelаnd

thev

havчдU

delinаble

ьоu.dаries

eасh mеlgrs

jmperсepliЬ|v

into ihе

neхL

ll" tvо

pоlаrvaielios

!hat

hаve Ьeei mепtоned

аьovс illuslrale

'llс

ro]e оt doq.oe of

formalllу аs ai Dхtlаlinguьh.

сaie!оry

W. shou]d

pomt

оut helе

thdt there ь аоolher

fасtorwhiс|lis

'у

oflёn rcfeпed to аs lhе one

relat€d lo deФe

оl lоilnаhtу

lrаt we meап ь lhe

qu.n(ilу of addressccs

тhБ laсtol deler

nr.s tl]с distinс(ion

оf

рUbliс

and .oл-puьli.

оral tсхts

L,'

! 32] sрeФhis

quаhfied

аs

рuЬljс

wheл а sрeakerь lGlenеd

tо

gIoUр

ofрeop)e, Non

рub]iс

.omпuпiсalion oссuв

iп taсe.

llirP

ntualioпs i!

w.uld ьe fаtr to meinon

t!аl there аre по

'lclо'

ldl'i) оf

.,6,о'

dndIL |i

LLnqDБtiс leаl'а!on оIthe Iоfia|]lу on bо1h

segmen1al and

lPrasegпeпIаl |eveъ ь v.ry imDоnаn(

for а *Ldent olаDolhсI

L.шquag.

н. b.inqs tо

hь leа'ning tаlk а]| 1he hаЬts аod

aod hn с0ltrfe

Leа.n'nq а iоЕ

ll] |d'quаgс nrvoIves

susрелdiлq

1hese аnd асqunn'g o1hoc

on'inue tо

inlё!plel

snuаhопs

l Ь!j sоuki i'] Ьis

о*n с0|!ure

In otьer vords hъ

glаsр

оf fоI

] iLLilУ оf

situаlion

к inсomрletе нe mау оllen hаve a fоlлa|

Ч'.lу

апd

pe'hарs

а lelаlve|y пfo.mаl one bot hc mау no'

knоw

r[.q'аnаlion

in beltфn lhe.хt

]iЦ

Рol exaпlрLe' In Ru*ian the leаve

'аkinq

дo.,uqфш

сin

l]l

!Ionoon.еd

ьoth wnh lov isinq аnd low fаll'ng

(.ne'

vh'сh

.0]od5

пeutа]

e m Еnghsh Go,dЬyе]

prопouпсed

with a

)! lаtl].q

tono sounds !an|у rude,

яhilo

lisiоq loпo makсs il

r ) !Ьс

аьо!e mentioled onos, тhеy ale: lhe 3Deаkels lпdivi{lu

.'liу'

leпporзl

рmi€nалсe'

3oсiаt

prоveпаnфl

iапgёof iпфlligi

ЬinУ'

set апd аge о| 1he sреаker тЬe 6кt iьiпg tо Iлок аьout

rlL0n

ь lhal they are lDсldeпial' фDфmnaлl

'ea1ules,

тЬey аre

]

lLnа.tёnstiс

of а |аnauаqe userаndсаn nоl vаry wnh very lIl

eхсeрliоn' ]ikeаlIthe

above.mentioлed oles' so

lhеy аrе nоl

i'Lфelately

.hoseп ьy lhe speаkel аt tne fime оI text

pФduс.

! i' thouqh

thеy oay

very wеll

sеryё ds

hь

jdoltifyinq

{ea.

rc' thls froп IhБ

рol.i

оI vjew lney mаy ьe сопsidered iп.

one of lhe mon imрoltаnt nуle modifуing Iaсtors ь tпe de.

q'0e

оf Бpoпlаhonу, sо il we examinё lhe situations in whth

peo'|е

a]eаk

lаther than {rilo l!оm the

рonn

оl view

рsу

ыcen

\o,d n

ыh!l

.hA,

а,A

speaking spоntanеotrslу аs oрposed

t. lhоse

in whi.h they arc

sрeаkinq non{ролiаneоUslу аs lhe асiоr

and

(l'ё

|есtUler

атe

mоn olten dоiпq т|]e tуpg

.l sрeeсh stuаlions

whiсh lead to

sрo.lаn.оus spефh

inсlude сlаsУooф teaсhiпq,

le|eYъion аnd

оI aл event а.l!ally laki.g

p|асe.

сопvrБаtioi betveen

exneilr

сonve*а'iоns

We sьoD]d Ieа|

Еe olсol6е 1hat Ьеlt..n two

рoles

ofsропtаne!у thеle

аre а

tiопs, Fоl eiаmple'

the sрoiting

соплilentatоl has st0diod поle

lhn]! befоrе]

ihе

!еo!le

wh.se

рrо.еsnons

a!о highlу

verbаt

оLi1iсiаn, l]r. leaсhe.,

the lаwyer

dп!] tьe stagР eiteiainer boсome ассostопed

produс'nq

f eхpeпеnсe' тhъ meais thаt аl

lhоlgh tЬeу hаve nо wnlleп text in !.ont оt thom there аre

ele.

mcnБ

plooalaloi

аnd reрetitiоn i! Ihetr sрeаking

рerfоm'

апсёs wh'сh qive

them somе o

e nо* deаnу idenlitied at the

l)hоlcoс

|e!c! of аiaLуsь'

li аn utteranсe к

quа|ihed

аs fUliу sрoп(aneous ьоФ

li.quis.

its vёIьаI reаlizаliоn ъ laklng

p|aс.

аt 1h€ фoпепt oI speаkinq thougь' оl соu6e' n сould be

lhoughl overin аdvаnсe.

тhere а

sрeюh асlviу is nо!

роsnьle

тhe rеаsоп thаl ассou.ь fol tЬat

..n'|к f.oп'

tlтee nшqs: а) the u[еIапсe ь

(оo

1oпg 1o ьe iе

there

Фe

nemory

сonstа]лк;

lhеsе

3!e u!с.anс6

pюdu.ed

in lhe IоIп of |eсtules' Ерons'

c(с,; b) lhe hme of

(he

sрфkё. i

ьeсonvеyсd wjlhou(

aпy hentаtоni,oI eхample neуs ovёr the

вdio аnd тv; с) the

sleаker ь rеа|izinq somebodу else s ultel

амq IoI eхdmр|e leаdiпg а

рi{е

рrose'

qLo!.g etс, Iп lhe

Дьоve m.nli.nei

саses 1ьe Utelanсe оr тalher ils velьа| reaiza.

tioп ь

рreра.ed

а'jvаnсe' i'е

wrill.n

on a shеet ofрiрer.

тhis

mentоl

plоduсliоn

-nБ

leаd'

tу!Р оl

pl",,

L |}

р'"р",Pd

т5"

sрeаkеI

п]dy 6e lЬe

writlen

vaпaпljust to ЬeLр himsё]fremem

ьer tьe logI sUссеsjon

оl lhr un.tсd сon'onls In this саse lhe

spceсtr is аLso fllly

рrёраrеd

.ilhеt o. the аbove

n]еnliоned

nh thё

рulpose

оl ьeinс

pю.

lli.cd olаllv,l! serues

аs а m0а!s

оfорtimizаiion

ol lhe

prФess

"*-";-

'h.. ",-..

Iъъ L'no o,vn|cn

Фх'

.Fo.'d

Ф,"hanom

пq.Ф.liF' ldF

ъhln

ге'о|

lobеlfud

,',

,,U

..,о

у'h

po,,'o,|,.y

о|

lо.nр'.,P|v

Px"|.ded тh.

n1cl niffeв

[iоm tьe formе!

in la'nY sD{

i'iс

oтgа

nizаtioл

оf |ёat

't]аnd

glаmmаliсa|

mёsns

wьiсh ь one

оl tho most

'пponаnl

Now i,

'е

lОok upоп

(hе

deqEe

of sрontаnety

аs a style'

|Фdifv'na fасtol

weshould аdmit tha! itьаs

a dфьive

'nfluon.e

.п

lh;

Dhon.tiс

oqаniziюп

of an оlsl

teхl' In olhel

words, thе

Dlm6rу

distinсlion

ihat should

ьe drawn is lhe dьtinсliоn

be.

l!.en two kinds of s!.*h

асtivitу' i,e, .p€аring

аnd reаdiпg

!x]фh

*lhoul аnd with Еferenс. to

tьe чiiten teхt)

тhis dis

tiсtion к mсludёd ьy mos

phопetiсians

nno thё

set оf inl]uеnс.

пq lасlors no mаtterwhаt аspфl of

sрeкh ь a!аlys€d

AсtuаlLу

lll. lыo k'nds of orаl !еxls

dfiеI

quite

сonsidе.аьlу

m lhe

wаy

ll'e

phопeliс

Фeаns

oflhelаnguаq. аre

Usёd,It we тant tо

dФ

аve b аnmit thь

ь vhere

pho

|d'сs оvenals

with

psусho|inguьliсs' а new пlerdьсillinаrу

Рsусhоlinouisliсs as

а dьti.сt аreа о' sсianсe

developed in

,оnь.'оf

]oou,J,.

dno o'/,ho]Фy

k|own tо hаve lаned

fol лolё lhаn а hund.ed

уeаG

ЬngDаge

1'lluтq,,ol lJтi

гJ-hl

аnd,о i,

itD]а!oп

from

psyсhоloqy

D|аys

aл

imрonапt and

plасhса!у

]1 Б tue thа( inveыц]аlion

оf s

e алd

orgаnizаtion оI a.tivitiф

iLо

whiсh ptоduсtioл

аnd

perception

of spoфь

t.kе

рIас€'

lll. Ьtterьeing

рsyсhol

iпgu ъ liсs studу аreа

Lапguаge isknown

l' ьe a hufan асlilily Anу

ьuпаn асtiviу.an eхБt tп

two

l{пБ le' nllhefоm o'the

рrфess

апdin the lоm ollьepюd.

ц 1is

thе rcsult ol

tьe

рItrels.

so it ь

pefк0y сleаr lhat it is

Dj|].*lьle tо iпteФIet

phoneliс

сha!асlensiiФ

ot living speфh

Wnьou(

hаvпg an idеa of the

рsyсhjс

lаws ofsрe{h

р.rсeDiion

вeloтe we

qо

on lо des.nbing

iшvP

пlentonеr| ki|rds

ol sрgh realizations

wo *ou|d

tо

g'vё

аn

idrа'

voгy

skelсhy

o']o, о{

wьal

lhеse

!wо

рюсessеs

]ъс

loiпl

lhаl sрeаkrng

аnd reаdiпq ьeing

рroсesses

оl

сОmmUп'саhoл

апd vаne

еs of sрeкh

аdlvnу аre tыo

din.renl

e, the soLndnlr]

ulerапсе

aenelаted

qulе

dilfe'eлt wаys,

who|

wrilre;

в( ь Ьelпg;аd

alouo' а

'"ddФ

hc,

oo o

vФьdl

lPdl'Д

d1eq'|lgl

,ln,6|lol

ь} d1.

othei

Гe6oл,

sо

he пeed лot

lhink of whal

to saY .r rаtllel

, тhe

on|у lhiлg llё

hаs lо

uпd' i,e tо r€alizeorаllY

rhe lde.

a5 ve6аDy

*рl65ed

ьу

Фсапs oI ьIъs

сnпm;l d цs

ьnсJ"

Р oh'

-dl,d'o

!|o

ф nф" .', о;.пq

р'm

9.dg"

Bе,,сc,'

'о

'cqо

аь]e to

oxp.es

the fies

оlth€ wfi!фп

фn

аdequi;v.l

!. Ф

c',]Pd'',0'

I.oь'

p.J'

hо.ф,.",y

qL,@,J?оl

1dnJ

Wф

.'"

sёп

Рs

l1",

oJ,i,lо'dd1l

hРsnа'iоD тhe poi

ь thаl

whi]с geDстаloq

а text а sре*or

l'аs по !mr or rаtheI nоt

enоu9

'мl

lоrmоflЬe

gxрlession

he hаsсhoseп beсause he ь sjФuLlа

oPoGу

рlan!'лg

what heь qоiп.]

io say

nохt

аnd аьo

mоппo.

n! shat

he ь sауiпg, тhe wordinq ъ tаkiпg

рlaсr

smullane.

оLыy wiih

plоnо!nсinq

соnseчle01]у, 1he sрeakeI ЬeБi(ates

hosnates lо renemьer

lLnlеl

Dieсe

оf

lDfоlmаnоn,

ThБ

hеsilаliоn

phenоmёnon

broа|.s

d]. FоDlа

аld

gveiiess

оf'hоne.с form. n'oтe

appear л

hlqlh

а.d

qua]ilу

wh'сh se]dom

о(urаl lhe syntасl]сjurctte

|oDglhenmg

оf sоuldз wnhin

Ihe

WоIds

апd in t|le wOrd nnа|

hаIасtelized ьy а nlmЬсr

ol.o|

rj'ail

feаlLres ь.th

on seqmen1aI aпd suрIаsеgmeлtаl levеls:

vаIiоUs

killds of assin

olon'

leduсliоn

оlG'oп

wtl]сh

mа.lfеn

j'nDhiiсalion

of soцnd

sequeпс

аlses vа'}ing lоldn.*

{rтоUl

verу L.!d to vеlу

Low), nапоw

lt.'n

vary

fаn tо verу s|o})

A'попg lhe leaпfes

dБtiltguъhing Ihe twо dеsсriЬen

ki ds !l

lLat

лeeds а лoIe detа

cd ao

lrlрIi.п' тhаl k tье

ddnniiаtiо

сaLled a

,lуnlа9!'1a),'

lп а sролlanenis 1ea!

h.sitа1йg оnel

рrevелls

'h.sрeаkе.iiоm

rеаliz'пq

alull sуЛIаgmlа) r,ho..

may

pdLse

wh'сh ьreаks

iI' sо аn iпtoпа.Оn

!.o!р

do.s iot соiпсLde wilh

a sуnlаgmlа) PаlsРs аt

l|lceпd oI

7e lhe rlles.tPьт.nлg

ie оI i]аktrlg

раlses

аt the nоmcn(

ljаnу

slапg vоlds

аф nlvёnted lo.ovеi

new situаtiols

'1ьiсh

Dфр]e

fee] lhiI ll]с

!аdillonаl lуpe о{ }.оlds

doesп.t сover

рhI.sеs

'hat

yDu

oll.n nпd

а0loпg IЬe teёпаq.{s

lоd.у, 1heу

l'аnl

lo havе.e*

nyLes огdless, new hаn

nyles

аnd ille'

suпnаriz]n! we

mау sау

lhаt аlL tЬe aЬove.mentlоned.cа

J'n

!}]опeliс

mаrkeБ ofа

sDоn

o,db.ь{пc'nn

whi|e

sрonьnфus

sрeФh

Б Iаknlq plасe

{when

nо

noles

аIe

osed)

lle

proсess

оI

psyсhr

а.livilу

сol'sь oI

rwo equdпy

::|!'..

л.р,q",.ol."d,ь,1q

l'"тPl,.лnq

iolпdon,.l"'nfu^

h"'9U'

в1

liл|,o

b \p,",s

'.л"

,de

,',od

lo1L Pхр'.,\,eP'dcd.Jd,л,',

nd),/

г"

,е

","

J,о

LФd

d'k.j"'

.y'

'п"

.l'1q"'.е

ьqno

lha

пмкaJ

nlhe

lvrm

ы5pе{]r

(п\

^Лa'уsig

mon

lnрonаnt

сhаrасlernliсs

oIа sрokeп

sDonra'

neols

lext яо

shоuld

nвl

оf аll meлiioп

рhenоmenoп

сslled

les

aIe nоliсeаьlе

.оqelher with sрфiliс

Фаmmаtiсаl,

nаiлly

1cасh'ng Еnql(h,

6ркiаlly

spokёn ЕDqhsh one shоlld

we[

аRаle .l

sрeс'l'с

phoлelic

mзrkeп ol hving

speфh, тhey

а|

с|lаidсlerъliсs A studoпl

Еnghsh

should Ьe sрsiаnу

ъught s!сh

рссa|ianlies,

o(he'wьe

а sрoken leхt iou]d

sоuлd

like a reаd опe uh[h would

ье ul.

s|ц|fiапzmg

bneлy we may

5aу,lhаt }'e hаve

kied to de.

sспьe l]re UЙin

eхtalinquБhс

sluаIioin

Iасloc thаl mаke

(he

lаn.]uаqe

user

сhoоse the аpplopriаte

сode

pЬonetjс

realizа

тЬе

o el Ihаt аre

рlololed

here аIe

n.l

а|| thаt пс.d

lo ьe

с.nsidered' тhеy wi]l

hоwevеr'

fо]ц d

lem!.яry

tamework

ьr lhe

hаvo

Les mirknlg

рОwer,

тhe idёа l|]а15ьoLLd

ьe

lcа]lzedБ thаl

jп

evc]ydау

]fe slu.toos

]оf

.lho

соmЬinа.on

оI sevёвl

lЬenr

oаl delennnes

the

nуLP

....."

";,".",..,

.laL

{eхl

lhould

ьe сonsi.ored

tо lЁve

nу]e.d'ffФon1ьlnq

vа]ue нetс we

sholkl

note thаl

,n"o\

,6'',l

]e lo rьe

ol In. pаin.G

аIe |.veаLed

by tаrnьel

тamЬёr

соmьlnеd witll

iоп vhiсh would

bo a

Dеrmаn.nl

Dolimnаfioл

Б апоlЬe.

сha.aсteпniс wьiсh

ь сoппоllv

lе

,е'len

ф а nу|е

n'fferentiаling

leаnrc

oп tьe

рe!ссрrive]eve]

qаs

mr0!oлed

оar|ier

(

is tlle eхllаhnguьli.

fасtoБ

л.st]y

..r$olLпgUБlс

сhа.асleI' tltt d.1orm'De

the Ia*s ind

!ho

] L{{ъ

o| dlnioitolФo

A]n.n! lhа lаlel

рauses

shоlld be

i i ]

rld aod desсlьed

jndPPPпdeп(Lу.

Ь]].аfu.]iffсrсnl

ра!.l.s

оf

рho

refeпed

delolс

flаqmeпь of

e whole teхt Б паtLIa||y dlvlded

inl

пjonoloq!es]'

а srmаn1iс

r п n]аl.slen

tr](d сhаraсtelnL.

цhi.h

Б un]а||y

relеned lo the set ol

rts of 01e u(olanсe thаl

hаve а

trtr' !Ь!ц.

р.ns

of lll. une.anсе с

.t'l

L.1цeeп ассeoted апd l!п'ассented seqments oIаi Ul

qreаlel

ihdn in leаdin!'

n0с !о nrс

Jaс(

lhаl in sрeф[

л!аl lсvоl]sc would hov. to

рilсh

level iо!ni.зs' l.mро

lwhiсЬ

.il

ьn.]

ра!s.s

dnd

s!ecс' та1e). rhуrhm аnd soпe оthек

Lr] trq аЬ.ul

nуl. dif,сl.'(ia1iпg meаns of

рьопetiс

|eve|

аg. ь

diI! пl iself, Pllole!с

lhe

proсes

.t lсаlizаtio0

о'i

её'ns

loqjсы

e0ooqЬ tо

q'vo

1Ьe

pIоьlem

оf с]trssifiсаliоn of

рьoлеliс

пn.i ьe

Ф ovоInп]рЬh.atol t

Ilow.ver,

0'eтe is oiё lh'iо

enfуmgvdьtssрёФhЕdPа

]

.фr

рho0onуListiс

рoiпt

ol vLew аn апаly* should smqle

] ] l!

qп

{h]t

аlO djli|rcil lгol]

(he

oпes used a5 а Ьаsь for

il!LnnЛq

tDndioаLny]сs

ollащLаgP We mаke itс|eаrьу

:, ;".;:1.;:1,;:':;"HT'l

;';::il l,l.:.tji:^::"",

.."i"..1,

:;::;.]IiJil:;'

"Т

jtiii

jяiil

::]":,:iij.i1,Щr"j:,

:":: ::l.':

:,:.:.""."l.':::,;;

r"'.j.|l"

""]'.:::lI".

-ы

'ь.

i.-'

;',

',"

'',.-

]":':.

do'о

o'd|,lе,l.

'eх'

o',о'g.

,;;.;'".. :': l:11 i*.1dP+L

{''

ъl'l.c|"1',*,ь1

-;;;

;.:,r,;

;;.;:,".ii:;;.;,":

:;:::"

.,,

*i#*Ёi;ffiц*р;

iрцi,,,;;д;:]

i дtq

ii:.

}ii

.#**ffi

**tЫt]'}#Ё:tjl{lТlн*:t,*"l{.Ё.lt*j

suplаsegmental

level' яhile ошeБ

lthe

folnаliry or situаtioп' fоr

сxаm!lё)

Еveil segm€.lаl vаJieties,

fоl

the sake of dsсriь.

n]g апd eхрIаiлinq

рhоnostylьtiс

vаIieties it

sфms

prel€rаblе

lonsidёr

eасh leve|

sеpаlatelу lntil a nов аdequаte sу*em

a ,.yь

d'll-дг|E 19

с1aidсFl.6rб mФпl'оnФd dьо\6

9'!д

q.оd

gюunds

fоr

eslаь|isьiпg iпlonаbonаl

stylф sutаb|e nоt

fo!soсiо|iпgDъtiс

resеarсh

Ьtt аьо for lhё

puтрosе

of |eam

Пg аnd leасhing

а fовigп lаnguage'

п mioht ьe

gene!а||y

asuned lhаtlhЕe

ale

Лve

intonаiioлаI

nуles sing|ed

out maiлlу ассoldinq

to lhe

рurpоse

оIсoпmunl

..l]on

and to wьiсh

яe.ould lefФ

au the main van€d6 ol ulе

(eхь

geл.rаted

iп €verydау,

сommuпfаtion

ol а пodefl mаn'

l I

oma(ionаIstуlе'

2 Aсadеmiс

siуlе

lsсientiliс),

3, Puь|iсьtiс

ny|e

(oIаioriаD.

{ De.iаmatorу

ny|e

(AnБliс)

5, сonvе6ationа|

dуle

1гamiliar)'

вJt dillereпtiаtоn

оl inlоnatio. ас.oldinо

lo lhe

puФose

..inфUnjсаhon

оnlу is definile|y

ibоve

(helo

arc otьer

riсlo.s thа( аtreсtintonation

m vаIioUs

ех

,,,'

'a6

'Ad

л l.

гe

lo,ф Еd ,

le1rcфJ,Px'',

|,."

0 :n

.nи0

рhoпeiiс

сЬаrасterisiiG

оf d ferenl nyles'

ь su.Ь саses vе

й k аbo!l

ovenаррina

1fusiоn]

olstvIes'

тo

sunnаize we

соuld

saу lhаt the dБlinсliоn

оf

рnоnetiс

use shoLLd

соnko| аnd give

бeап'ng

lo lhe dёsсnplive

slаlс

п]ent so

il thк

GsDoсt tьe suggosted

сlasifiсаtоn

ь neallo аd'

(lLa(e

уау

оl re{teсtinq

n0meтous

sDeфh reа|izаiions'

оn the

one

hand а.d

оn ole oiher,

it il lhe яау

lnderstaпd aл0

аtemрted

tо sуneпаtze

аl| oli oьseг

lд]ons

аnd

ас.оunt fо!

a|] the oрtlоDs

lhe lаsk would

рlоve

пFd1.9' \,mp|rlо'c

па'Lcd ra6|d,.

of lho

vlA

'q1ojl'q.пd

lё|.

пlioht

сonс|l|dё Ьy

sауing lhat we hole

lhis will ье

usclul

рlкe

оl kлow|edg.lоl

leаmеrь.сause

ьoth th.lоleiqn

*udеnt

аld thё wоuld.ьe tмсher

olЕnglвh

nеed

to dеve|oр thе

awdrcпess оf differcлt phonetiс

stуles ofthё |аnguage' нe shоuld

tаughl to aпа|yseаnd d€sсliЬe

thеsрeаkilq habils ofЕna|ьh

рeoр|e

нeshou|d

|eаfr to disсovel lhepаttеФs whiсh

djfforonti

а1e

nyIe vаrieties

tо eip|аin as fаIаs

pоssiЬle

яhу

peорle

sрeаk

whаt

{otfr ofphonёtiс eхpЕs'

sion theу mаy сьooз.

ьфause the nуIe shоuld

be аs

nаtulаl

аs

dres а.d lit

(he

line, lhe

pleсe

and the

рeкon,

вesdes he

should

be аьle lo

leaсh other

рeop|e

the sаme

thjnqs Ьфаusе

teасhing

a spokon fоrclgл lаnquаge

mёans tea.Ьinо lhе аьi|itу

viduа|s

сulture

п is fol thь i€аsоn

tьal thь teхlьook iлсludes

this

сhарtel, тhe

сhapteБ thdt follоw wllt ьe ьаsф

o. lhe шва

thаt nуlisiiс

differeпbаtion

ot oral spe*h саnпoi ьe ignоred in

teасhingboth

а fоrci0nlаnguаge

алd а mothёl

lоngue,

сhаDter

тIlE FUNспoNAt

AsPЕст oгspЕЕсIJ

soUNDs

тhis сhар1er

is.oпсe.ned

цith tьe

l'nguъiiс

fuпсtion

ofinаi

viduаl sоuids thаt

ъ,ъeqmon6 оl

sрeфh,'

We а!eoоiпq

to dБсuss

here tЬedefinitiоns

оfthе

phoneme'

melhods

usъd i; еыаblishinq

the

phonemi.

nn'сlurc

of а

lan.

guаge

tho sysiem

ol Ёnglьh

lhoпemes'

modifiсаtiоns

otsouпds

in съnпeсted sрeeсh

a d nylьnс

differentiаtiоn

ol vowels

and

тo know

how solnds ale

рlоduсed

ьy sреeсh

oqans Б

not

P'oua|l to desсriьe

.пd с|аssiry

lheп аs lаnguаgе

uпns, wьen

lJk аьout rhe soulds ofа

|аnquаoe 0]etem,ъоund'саn

ьe

jnte.рreted

fi lwo

lа(herdifiernt

'аys

In the fi6t

plасe' weсan

iу lhat

11]

апd

{d]

dе lwo dif.ereлt

sоDnds in

Еngllsh

lt]

bёinq

iоtБ апd

ldl

ьeina lenь аnd

we сао illustrotё

thъ Ьу show'nq

how lhеу соnшаsi

wth еасh оIhel to

mаke а dlffelenсе

оfпeаn

Lnlr in а lаrge лUmbelofраirs'

вUi oп the otьor hand il

wе lыeп саrelully tо

lhe

lt]

in lel ш and

сoф!аle

i! wiih the

{'1

ln ?еt l]

soDnds аre aьo not lhe эamе'

tьe

ltlof

]el6 ъ alveolal'

while

]c t ol l'tliPл,s oPn

6, |п Doln

PxаmplЬ

'1P

'лds

d.fi.l,1

onё

аniсulаlory feаtule on|yi in thе sфo.d

.ase the djtrеreпсё

ьetweenthe sounds has

tunсlioпаuy по signiiiсanсе.ll

рёffфt.

]у с|eal lhat the sensе

оl,to!nd,'in the6e two саses

ь ditrerent.

то

avoid

thБ .mьiguiy lhe l'nqulst Uses

tяo sepаrаlе lёrms

,ohon€De'ь

usod t.

meаn

'ъoUпа'

in iБ соntДstive

sense аnd

,rllорhoщ''

ъ used lor sound6

whiсh

аIe

vйаnG of а

phoлеme:

they Dsuа||y оссuriл differёnt

pоsitions

i! thе

wold

(i,е

dif'eг

ent envгonments]

апd hеnсе с.!nol сoпtlаst

wnh

еdсь

other'

nor ьc Lsed tо mаke meаnjngfu|аъiiпсIions

Asуo! prоЬaЬly

knov fтoб

(heсouтse

genеlalljnqlistiсs'

the dёfLn't'оDs

of lhe

phonemo vаryФeatly'

тhe tU|у mаtёriаlis!с view

thе

рhоnе'ne

vаs опq'nаted

ьy

'ьe

soviet ]ingUБl L'v,shсhеrЬа]' AссoIding to L,v'shсherьа

lhe

рhoneme

mау ho vie*ed аl а flnсliojlal materia] and аL

nlaс( !пiI тhese thlёe

Nр€ls o'the

рhоlemo

al..onсo4llаtсd

the d.finitiоп of lhe

pho.eпe

suggestеd ьy

v'A.vassilyev'

яho loo}s

ulron the

рhoneme

аs

,,,',а

diа]юhсаl Unity of tЬ€se

asl)oсь ьeсаuse theу dеlеtnlinе

on. аiothel аid arc thus nie.

v.A

vаsilуev

delined lhe

рhоneme

like lЬis:

,.]ъesфпl.l(al

pьoneпe

ь the sпаlles

li.e,

nпhel indlvБl

ьle n'tо

smа]ler сОnseсuliv.

soq'neпь) lаnguаge unit

Gоu.d

ly!e)lhаt

elisь in

1ho spфсь оl all the memьeп.f

given lan

glаgc

соmm!лitу аs

suсl] spe*h souпds чh'сh атe

сараь|е

dБlnguishinq

оne

word

ofihesаme lаnguаqe

or one

q.аDnаli

саl ]оrfr ol а word

flom another

grаmmаliсal

lom

ol the same

т|le опlу drаwbасk

of0ns deimiiо.

thаl

i! G loo lопq aпd

,о'

р,,d,',,,о'

р,d

тЬe

phоnсmо

ъ а miпmа| аьnriсl |nlqlБli.

uпt reаl'zeo п

olnds оDposаь|.

to .thel

pho.

ncm6

d thё 9пЕ

kпguаge b

dьlillquБь lhe meалing.ftn.l