Saunders J.J. A History of Medieval Islam

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214

INDEX

Mosque of Omar, 49, 82

Mosul (Maw?il), 56, 99, 133, 146,

161, 165

Moussais la Bataille, 92

Mu‘awiya I (Mu‘awiya), 49, 60.

62ff, 80

Mu‘awiya II (Mu‘awiya), 72

Mu‘awiya (Mu‘awiya) b.Hisham.

Mughira, (Mughira) 68

Muhajirun (Muhajirun), 26

Muhallab, 74

Muhammad (Mu?ammad): sources

for knowledge of, 19; birth, 22;

early years and marriage, 22;

call of, 22; flight to Medina, 26;

pilgrimage of farewell, 33;

death, 34; character, 34f

Muhammad, Sultan, 161

Muhammad III, Imam, 181

Muhammad Abduh (Mu?ammad

‘Abduh), 203

Muhammad b.Abdallah

(Mu?ammad b.‘Abdallah), 112

Muhammad b.al-Hanafiya

(Mu?ammad b.al-?anafiya), 73,

74, 101, 126, 127

Muhammad b.Ali (Mu?ammad b

‘Ali), 101

Muhammad b.Isma’il (Mu?ammad

b.Isma‘il), 127

Muhammad b.Kasim (Mu?ammad

b.?asim), 89, 90, 145

Muhammad al-Mahdi

(Mu?ammad al-Mahdi), 127

Muhtadi (Muhtadi), 121

Mu‘izz, 133, 134

Mu‘izz al-Dawla, 135

Mukanna (Mu?anna‘), 113, 117

mukarribs, 6

Mukhtar (Mukhtar), 73f, 126

Muktadir (Mu?tadir), 130, 135,

143

Muktafi (Mu?tafi), 107, 130

Mulk, 80

Multan, 89, 144

al-Mundhir, 15

Muntasir (Munta?ir), 120

Murabits, 154

Mus‘ab (Mu?‘ab), 74

Musa b.Ja‘far (Musa b.Ja‘far), 127

Musa b.Nusair (Musa b.Nu?air),

87, 88, 90

Musailima, 41

Mustadi (Mustadi’), 164

Musta‘in (Musta‘in), 121

Mustakfi (Mustakfi), 135

Musta‘li (Musta‘li), 159, 160

Mustansir (Mustan?ir), 139, 146,

150, 159

Musta‘sim (Musta‘?im), 181f

Mustazhir (Musta?hir), 161

Mu’ta, 32

Mu‘tamid, 107, 121

Mu‘tasim (Mu‘ta?im), 107, 112,

114, 119, 120, 142

Mutawakkil, 107, 112, 120

Mu‘tazilites, 111, 112

Mu‘tazz, 121

Muthanna, 50

Muwaffak (Muwaffa?), 107, 122

Muwahhids, see Almohads

Myriocephalon, 165

Nabataeans, 6ff, 10f, 15

Nabonidus, 6

Nadir (Na?ir), 25; see also Banu

Nadir

Nahrawan (Nahrawan), 66

Naimans, 175ff

Najaf, 68

Najran (Najran), 11, 13, 33

Nakhla, 27

Napoleon I, 202

Narbonne, 91, 92

Nasir (Na?ir), Caliph, 174f, 184

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (Nasir al-Din

al-?usi), 193

Nasr (Na?r), 163

Nasr al-Sa‘id (Na?r al-Sa‘id), 143

Nasr. b.Sayyar (Na?r b.Sayyar),

101f

215

INDEX

Navas de Tolosa, Las, 166

Nearchus, 6

Nebuchadnezzar, 11

Neo-platonism, 111

Nestorius/Nestorians, 12, 19,

43, 176, 179, 188, 191, 193,

200

Neustria, 92

Nicaea, 150; Council of, 12, 19

Nicephorus I, Emperor, 114

Nicephorus Phocas, 133

Niger, 121

Nihavand (Nihavand), 56, 59

Nimes, 91

nirvana, 18

Nishapur (Nishapur), 118, 145f,

174, 177

Nizam al-Mulk (Ni?am al-Mulk),

150, 151

Nizamiya Madrasa (Ni?amiya

Madrasa), 151

Nizar (Nizar), 159

Nizaris (Nizaris), 161

nobles, battle of the, 98

nomadism, 3

Normans, 148f, 150, 155, 158

Nubia/Nubians, 164, 165, 171

Nufud, 1

numerals, Arabic, 189f

Nuraddin (Nur al-Din), 162f

164, 165, 166

Odenathus, 8

odes, seven golden, 15

Ogedai Khan, 178

Oghuz, 145, 171, 174

Okba b.Nafi (‘U?ba b.Nafi‘), 69,

Old Man of the Mountain, 167

olive, 83

Oman (‘Uman), 1, 2, 32

Omar b.al-Khattab (‘Umar b. al-

Kha??ab), 24, 34, 44f, 47ff,

57, 59, 61, 89, 102, 158

Omar II (‘Umar II), 91, 97

Omar b.Sa‘d (‘Umar b.Sa‘d), 71

Omar Khayyam (‘Umar Khayyam),

193

Omayyads (Umayyads/Omayya

house, 24, 32, 45, 59, 61, 64,

66, 72, 77, 80ff, 95ff, 133

Omri, 103

Ong-Khan, see Wang-Khan

ophthalmology, 193

Orosius, 194

Orthodox Church, 110, 191

Othman b.Affan (‘Uthman b.

‘Affan), 24, 49, 57, 59ff, 64ff,

75, 125

Oxus, river, 56, 61, 68, 88, 142,

145, 148, 155, 171, 177

Pakistan, 89, 202

Palermo, 155

Palestine, 43, 44, 45, 150, 158

Palmyra, 8, 9, 99

Papak, 113

paper, 189

Pechenegs, 148, 149

Peking, 177

Pelusium, 161

Penitents, Army of, 73

Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 8

Persia/Persians, 6, 8f, 12, 32f, 42,

53ff, 60, 96, 100, 103f, 107,

116f, 122, 146, 170, 174f,

192f, 201ff; see also Sassanids

Persian Gulf, 1, 2, 6

Persian language, 196

Petra, 7ff

Philip the Arab, Emperor, 12

Philip II of France, 165

philosophy, 194, 197

Phoenicians, 83

pilgrimage, see hajj

pilgrims, Christian, 81, 115, 158,

165

pillars, five, of Islam, 35f

Pirenne, Mlle. J., 5n

Pisa, 136, 155

Plato, 198

Poitiers, 92, 115

216

INDEX

Poland, 178

Polo, Marco, 160

Polovtsians, 141

polygamy, 35

polytheism, 18

Prester John, 176

Ptolemies, 7, 9

Ptolemy (the geographer), 22, 190

Punjab, 144

Pyrenees, 92

Qays, see Kais

Quraysh, see Kuraish

Radi (Ra?i), 135

Rajputs, 89

Rakkada (Ra??ada), 129, 131

Ramadan, (Rama?an) 27, 35

Ramla, Peace of, 165

Rashid al-Din Fadl Allah (Rashid

al-Din Fadl Allah), 193

Rashid al-Din Sinan (Rashid al-Din

Sinan), 167

Rawand (Rawand), 113

Rawandis (Rawandis), 113

Ray, 53, 54, 174

Razi (Razi) (physician), 192, 193,

194

Reconquista, 93

Red Sea, 1, 5, 7, 136

Reginald of Chatillon, 165

reign-names, 110

religion, early Arabian, 9ff

Renan, Ernest, 19

Rhodes, 60, 201

Rhone Valley, 91

Richard I of England, 165

Ridda, 41, 44

Ridwan (Ri?wan), 159

Roderick/Rodrigo, Duke, 87

Romanus Diogenes, 148f

Rome/Roman empire, 37, 39, 116

Rub al-Khali (Rub‘ al-Khali), 1, 14

Rukn al-Din (Rukn al-Din), 181

Rum (Rum), Sultanate of, 150

Rumi (Rumi), 193

Russia, 93, 143, 178, 189, 203

Rustam (Persian general), 50

Rustam (Persian adventurer), 131

Saba (Saba’), 5ff, 11, 126

Sabaeans, 2, 10

Sabuktagin, 143f

Sa‘d b.Abi Wakkas (Sa‘d b. Abi

Wa??as), 50f

Sa‘d b. Mu‘adh (Sa‘d b.Mu‘adh)

Sa‘di (Sa‘di), 193

Safavids (?afavids), 201, 202

Saffarids (?affarids), 118

Sahara, 121, 171

Saladin (?ala? al-Din), 162, 164ff,

170

Salamiya (Salamiya), 128ff

salat (?alat), 35

Saman (Saman), 118

Samanids (Samanids), 118, 122,

142f, 196

Samarkand (Samar?and), 69,

142, 162, 171, 177, 189

Samarra (Samarra), 107, 120,

127

San‘a (?an‘a’), 11, 14

Sanhaja Berbers, 131, 133

Sanjar, 170, 171

Sardinia, 155

Sargon II, 6

Sassanids/Sassanid (Sassanids)

Empire, 8, 9, 14, 15, 37, 42,

45, 49ff, 104; see also Persia

Satan, 25

sawm (?awm), 35

Sbaitla, 60

Scandinavia, 189

Seljuk (Saljuk), 145

Seljuks, see Turks

Senegal, 189

Sennacherib, 6

Sergius, 44

Seveners, see Isma‘ilians

shahada (shahada), 35

Shahrastani (Shahrastani), 193

217

INDEX

shaikh, 3

Shaikh al-Jabal, 167

Shalmaneser III, 5, 6

Shams, 11

shari‘a (shari‘a), 36, 174, 197

Shash, 89

Sheba, Queen of, 5

Sheol, 11

Shi‘a Shi‘ites/Shi‘ism/(Shi‘a), 63,

68, 70f, 73ff, 98ff, 111, 117,

125ff, 201, 203

Shirkuh, (Shirkuh) 163f

shura (shu ra), 57, 59, 66, 69

Shurabil b.Hasanah, 44

shurta (shur?a), 68

Shu‘ubiyya (Shu‘ubiyya), 104

Sicily, 86, 91, 93, 116, 132, 150,

155, 167

Siddhanta, 190f

Siffin (?iffin), 65

Sijilmasa (Sijilmasa), 131, 134

Sijistan (Sijistan), 118

Silesia, 178, 195

Silk Road, 189

Sin, 11

Sindbad the Sailor, 122

sinf (?inf), 129

sira (sira), 19, 22

Sirat Rasul Allah (Sirat Rasul

Allah), 22

slavery, 120, 122, 196

Slavs, 43, 114

Sofala, 5, 171

Solomon, 5

Somnath, 144

Sophronius, 44, 48, 158

Spain, 77, 86ff, 91ff, 103, 115,

154f, 158, 166f, 170

Spanish March, 115

Spartacus, 123

spice trade, 5

state, establishment of, 77

Sudan, 121, 126

Sufism, 160, 192, 197

Sulaiman (Sulaiman), Caliph, 90,

91, 97, 101

Sulaiman (Sulaiman) the Merchant,

122

Sulaiman b.Hisham (Sulaiman b.

Hisham), 99

Sulaiman b.Kathir (Sulaiman b.

Kathir), 101

Sulaiman b.Kutulmish (Sulaiman

b.?utulmish), 150

Sultanate, 139, 147, 184, 203

Sumer, 10

sun-god, 11

sunna, 66

Sunni(te) Islam, 125, 147, 151

Sus (Sus), river, 85

Syracuse, 69

Syria, 15, 33, 37, 43, 45ff, 131,

134, 136, 146, 148, 158f

Syriac language, 188

Syrian Desert, 1, 15

Tabari (?abari), 106, 129, 192

Tabaristan (?abaristan), 100, 106,

120

Tabuk (Tabuk), 33

Tadmor, 8

Tahert, 131, 134

Tahir (?ahir), 118

Tahirids (?ahirids), 118

Ta’if(?a’if), 22, 25, 32, 68

Takash, 174f

takiya (ta?iya), 128

Talas, 93

Talas, river, 142

Talha (?al?a), 62, 64

Tamils, 89

T’ang Empire, see China

Tangier, 85, 134

Tarik (?ari?), 87f, 89

Tatars, 175f

Taurus, river, 90

Tawrat (Tawrat), 36

Tayma (Tayma’), 6, 11

temples, 10, 11

Temujin, see Chingiz Khan

Tertullian, 83

Thakif (Tha?if), 32, 68

218

INDEX

Theodore, 44

Theophanes, 22

Theophilus the Indian, 12

Thomas the Slav, 114, 116

Tiber, 116

Tiberias, 161

Tiberius, 18

Tiglath-Pileser III, 6

Tihama (Tihama), 2

Timgad, 83

Toledo, 88, 158, 167

Toulouse, 92

Tours, 92

Trajan, 8

translation, 167, 190

Transoxiana, 69, 77, 82, 88, 89,

93, 118f, 139, 142ff, 162, 170f

Tripoli (Syria), 136, 161

Tuaregs, 84

Tughril-Beg, 145ff

Tughril II, 174

Tulunids (?ulunids), 107, 130

Tunis, 86

Tunisia, 69, 129

Turan, 88

Turanshah (Turanshah) (last

Ayyubid Sultan), 180

Turanshah (Turanshah) (Saladin’s

brother), 165

Turkestan, 89, 93, 141

Turkey, Republic of, 203

Turkomans, 145, 148, 159, 174,

195

Turks, 69, 88f, 114, 120f, 141ff,

196f; Ottoman, 201ff; Seljuk,

139, 141ff, 155, 171f, 195

Tutush, 150, 159

Twelvers, 127, 201, 203

Tyre, 136, 161, 165

Ubaid Allah (‘Ubaid Allah), 70f,

72, 74

Ubaid Allah al-Mahdi (‘Ubaid

Allah al-Mahdi), 131, 132

Uhud (U?ud), 28f, 45, 64

Uighurs, 141, 176, 179

ulama (‘ulama’), 112, 147, 203

Ullais, 50

umma, 26, 15, 118, 183

Urals, 178

Urban II, Pope, 158

ushr (‘ushr), 97

Utbi (‘Utbi), 144

Utrar, 175, 177

Uzes, 148

al-Uzza (al-‘Uzza), 15, 25

Valerian, Emperor, 8

Vandals, 39, 84

Venice, 136, 165, 166

Venus, 11

verses, abrogated, 25

Vienna, 201

Vienne, 91

Vikings, 116, 122, 143, 154,

189, 195

Vladimir of Kiev, 143

Volga, 93, 122, 143

Wadd, 10

wadis (wa dis), 2

Wadi al-Allaki (Wadi al-‘Alla?i),

Wadi Dhana (Wadi Dhana), 6

Wadi Hadramawt (Wadi

?a?ramawt), 2

Wadi Najran (Wadi Najran), 7

Wadi Sirhan (Wadi Sir?an), 2, 6,

Wahhabis (Wahhabis), 202

Walid I (Walid I), 87, 90

Walid b.Yazid (Walid b.Yazid),

Wang-Khan, 176

Wasit (Wasi?), 80, 102, 146

Wathik (Wathi?), 112, 120

Wazir (Wazir), 80, 103, 117

Westernization, 203f

William of Ruybroek, 179

William of Tyre, 136

Witiges/Witiza, 87

World Wars, 202

219

INDEX

wufud (wufud), 69

Yahya b.Khalid (Ya?ya b.Khalid), 117

Ya‘kub al-Saffar (Ya‘kub al-?affar),

118

Ya‘kub b.Killis (Ya‘kub b.Killis),

136

Yarmuk (Yarmuk), 46f, 50

Yathrib, 25

Yazdegerd, 50f, 53, 56, 60

Yazid b.Abu Sufyan (Yazid b. Abu

Sufyan), 44

Yazid b.Mu‘awiya (Yazid b.

Mu‘awiya), 69f, 71, 72, 75

Yazid II (Yazid II), 97

Yazid III b.Walid (Yazid III b.

Walid), 99

Year of the Elephant, 14, 22

Yemen, 1, 2, 5, 9, 11, 12, 14, 32,

43, 165, 166

Yemenis/Yemenites, 72, 164

Zab (Zab), 74

Zab, Great (Zab, Great), 102

Zabur (Zabur), 36

Zafir (?afir), 163

Zahir (?ahir), 138

Zaid (grandson of Husain), 98

Zaid b.Amr (Zaid b.‘Amr), 23

Zaid b.Haritha (Zaid b.?aritha), 32

Zaid b.?asan (Zaid b.?asan), 112

Zaidites, 112

zakat (zakat), 35

Zakruya, 130

Zamzam, 22

Zanj revolt, 122f, 129

Zanata Berbers, 131

Zengi, 162, 166

Zenobia, 8f

zindiks (zindi?s), 113

Zirids (Zirids), 155

Ziyad (Ziyad), 68, 70

Zoroastrianism/Zoroastrians, 18,

42, 100, 111, 191

Zubair, 62, 64

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