Saunders J.J. A History of Medieval Islam
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204
EPILOGUE
the right of divorce granted to women. Western-type schools,
colleges and universities are multiplying, and even at al-Azhar, the
citadel of orthodoxy, the curriculum has been expanded and
modernized. But the West both attracts and repels. Islam has not
only not assimilated Western industrialism and liberal rationalism,
but is by no means certain that it ought to do so. The humanist
and scientific tradition is lacking; the Muslim who is distressed by
the material and technological backwardness of his society and
humiliated by Western airs of superiority may nonetheless feel that
ultimate truth and wisdom is in Islam and not in the West.
205
Abbas (‘Abbas) (Wazir of Zafir)
163
Abbas b.Ma’mun (‘Abbas b.
Ma’mun), 119
Abbasids (‘Abbasids), Abbasid
house, 77, 101ff, 106ff, 127,
152, 174, 183
Abdallah (‘Abdallah) (father of
Muhammad), 22
Abdallah b.Ali (‘Abdallah b. ‘Ali),
102
Abdallah b.Amir (‘Abdallah b.
‘Amir), 60
Abdallah b.Maimun (‘Abdallah
b.Maimun), 128, 131
Abdallah b.Mu‘awiya (‘Abdallah
b. Mu‘awiya), 100
Abdallah b.Sa‘d (‘Abdallah b.
Sa‘d), 60
Abdallah b.Zubair (‘Abdallah b.
Zubair), 70ff
Abd al-Latif (‘Abd al-La?if), 53n
Abd al-Malik (‘Abd al-Malik), 72,
74ff, 77, 81, 82, 85, 87
Abdal-Muttalib (‘Abd al-
Mu??alib), 22
Abd al-Rahman (‘Abd al-Ra?man),
59
Abd al-Rahman (grandson of
Hisham), (‘Abd al-Rahman)
103, 115
Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiki
(‘Abdal-Rahman al-Ghafi?i), 92
Abd al-Rahman III (‘Abd al-
Ra?man), 132, 134
Abraha, 13, 14, 37
Abraham, 30
Abu Abdallah al-Shi‘i
(Abu‘Abdallah al-Shi‘i), 129,
131f, 135
Abu Bakr (Abu Bakr), 24, 26, 34,
41ff
Abu Dharr (Abu Dharr), 61
Abu Hanifa (Abu ?anifa), 82
Abu Hashim (Ab
u Hashim), 101
Abu’l-Abbas (‘Abu’l-Abbas), 102,
110
Abu Lahab (Abu Lahab), 25
Abu’l-Kasim (Abu’l-?asim), 132
Abu ‘l-Khattab (Abu ’l-Khattab),
128
Abu Lu’lu’a (Abu Lu’la’a), 57
Abu Musa (Abu Musa), 65
Abu Muslim (Abu Muslim), 101,
104, 113, 116, 132
Abu Sa‘id al-Jannabi (Abu Sa‘id al-
Jannabi), 130
Abu Sufyan (Abu Sufyan), 32, 60
Abu Tahir (Abu ?ahir), 130
Abu Talib (Abu ?alib), 22, 23, 25
Abu Ubida (Abu ‘Ubaida), 47, 49
Abu Yazid (Abu Yazid), 133
Abydos, 91
Abyssinia, 5, 8, 9, 24, 164; see also
Axum
Acre (Akka) (‘Akka), 165
Actium, Battle of, 7
Adhruh (Adhru?), 65
Adid (‘A?id), 164
Administration, 80
Adnam (‘Adnan), 4, 72
Adulis, 9
Aegean Sea, 166
Aelius Gallus, 7
Index
206
INDEX
Afdal (Af?al), 159, 161
Afrasiyab (Afrasiyab), 142
Africa: East, 171; North, 69, 77,
82ff, 98, 107, 132, 155, 166,
170
Afshin (Afshin), 120
after-life, 11
Aghlabids, 115f, 121, 129, 131
Ahl al-Bait, 126
Ahmad (A?mad), 135
Ahmad b.Hanbal (A?mad b.
?anbal), 112
Ahmad b.Tulun (A?mad b.?ulun),
107, 121, 142
Ahriman, 18
Ahura-Mazda, 18
Ain Jalut (‘Ain Jalut), 182f, 200
A’isha (‘A’isha), 27, 34, 62, 64
Ajnadain (Ajnadain), 44, 45
Akaba (‘A?aba), 25; Gulf of, 1
Akraba (‘A?raba’), 41
Alamut (Alamut), 160, 174
Aleppo, 159, 161, 162, 182
Alexander the Great, 6, 7, 37
Alexandria, 52f, 60, 136, 165
Alexius I, Emperor, 158
Algeria, 203
Ali (‘Ali), 24, 27, 44, 47, 57, 59,
60, 63ff, 73, 75, 95, 97, 98,
112, 125, 126
Ali al-Rida (‘Ali al-Ri?a), 112
Alids (‘Alids), 112f, 150f
Allah (Allah), 18, 36
Almakah (Alma?ah), 10
Almeria, 134
Almohads, 166, 170, 179
Almoravids, 154
alms, 35
Alp Arslan, 148f
Alp-tagin, 143
Amalfi, 136
Amalric, King of Jerusalem, 164
Amin (Amin), 107, 118, 119
Amir (Amir), Caliph, 163
Amir al-Mu’minin (Amir al-
Mu’minin), 46
Amir al-Umara (Amir al-Umara’),
135
Amorium, 114
Ams. b. al-As (‘Amr b. al-‘A?), 31,
43, 44, 52f, 60, 62, 65, 66, 68
Anatolia, see Asia Minor
Anbar (Anbar), 50
Andalus, see Spain
Anglo-Saxons, 39
Ansar (An?ar), 26, 44
Antioch, 45, 46, 136, 161
anti-Semitism, 43
Aquitaine, 92
Arabia, 1–2; Felix, 2, 13
Arabic language, 40, 81, 116,
188, 196f
Arabs, origin, 4
Arculf, 81
Aretas, see Harith
Aristotle, 194
Arius, 12, 19
Armenia, 43, 60, 93, 147, 148,
180
Arslan, 145
Ascalon, 163
Asia Minor, 69, 90, 91, 93, 114,
141, 148ff, 151, 166, 170
Assassins, 125, 139, 141, 151,
159, 160f, 163, 164, 167, 181
Assyrians, 6
Astarte, 11
Asturias, 88
Aswan (Aswan), 6
atabegs, 151
Ataturk, Kemal (Atatürk, Kemal),
203
Athens, 190
Athtar, 11
Atlas mountains, 83
Atsiz, 150
Attila, 176
Augustine, St, 84
Augustus Caesar, 7
Awrang zib (Awrangzi b), 202
Aurelian, Emperor, 8
Austrasia, 92
207
INDEX
Autun, 91
Avars, 43
Averroes, 192, 197
Avicenna, 192
Awras (Awras) mountains, 83, 86
Aws, 25, 30
Axum, 8, 9, 12, 13, 32, 37
Aybeg, 180
Ayyub (Ayyub) (father of
Saladin), 163, 165
Ayyubids (Ayyubids), 165f, 170,
179
Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan), 56, 113,
142, 148, 178
al-Azhar, 134, 170, 203
Aziz (‘Aziz), 137
Babak (Babak), 113, 117
Bab al-Mandab (Bab al-Mandab),
Straits of, 5, 7, 14
Babur (Babur), 201
Babylon, 50
Babylon (Egypt), 52, 53
Babylonians, 10
Badr, 27f, 45, 63
Badr al-Jamali (Badr al-Jamali),
150f, 159
Badw, see Bedouins
Baghdad (Baghdad), 103f, 106f,
117f, 120, 130, 132ff, 139,
146, 151, 175, 181ff, 189,
191, 195:
Bahira (Ba?ira), 23
Bahrain (Ba?rain), 32, 50, 129,
130, 135
Bait al-Hikma (Bait al-?ikma),
191
Bakht-yashu, 193
Balat al-Shuhada (Bala? al-
Shuhada’), 92
Baldwin, King of Jerusalem, 161
Bali, 201
Balkh, 61, 117, 118
Banu-Adi (Banu-‘Adi), 45
Banu-Ghassan, see Ghassanids
Banu-Hanifa (Banu-?anifa), 41
Banu-Halal (Banu-Hilal), 155,
170, 195
Banu-Kainuka (Banu-?ainu?a‘),
28
Banu-Kalb, 72
Banu-Kuraiza (Banu-?urai?a), 29f
Banu-Mudar (Banu-Mu?ar), 72
Banu-Nadir (Banu -Nadir), 29
Banu-Sulaim, 155
Barbate, river, 87
Barjawan (Barjawan), 137
Barmakids/Barmecides, 117
Bartholomew, St, 11
Basasiri (Basasiri), 139, 146f
Basra (Ba?ra), 51, 61, 64, 68, 82,
100, 102, 104, 107, 119, 122,
129, 130, 188, 191
al-Battal (al-Ba??al), 98
Batu, 178
Baybars, 181, 182, 183
Beckford, William, 120
Bedouins, 3f, 40, 61, 68, 75, 77f,
104
Beirut, 161
Bejas, 9
Bela, King of Hungary, 178
Belgrade, 201
Belshazzar, 6
Benjamin, Patriarch, 53
Berbers, 69, 83f, 86, 93, 96ff,
115, 119, 129, 131, 154
Berke, 182
Berkyaruk, 151, 161
Bernard of Clairvaux, St, 162
Bethlehem, 44
Bible and Koran, 26
Bih-afaridh, 113
Bilad al-Sudan (Bilad al-Sudan),
122
Bilal (Bilal), 31
al-Biruni (al-Biruni), 144, 191,
192
Biskra, 85
Black Sea, 166
Blemmyes, 9
Bohemund, of Antioch, 182
208
INDEX
Borodin, A.P., 141
Bridge, Battle of the, 50
Bu‘ath (Bu‘ath), 25
Buddhism, 18
Buir-Nor, 175
Bukhara (Bukhara), 68f, 119, 142,
143, 144, 177
Bulgar(ian)s, 91, 114
Bulghars (Bulghars), 143, 171
Burak (Bura?), 48n
Burgundy, 91
Busir (Bu?ir), 102
Buwayh (Buyeh), 134
Buyids (Buyids), 100, 106, 107,
133ff, 136, 146, 151, 174, 184
Buzurgmihr, 117
Byzantium/Byzantine Empire, 9,
13, 42f, 69f, 85, 90f, 93, 114,
134, 136, 147f, 165ff, 170,
179, 201
Caesarea, 49, 52
Cairo, 52, 106, 134, 138, 164
caliphs/caliphate, 34, 41, 45, 63,
65, 67ff, 73, 77, 103, 117, 147,
183f, 203
camel, 4f, 84
Camel, Battle of the, 64f, 70
Canal, Nile-Red Sea, 7
Candace, Queen, eunuch of, 11
Canton, 122, 189
Carlowitz, Peace of, 202
Carolingians, 92, 103, 110, 116
Carthage, 83, 85f
Ceuta, 87, 134
Ceylon, 13, 122
Chaghri-Beg, 145
Chalcedon, Council of, 12, 51
Chaldaeans, 6
Charlemagne, 92, 115, 116
Charles Martel, 92
China/Chinese, 8, 60, 88, 89, 93,
122, 177, 180, 189
Chingiz Khan, 175ff
Christianity: in Africa, 83f;
divisions in East, 43;
introduction in Arabia, 11; and
Islam, 19, 81, 110, 154ff, 167;
spread of, 9
Christological controversies, 12,
19
Cilicia, 136
Clermont, Council of, 158
Clovis, 145
coinage, 81
Conrad III, Emperor, 162
Constans, 52, 69
Constantine the Great, 9, 12
Constantine III, 52
Constantius, 12
Constantinople, see Byzantium
Constantinople, Council of, 19
conversion, attitude to, 81
Copts, 43, 51, 52, 53, 60
Cordova, 132
Covadonga, 92
Crete, 116, 133, 136, 201
Cross, Holy, 33, 43
Crusades, 35, 141, 152, 158ff,
178; First, 149, 158; Second,
162, 166; Third, 165
Ctesiphon, 42, 43, 50f, 103, 117,
191
culture, Islamic, causes of decay,
195f
Cyprian, St, 83
Cyprus, 60, 166, 179, 201
Cyrus, Patriarch, 51, 52
Cyzicus, 69
Dahhak (?a??ak), 99
Dahhak b.Kais (?a??ak b.?ais), 72
Daibul, 89
Dailam, 100, 107, 112, 134
Dair al-Jathalik (Dair al-Jathali?),
74
da‘is (da‘is), 128, 129
Dalmatia, 178
Damascus, 11, 22, 45f, 62, 64,
67f, 72, 80, 90, 95, 99, 102,
129f, 134, 136, 150, 159,
162f, 182
209
INDEX
Damietta, 164, 178, 179
Dandankan (Dandan?an), 146
Dar al-Harb (Dar al-?arb), 26
Dar al-Islam (Dar al-Islam), 26,
132
Darazi (Darazi), 138
Daydan/Dedan, (Daydan), 5, 7
Day of Atonement, 27
Dead Sea, 1
Delos, 5
Dhat al-Sawari (Dhat al-?awari),
60
dhimma/dhimmis (dhimmis), 33
Dhu-Kar, 16, 50
Dhu-Nuwas (Dhu-Nuwas), 13
dihkans, 88, 100, 143
diwan (diwan), 80, 81
Dokaz Khatun, 180
Dome of the Rock, 48, 82
Donatists, 84
Druzes, 138, 161
dualism, 18, 111, 113
Dukak, 159
Dumat al-Jandal (Dumat al-
Jandal), 29
Ebro valley, 88
Ecthesis, 49
Edessa, 161f
Egypt, 5, 7, 37, 43, 45, 51ff, 102,
106f, 121, 130, 133f, 136ff,
150, 159, 161, 163, 164, 166,
178ff, 183, 202f
Ela-Asbeha, 13
Emesa, 44, 45
Emigrants, the, 26
Ephesus, Council of, 12
Esarhaddon, 6
Euphrates, 56, 96, 121; valley, 15
Ezanes, 12
Fables of Bidpai, 191
Fadl b.Yahya (Fa?l b.Ya?ya), 117
Fa’iz (Fa’iz), 163
al-Farabi (al-Farabi), 192
Farghana (Farghana), 93
Fatima (Fa?ima), 27, 63, 98
Fatimids (Fa?imids), 107, 116,
125, 128, 129, 131ff, 147ff,
159, 164, 170
fay’, 47
Fazari (Fazari), 191
Fez (Fas) (Fas), 115, 134
fida’is (fida’is), 160f
Firdawsi (Firdawsi), 142, 144,
193, 196
al-Fitna, 66
France, 133; see also Gaul
Franks, 39, 86, 90ff, 115, 145,
152, 170; see also Crusades
Fraxinetum, 116, 155
Frederick Barbarossa, 165
Frederick II, Emperor, 178
freewill, 110, 111
Fustat (Fus?a?), 52, 61, 62, 69, 81,
134
futuwwah (futuwwah), 174
Gabriel, angel, 23, 54
Galen, 193
Ganges, plain of, 145
Gaul, 91ff, 98, 103, 110
Gaza, 22, 44
Genoa, 133, 155, 165, 166
Georgia, 148, 180
Germanic invasions, 39
Germany, 92
Ghassanids (Ghassanids), 15
al-Ghazali (al-Ghazali), 151, 160,
192, 197
Ghazna, 143f, 146, 174, 177
Ghaznavids, 174, 196
ghazw, 3
Ghurids (Ghurids), 145, 174, 175
Ghuzz, 145
Gibbon, Edward, 92
Gibraltar, 87
gilds, 123, 129
Gindibu, 5
Gnostics/Gnosticism, 126, 191
Gordon, General, 126
Goths, 39, 86, 88
210
INDEX
Greece, influence of, 190, 197
Greek fire, 69, 91
Greeks, 6
Gregory, Exarch, 60, 84
Guardafui, Cape, 5
Guy, King of Jerusalem, 165
Habashat, 5
hadith (?adith), 19, 22, 82
Hadramawt (?a?ramawt), 2, 7
Hafiz (?afi?), 163
Hafsa (?af?a), 45
Hajjaj b.Yusuf (Hajjaj b.Yusuf), 68,
74, 88ff
Hakim (?akim), 137f
Hamadan, 56
Hamdanids (?amdanids), 133f, 136
Hamdan Karmat (?amdan ?arma?),
129, 130
Hamza (?amza), 138
Hanifa, see Banu Hanifa
haram (?aram), 10
Harith the Lame (Harith), 15
Harran (?arran) (Carrhae), 99,
101, 102, 103, 111, 191
Harsha, 89
Harun al-Rashid (Harun al-
Rashid), 107, 112, 114, 115,
120
Hasan (?asan), 63, 67, 70, 127
Hashim (Hashim), clan of, 23
hashish, 161
Hassan b.al-Nu‘man (?assan b. al-
Nu‘man), 85, 87
Hassani-Sabbah (?assani-?abba?),
159f
Hattin (?a??in), 165
Hawazin (Hawazin), 32
Hawran (?awran), 138
Hebrews, early, 10
Heliopolis, 52
Helpers, the, 26
Heraclius, Emperor, 32, 33, 42, 44,
45f, 49, 52
Herat (Herat), 61
Hijaz (?ijaz), 1, 2, 14
Hijra, 26
Himyar (?imyar), 9, 12, 13, 37,
126
Himyarites, 7
Hindu Kush, 121, 174
Hippalus, 7
Hippocrates, 193
Hira (?ira), 15, 16, 44, 50
Hira (?ira’), Mount, 23
Hisham (Hisham), 97f, 100, 103
House of Wisdom, 138
Hudaibiya (?udaibiya), 30, 31
Hulagu (Huleku), 180ff
Hulwan (?ulw
an), 51
Hunain, (?unian) 32, 63
Hungary, 178, 195, 200, 201
Husain (?usain), 63, 70f, 73, 112,
126, 127
Ibn al-Athir (Ibn al-Athir), 163
Ibn al-Haitham, 193, 194
Ibn Hawshab, 129
Ibn Ishaq (Ibn Is?aq), 22
Ibn Khaldun (Ibn Khaldun), 155,
198
Ibn al-Mukaffa (Ibn al-Mu?affa‘),
191
Ibn Ra’ik (Ibn Ra’i?), 135
Ibn Rushd, 192, 197
Ibn Ruzzik, 163
Ibn Sina (Ibn Sina), 192, 193, 194
Ibrahim (Ibrahim) (brother of
Yazid III), 99
Ibrahim (Ibrahim) (brother of
Tughril), 146
Ibrahim (Ibrahim) b. al-Aghlab,
115
Ibrahim (Ibrahim) b.Muhammad,
101, 102
Iconoclasm, 110, 114
Idris (Idris), 112, 115
Idrisids (Idrisids), 129, 131, 132
Ifrikiya (Ifri?iya), 115
ijma (ijma‘), 112
Ikhshidids (Ikhshidids), 133, 134,
142
211
INDEX
.
ikta (ik?a‘), 152, 166, 196
Il-Khans, 200
Imam(s) (Imam), 68, 73, 126f,
183; Hidden, 126, 128;
Seventh, 127
Imr’ul-Kais (Imr’ ul-?ais), 15
India, 5, 6, 7, 8, 89, 144, 191,
201
Indian Ocean, 28, 96, 121, 122
Indonesia, 200, 201, 203
Indus (Valley), 88, 89, 93, 144,
145, 177
Injil (Injil), 36
Iqbal, Muhammad (Iqbal,
Mu?ammad), 203
Iran, see Persia
Iraq (‘Iraq), 43f, 49ff, 65f, 68,
73f, 98, 102, 114, 146, 183,
191
Irtish river, 177
Isaurians, 91, 110
Islam (Islam), 24; principles of,
35f
Isma‘il (Isma‘il), 126
Isma‘ilism (Isma‘ilism/Isma‘ilians,
113, 116, 123, 125ff, 146,
151, 159f, 164, 166
isnad (isnad), 19
Israel, 203
Italy, 133, 155
Jabal Akhdar, 2
Jabal Nusairi (Jabal Nu?airi), 161
Jabal Shammar, 2
Jabal Tarik (Jabal ?ari?), 87
Jabiya (Jabiya), 47f, 72
Jacobites, 43, 60, 188
Ja‘far (brother of Ali), 98
Ja‘far, Imam, 127, 128
Ja‘far b.Yahya, 117
Jaffa, 165
Jalal al-Din (Jalal al-Din), 177ff
Jalula (Jalula’), 51
jama‘a (jama‘a), 67, 75
Jamal al-Din Afghani (Jamal al-
Din Afghani), 203
Jand, 145
Janda, 87
Jawhar al-Rumi (Jawhar al-Rumi),
133f
Jaxartes, river, 89, 142, 144, 145
Jazirat al-Arab (Jazirat al-‘Arab),
1
Jehovah, 18
Jehu, 103
Jerusalem, 11, 27, 33, 43, 48f, 66,
82, 137, 150, 158, 159, 165,
178f
Jesus, 19, 34, 36
Jews, 11, 26f, 28, 29, 30, 31, 43;
in Spain, 87, 88, 192
jihad (jihad), 27, 114, 115, 147
jinn, 10
jizya, 33, 47, 81, 97
John of Damascus, St, 81, 110
John Tzimisces, 133
Johnson, Samuel, vii
Joktan, 4
Jordan, river, 1
Judaism, 11, 13, 18
Julian, Count, 87
Jundi-Shapur (Jundi-Shapur), 193
Justinian I, 13f, 36, 84, 190
Justinian II, 85, 90
Kaaba (Ka‘ba), 22, 24, 30, 32, 33,
71, 130, 135
kabilah (?abilah), 3
Kabul (Kabul), 118
Kadarites (?adarites), 111
Kadir (?adir), 138
Kadisiya (?adisiya), 50f, 53
kahina, 85
kahins (kahins), 10
al-Kahira (al-?ahira), see Cairo
Kahtaba b.Shabib (?a??aba b.
Shabib), 102
Kahtan (?a??an), 4, 72
al-Ka’im (?a’im), 132, 135, 143,
146
Kainuka (?ainu?a‘), 25; see also
Banu Kainuka
212
INDEX
Kairawan (?airawan), 69, 85, 115,
131, 132, 134, 155
Kais/Kaisites (?ais/?aisites), 72, 75,
97, 99, 101
Kalb, 72, 75, 99, 101, 102
Kalwadha, 129
Kamil (Kamil), 178f
Kansu, 178
Kara-Khanids, 144, 149
Kara-Khitay, 162, 170, 171, 175,
177
Karakorum, 179, 180
Karbala (Karbala’), 71, 73, 75, 95,
112, 126
Karimi, 166
Karmathians (?armathians), 125,
129, 130, 131, 134, 135
Kashgar (Kashgar), 89
Kasin (?asim), 71
Kataban (?ataban), 6
Katama confederacy, 129
Kepler, Johann, 193
Keraits, 175ff
Khadija (Khadija), 23, 24, 25, 35
Khaibar, 11, 29, 30f, 63
Khalid (Khalid) b.Barmak, 117
Khalid b.al-Walid (Khalid b. al-
Walid), 28, 29, 31, 32, 41, 44,
45f, 50
khalifa, see Caliph
kharaj (kharaj), 47, 97
Kharijites (Kharijites), 66, 67, 73,
75, 93, 95, 98, 99, 131, 133,
160
Khawla, 98
Khazars, 93, 122, 171
Khazraj, 25
Khidash, 101
Khiva, see Khwarazm
Khujand, 89
Khurasan (Khurasan), 51, 61, 68,
88, 97, 100, 101, 107, 113,
118f, 143ff, 162, 171, 174
Khurram, 113
Khusrau Nushirvan, 14, 111, 117,
191
Khusrau Parves, 16, 49
Khuzistan (Khuzistan), 174
Khwarazm (Khwarazm), 145, 170,
171ff
al-Khwarizmi (al-Khwarizmi), 191
kibla (?ibla), 27, 48
Kinda, 14
al-Kindi (al-Kindi), 192
Kipchaks, 175, 180
Kitbogha, 182
Knolles, Richard, vii
Koran (?ur’an), 19, 23f, 26f, 36,
61, 111f, 167, 188
Kublai Khan, 180, 182
Kuchluk, 177
Kufa, (Kufa) 51, 61, 62, 64, 67,
68, 70, 73, 74, 82, 96, 98, 100,
101, 102, 104, 110, 119, 130,
191
Kumm (?umm), 159
Kuraish (?uraish), 22, 24ff, 29,
31f, 104, 184
Kuraiza (?urai?a), 25; see also
Banu-Kuraiza
Kurds, 163
kuriltai, 177
kurra (?urra’), 65
Kusaila, 85
Kutaiba b.Muslim (?utaiba b.
Muslim), 88f, 90
Kutuz, (?u?uz) 182, 183
Kuyuk, Khan, 179
Lakhmids, 15f
Lambesa, 83
al-Lat (al-Lat), 25, 32f
Latin Empire, 167
Lebanon, 138
Leo III the Isaurian, 85, 91
Libyans, 83
Liegnitz, 178
“Light”, divine, 128
Lisbon, 166
literature, Arabic: birth of, 14f;
unity of, 187
Lombards, 43, 86, 90
213
INDEX
Louis VII of France, 162
Louis IX of France, 179f
Lyons, 91
Macoraba, 22
madrasas, 151, 160, 170, 197
maghazi (maghazi), 27
Maghrib, 82, 98, 115, 139, 150,
171
Magians, see Zoroastrians
Magyars, 154, 189, 195
Mahdi (Mahdi), 73, 126, 131
Mahdi (Mahdi), Caliph, 113
Mahdiya (Mahdiya), 132f, 158
Mahmud (Ma?mud) of Ghazna,
144f, 147
Maimonides, 192
Ma‘in (Ma‘in), 5f
Malaya, 122
Malik-Shah (Malik-Shah), 150f,
159, 171
Malta, 158
Mamluks (Mamluks), 106, 180,
182f, 200, 201
Ma’mun (Ma’mun), 107, 111, 112,
114, 118, 119, 191
Manat (Manat), 25
Mandaeans, 191
Mangu Khan, 179ff
Mani, 111
Manichaeans/Manichaeanism, 111,
113, 126, 176, 191
manifestations, 127
al-Mansur (al-Man?ur), 103, 107,
113, 117, 128, 190
Mansur b.Ka’im (Man?ur b.
?a’im), 133
Mansurah (Man?ura), 179
Manuel I, Emperor, 165
Manzikert, 149, 155
Marcus Aurelius, 8
Ma’rib, 6, 14
Marj Rahit (Marj Rahi?), 72, 75
Maronites, 161
Marwan b.al-Hakam (Marwan b.
al-?akam), 72
Marwan II (Marwan II), 99, 100,
102, 103
Marwanids (Marwanids), 99
Maslama, 90f
Mas‘ud (Mas‘ud), 145f
Masyaf (Ma?yaf), 161
mawali (mawali), 73, 74, 95ff,
100, 101, 104, 119
Ma Wara al-Nahr (Ma Wara’ al-
Nahr), 142
Mawdud (Mawdud), 161, 162
maya, 18, 194
Mazdak/Mazdakism/Mazdakians,
42, 111, 113, 117, 130
Mecca, 11, 14, 22, 24ff, 32, 37,
71, 74, 112, 130, 134
medicine, study of, 193f
Medina, 11, 25ff, 37, 61, 62, 63,
70, 71, 112, 134
Mediterranean, 93, 116, 121,
155ff, 166, 201
Memphis, 5
Merovingians, 103, 110
Merv, 56, 60, 61, 90, 101, 118,
145, 177
Messiah, 126
Midian, 2
mihrab (mi?rab), 82
Minaeans, 2
minaret, 82
mi‘raj (mi‘raj), 48
Moguls, 145, 201, 202
Mongke, see Mangu
Mongols, 106, 171, 175ff, 195,
200
Monophysites, 12, 19, 43, 49, 51,
60, 191; see also Jacobites
monotheism, 18f
Monothelites/Monothelitism, 19,
84
monsoons, 7
moon-god, 10f
Moore, Thomas, 113
Moors, 83
Morocco, 85, 87, 115, 129, 131,
132, 171