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The Root Causes of Terrorism 55
or in states experiencing foreign occupation, will probably have more in
common with findings from the civil war literature than would small,
independent, ideologically driven sleeper cells of jihadis in Western
Europe. Although most civil war scholars make a clear distinction
between their research and terrorism research, the line is much more
blurred in the subfield of ethnic conflict, since ethnic terrorism is often
a tactically relevant issue.
What is needed is a structured effort to determine which lessons
from which subfields are relevant and which are not and to identify
what differences account for this lack of relevance between subcatego-
ries of political violence. If one agrees with Bjorgo (2005) that terror-
ism is a (tactical) radicalization of other types of political conflict, then
our goal should be to “identify the factors, processes and circumstances
that tend to produce such a radicalization into terrorism; as well as to
find which factors tend to prevent such conflicts from generating ter-
rorism” (p. 4). is will inevitably require that terrorism be conceptu-
ally broken down into more distinct categories. e similarity between
nationalist-separatist terrorism (such as in Palestine, Sri Lanka, and
Ireland) and the literature on civil wars, revolutions, and ethnic con-
flict is the most obvious place to start.
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