Raabe J. Hydro power - the design, use, and function of hydromechanical, hydraulic, and electrical еquipment

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HYDRO

The

Design,

Use,

and

Function

Hydromechanical,

Hydraulic,

and

Electrical Equipment

Professor

Dr.-Ing.

Joachim

Raabe

VDI-cVerlag

GmbH

Mrlag

desvereins

Deulsd~cr

Irlgenieure

Dlijseldorf

Raal~c,

.Joachir~~:

klydro poacr:

tllc

dcsign.

usc.

arid

ftrnction of hy~lromcch;ln., Iiydraul., ;111d clcctr. cqttipn~ctlt

Joacl~ini Raabc.

Diisscldorf: VDI-Vcrlag,

1985.

VDI-Verlag GmbH, Diisseldorf

1985

All rights rescrvcd. including the rights of reprinting extracts, partial or cvrnpletc photorne~hanical

reprodvction (photocopying, microfilming) and the translation into foreign languages.

Printed in Germany

Typ~sctting: Dnten- und Lichtsatz-Service, Wiirzburg

Printing and binding: Graphischer Betrieb, Konrad Triltsch, Wiirzburg

ISEN

3-18-400616-6

For

Bert1

All

thoughts that

have.

they

are

with

you

. .

(Old

German

folk-song)

Prefatory

Note

The appearance of this new book is doubly welcome, firstly because, beins in English..it

available to

very large number of readers and, secondly, because

is nn up to dale

and largely rewritten account of the subject on which the author has alread~ macie

;ill

international reputation. Professor Rntrbe's fcur previous books on liydraulic machinery

and installations published by the VDI-Verlag were available to readers of ihs German

language but are now out of print. Althouzh there has also been a translated Russirin

version his valuable account of hydroelectric practice have not therefore been easil!-

accessible to the vast number of potential readers familiar lvith Enzlish. This has bcen

particularly unfortunate recently because of the world-wide resurgence of the long estnb-

lished hydro power industry. Because of economic problems caused

risinz fuel cosrs

and expendable fossil fuels the interest in hydro power has greatl! increased in most

countries, not only for large schemes but also for mini and

micro instilllntions where

power can be used locally for agricultural and industrial use. This new definiri\e ivork b!.

Professor Ratrbe will therefore meet with even ~vidcr rlcclrlin~ internat:onall!. than hij

pseviocs publicatio~s.

The author is a distinguished hydraulic expert who has travelled widel!. and lccturcd in

many countries on hydraulic machines and hydro

poiver equipment.

hi:> hat1

cxten-

give industrial. research and academic experience and is wzll kno11.n

intrtrnat~or,;ii

technical committees for his valued contributions. This monograpl; rcprzsenis h~s rtccu-

rnulated wisdom over many years together w~th accounts of recent recearchcs

ant1

ad-

vanccd course lecture material. The result is

valuable trcailse \\~Ii~ch

\\.111

help cnginrers.

teachcrs, advanced students, and many ot heis concerned wi th the creaLlon and mall-

agement of hydroelectric installations.

am most grateful for the opportunity to introduce this co~nprel-)ensile nen book and

wish both it and its

reciders all success in helping to make the world a better place by the

skilf~il application of hydro power.

Preface

Water is one of nature's gifts. The mere chance of creation has made water vapour lighter

than the surrounding atmosphere. so that sunshine can raise

from the ocean, while

sun-born winds carry it to those regions where it condenses again and then

kills down

to the earth, from which gravity makes it flow downhill back towards the ocean, thus

closing its earthly cycle.

Ancient civilizations were

fluvial and their members already managed to

lift

water for

irrigation by machines equipped with pails and driven by water mills of the undershot

Pee

183

when the French engineer

Fourneyron had already built the first reliable water

turbine, the famous German poet Goethe finished the second

part oi his tragedy

Fatrsr.

At death's door

Faust

wins his wager with the devil (to be redeemed

there

came

moment of which he could say, "linger you now you are that fair"), when he has the

following vision of the harnessing of the tidal powers

the ocean.

paradise our closed-in land provides,

Though to its margin rage the blustering tides;

When they eat through, in fierce devouring flood,

All

swiftly join to make the dammage good.

Ay, in this thought

pledge my faith unswerving.

Here wisdom speaks its final word and true,

None is of freedom or of life deserving,

Unless he daily conquers it anew.

With dangers thus begirt, defying fears,

Childhood, youth, age shall strive through strenuous years.

Such busy, teeming throngs I long

see,

Standing on freedom's soil, a people free.

Then to the

moment could

say:

Linger you now, you are that fair!"

The hard

Stachar~ovite hand labour of Goethe's vision

liberty would today be thought

of as an unbelievable slavery in the face of a graceless nature to which men were delivered

when they had not the powerful tools

today's electrotechnology.

The inventions of engineers in the last century and a half since the death of our famous

Goethe are the main factors which have relieved the average man from laborious slave-

like work.

This has been done by harnessing the energy resources offered by nature in the form of

fuel and, last but not least, in the form

hydro power. Even

hydro power covers at

present in West Germany only

modest portion of the electric energy demand, hydro-

electricity has made in our country, and especially in its more waterpower blessed

southern part,

decisive contributiorl to the momentum that electrification brought into

our daily economical life during the last century.

2-0

ur~clcl-stand this nianifcstation, a glntlcc

.it

tlic historicill tlcvclopnicnt of clcctrification

should bc niadc. 7'wo kcy events have stin1ul;lted the consumption and pratll~ction of

elcctrici ty.

One was

the invcti~ion of the self-exciting dynatno (1869) by

IV:

\*oti Sicittors

Bcrlin and

thc induction motor by

h.1.

rlo:l

Dolivo Dohrol~olsky

in IS90 also in Rcrlin. 'Tlic other was

thc inven tiori of the light bulb by the Gertiir~n-American

G6hcl

1859 in Ncw York.

Erfisotl

made the vital contribution of reinventing this 25 years later and illumitlating a quartcr

of New York by these means with the aid of the first thcrmo-clcctric power plant erccted

1882 in New York.

With the invention of electric

illuminatiori

large consumer market was stimulated to

install electricity in

homes. These consumers were concentrated in big towns whereas the

usable waterpower was in far remote areas. Therefore power transmission of hydro power

from sites

io the consumer became

urgent need.

In 1891 the crucial step forward was made by the Germans

votr ,%filler,

the promoter,

and

1Vl.

yon Dolivo Dobro)lolsky,

the construcior, by the transmission of 300 hp over

175 km

betv:een Heilbronn and Frankfurt using a 15 000 Volt three phase AC power line.

Aftcr this breakthrough experiment, which was successful, the USA started with the

erection of the first huge power station on the

Niagara Falls with

5000

hp in 1892.

Anothcr advance for harnessing waterpower was achieved by the German professor

Fiitk

in Berlin, who obtained a patent on adjustable wicket gates.

1873 the German manu-

facturer

K~itlt

equipped for the first time a Francis turbine with these gatcs. O~ily this

combination made the Francis turbine an effective tool for harnessing waterpower.

Thc

way

was

shcwn for the development of low head river power plants by the patent

of the

Germ:~n-Atlstrian

1/:

Knplan

in 1913 for axial turbines with adjustable runner

vanes.

harness river poivet of the lowest head, the Gernian

Fischer

together with

the Escher Wyss firm have built, since 1936, tubular turbines with rim generators after

Harza's patent from 1919, and the tirst bulb turbine.

the compact design of a rim

generator plant, all the

ccimponents have to be adapted to each other with respect to their

purpose and the small space available. In this context the pioneer work of the German

FerttzloJ

must be mentioned. Pumped storage plants have been developed by the

Slviss firm Sulzer and Escher Wyss and the German firm Voith since the turn of the

century, culminating in 1928 in the Herdecke plant with 4

tandem sets. In 1932

and 1936 Escher Wyss and Voith built the first axial and radial pump turbines in the

German

Baldeney plant and the Brazilian Pedreira plant.

Recent corner stones in 'the West German development of hydro power are

follows.

Firstly the African plant Cabora Bassa in

hqozambiq:ie: There 5 415

h4W

\yere installed

for power transmission over 1400 km by

million volt

using dry thyristor technique;

the

turbines were manufac:ured

consortium of the West German firm Voith and the

French firm Neyrpic.

Both firms are now erecting the turbines for the

18.

715

Francis turbine sets of

Itaipu

Bra~il, at the moment the hydro power station with the largcst i~lstalled

capacity. In this context it may also be mentioned, that the West German firm Ossberger

has logicaily developed from the Michell type turbine the most reliable and simple small

turbine of the Ossberger type, especially for developing countries.

Crintera.,

the founder of the author's institute, fonilulated in 1905 the specific speed as the

generally adopted

most important criterion to distinguish typcs of hydroturbines. In 1922

predccessor

Tltonrtr

introduced the now interfiationally used cavitation index

In the past decade I have had the privilege of holdins lecture courses on hydro power for

advanced post-graduate students in the following centres of

reccnt water power develop-

ment: The Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India; The University of

Siio Paulo.

Brazil; The Laval University, Quebec and Hydro Quebec, Montreal, Canada: The Cen-

tral University Caracas, Venezuela; The Polytechnic Institute Timisoara, Rumania; The

Huazhong Institute of Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.

This has stimulated me to publish this book, which can be considered as the outcome

these lectures, some rewritten chapters of

former book

mine in German, and the

many papers and findings made over the past

years in the Teaching Chair and

Laboratory headed by me at The Technical University

Munich, Federal Republic of

Germany.

In this context the names of Dr.-Ing.

Kiihnel, Dr.-Ing.

Castorph, Dr.-Ing.

Bar,

Dr.-Ing. M.

V-dtter, Dr.-Ing.

Schlemmer, Dr.-Ing. G. Mollenkoyj; Dr.-Ing. R. Gerich,

Dr.-Ing. M. Lotz (deceased), Dr.-Ing. R. Kirmse, Dr.-Ing.

Korcian, Dr.-Ing.

Fttrtner,

Prof. Dr.-Ing.

Jahn, Dr.-Ing.

Hartrter, Dip].-Ing.

Pfoertner, Dr.-Ing.

Walter.

Dr.-Ing.

Klein, Prof. Dr.-Ing.

Refiie, Professor Dr. Engng Ravinn'rall, and Mr.

Lauria

may be mentioned for their valuable help, their suggestions, and contributions

in connection with scientific papers presented at international or national congresses, or

in connection with work for theses made at the Lehrstuhl und

Laborato~ium fur Hydrau-

lische Maschinen und Anlagen der Technischen Hochschule Miinchen.

For many neatly drawn figures my thanks are due to Mr. M. Ring. In connection with

the erection of reliable test stands but mainly for his valuable contribution of building

quick response vector probes, the name of Mr.

Kriegl, head of our lab's workshop

should be mentioned.

Many firms have supported the publication of this book monetarily in a liberal manner.

They are

Allis Chalmers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA

1ng.-Buro Freisl, Garmisch-Partenkirchen,

R. Germany

Hydroart,

Milano, Italy

KaMeWa, Kristineham, Sweden

Kvaerner Brugg, A. S., Oslo, Norway

Neyrpic, Grenoble, France

Ossberger, Weissenburg,

Germany

Sulzer Escher Wyss, Ziirich, Switzerland

Tampella,

Tampere, Finland

Vevey-Charmilles Engineering Works, Vevey, Switzerland

Voest Alpine, Linz, Austria

Zahnradfabrik

Friedrichshafen, Friedrichshafen,

Germany

The library of the Technical University Munich an organization of the Bavarian State

Ministry of Education and Kultus headed by Dr. Schweigler contributed in

similar

manner.

Moreover thanks should be given to the VDI-Verlag as the publisher, who undertook the

venture of publishing a book directed to all the specialists and students in the world

engaged in the development of hydro power.

The work would not have been succeeded if Mr.

Ferguson, Senior Lecturer at the'

Department of Mechanical Engineering of the University of Sheffield. a well-known

author of a book on turbomachinery, versed in treating technical terms and also versed

in colloqitinl E:~glisl~, had not revicwed thc wholc manuscript twicc very carcfi~lly. For

[hat

ill11

gre;~lly ir~clcbtcd to hirn.

this contcsi also two Inclinn hydro turbine speci;tlists

Professor

Dr. Rlltrrltr Kr.islrtrtr,

head of the t1ydro-turbomachines labor;ltory, 11T Matlras,

and

l'rofessor Dr.-Ing.

Vtr.scu~cltrtli, hcad of Dep;irtmcnt at Punjitb Collcgc of

Engineering,

may bc grc;itfully

mentioned. Thc same holds also

for

Professor

111-

Kr11

Alei,

Departlnent of IlyJraulic

Engineering at Quinghua University Beijing (Peking), China.

For advice and help in their special fields,

am also indcbted to Prof. Dr. Erhtrrtl

Joerrs. Uni\.crsity of Wisconsin, Madison, USA; em.@. Professor. Dr., Dr., Dr., Dr. h.c.,

Dr.-Ing.

E.h.

,\losotlj.i, University of Karlsruhe,

Gcrniriny, o. Prof. Dr.-Ing.

Sclt~l~iclt, Professor Dr.-Ing.

If.

Stei~thic~gler, both at the Technical University Munich,

and Mr.

bl4lli. deputy director of Siemens, El-langcn,

Germany.

Although care has been taken to make the

E~~glish

rendering

as clear as possible,

hoped

that any reader who may detect Faults would kinclly bring them to my attention.

thanks are also due to Mr. Braitsclr and Mr. Olbricl~ fos carefully reading the

manuscript and

the proofs7 and for making valuable suggestions.

Last

but not least my thanks are due to my secretary .Mrs.

Fltllr- for having typed parts

of the final copy of the manuscript.

This book may show how scientific work can bridge the frontiers between countries of

different cultures. May Hydro Power, which to date is used only by about ten percent of

its potential, flourish

also in future under the motto: vivat, floreat, crescat!

Munich, autumn

1954

Joncllitn

Ratrhe