Raabe J. Hydro power - the design, use, and function of hydromechanical, hydraulic, and electrical еquipment
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cale subjected loss, 342
,
diffuser loss, 343
,
efficiency scaling. 343
,
hydraulic diameter, 343
,
internal loss. 343
-,
laminar sublayer, 342
-,
outer edge boundary layer,
342
-,
practice oriented scaling,
343
-,
Reynolds number, 342, 343
-,
roughness effects. 343
-,
scale-conditioned pressure
gradient, 343
-,
velocity distribution in
boundary layer, 342
Scanning
valvc, tappings on
runner, 356
Schemes axial turbine design,
426
-,
bulb turbine, 426
-,
space requirements, 426
-,
straflo turbine, 426, 427
-,
tubular S-turbine, 426
-,
vertical Kaplan turbine,
426
Schwabeck plant, 82
Seals, 41
1
Secondary flow by relative
eddy, 201
-,
axial rotor, 201
-,
rotational flow, 202
-,
stream function, 202
Sccondary flow by
turbulence, accumulated
boundary layer, 198, 199
-,
boundary layer, 198
-,
channel rotating, 197
-,
Coriolis force, 198
-,
forward curved vanes, 199
-.
high speed camera, 198
-,
logarithmic velocity
distribution, 198
-,
measurelnents. 198
-,
minimcrn vane number,
199
-,
Moon, 198
-,
observed by colour
injection, 198
-,
principle of least action,
199
-,
relative velocity, 198
-,
rotoscope, 198
-,
tip clearance, 201
-,
transparent shroud. 198
-,
turbulent fluctuation, 198
-,
unstable, 198
-,
vclocity maximum, 199
Self control,
535
-,
by machine tools, pumps
and blowers, 545
-,
non due to resistor load,
545
-,
stable operation point, 545
-,
synchronization of isolatcd
set, 545
Shaft diameter, 520, 578
-,
critical speed,' 578
-,
deflection of shaft, 578
-,
runaway speed, 578
-,
safe operation
requirements, 578
Shaft
seal, 409, 41 1, 521
-,
leakage sump, 521
-,
oil collector, 521
Shock loss, 186
-,
accelerating shock, 186
-,
bep, 186
-,
continuity, 186
-,
decelerating
shock, 186
-,
in terms of discharge,
186
-,
niomentum theorem, 186
-,
overload, 186
-,
part load, 186
-,
shockless inlet, 186
-,
turbine runner, 186
-,
velocity triangles, 186
Shroud to hub velocity
distribution, 234
-,
determination, 235
-,
differential equation of
mcridional velocity, 236
-,
inclination of meridional
streamline, 238
-,
pattern section, 235
-,
plan, 235
-,
radial section, 235
-,
spatial rotor vane surface,
235
-,
vane, 238
-,
vane skeleton, 235
Siberia, 18
Siberian rivers, 14
Sikiang, 10
Similarity laws. 323
-,
angle of indidence, 330
-,
as function of design
features,
326
-,
as function of working,
326
-,
blade speed coefficient, 327
-,
characteristics reaction
machine, 330
-,
depcndcnce on
H,
329
-,
disk friction loss, 330
-,
Euier's law, 324
-,
features of turbine. 328
-,
flow coefficient, 327
-,
flow passages, 330
-,
flow vs speed, 331
-,
Francis turbines, 331
-,
Froude's law, 324
-,
geometric similarity, 323
-,
hill diagram, 330
-,
homologous operation. 323
-,
impulse turbines, 331
-.
increase of type number, 327
-,jet diameter ratio. 329
-,
Kaplan turbines, 331
-,
leakage loss, 330
-,
limits, 327
-,
load factor, 323
-,
loss, 330
-,
model, 323
-,
nominal rotor diameter, 321
-,
number of nozzles, 329
-,
number of whecls, 329
-,
prototype, 323
-,
Reynolds numbcr. 324
-,
runaway parabola, 331
-,
specific speed, 325, 328
-,
Strouhal number, 324
-,
technical roughness, 323
-,
type number, 325
-.
type number i~npuise
turbine, 329
-,
type number limit, 329
-,
unit discharge, 325
-,
unit power, 325
-,
unit speed, 324
-,
velocity coefficients, 326
-,
velocity triangles, 324
Simplified singularity
method, aerodynamic
lift, 21 5
-,
circular arc, 21 4
-,
circulation, 21 5
-,
double cambcred skeleton,
21 5
-,
elementary skeleton, 214
-,
flat plate, 214
-,
geometry of skeleton. 21 5
-,
kinematic boundary
condition. 214
-,
lift coefficient, 21 5
-,
physical angle of attack,
21 6
Sinlplificd singularity
niclliocl,
aerodynamic
lift,
-,
profile sinlplificd by skcle-
ton, 213
-,
row of clcnlcntary vortices,
213
-,
single skclctvn. 214, 215
-,
small angles of attack, 214
-,
small carnbsr, 214
-,
zero angle of attack,
21
6
Singularity method, bound
vortices,
2
1
1
-,
boundary condition, 21
1
-,
ccrtain inflow, 210
-,
contour velocity, 2 10
-,
given cascade geometry,
2
10
-,
induccd velocity, 21
1
-,
integral equation, 212
-,
Kutta condition, 213
-,
linear equations, 21 3
-,
practical solution, 21 2
-,
undisturbed velocity, 21
1
Slip factor, 239
-,
cascade, 241
--,
cascade factor, 242
-,
cascade parameters, 242
-,
definition, 239
-,
deflection, 241
-. deviation angle, 241
-,
fiow past cascade, 242
-,
lift coefficient, 241
-,
relative eddy. 240
-,
straight cascade, 241
-,
tests with 6-port probe,
244
-,
theoretical predictions, 244
--,
varying depth, 243
.-,
wake, 240
--,
zero angle of attack, 242
-,
zero lift direction, 242
Slipping bubble, 277
-,
added liquid mass, 277
-,
rocket effect, 277
Slope, 12
Small hydro power,
IS,
19,67
--,
accessories, 68
-. asynchronous generator, 69
-,
avoidance of submergence,
70
-,
civil engineering works, 68
-,
common base plate, 70
-,
cooling from outdoor, 69
-,
cost, 68
-,
cost of accessories, 69
-,
cost or the generator, 69
-,
cost of turbine, 70
-. dur;~tion line, 68
-.-
-,
cfficicncy,
69
-. cxcitcr, 69
-,
inclined-jct in~pl~lse
turbines,
69
-,
intakes, 65
-,
irregular supply, 68
-,
isolatcd opcration, 69
-,
labour requirements, 68
-,
maintenance-free
opcration, 68
-,
micro plants, 67
-,
mini plnnts, 67
-,
multi-ccll cross flow
turbines, 69
-,
opening lin~iter, 69
-,
power house, 69
-,
propensity to ovarspeed, 69
-,
protection of the generator,
69
-,
reactance compensation, 69
-,
riprap-lined stilling basin,
68
-,
roller bearings, 69
-,
runaway, 69
-,
sedimentation, 68
-,
separate fly-wheel, 69
-,
servicing cost, 68
-,
simplifici~tions, 69, 70
-,
small intakes, 68
-,
specific investment cost, 68
-,
speed control, 68, 69
-,
standardi~ation, 70
-,
step up spur gear, 69
-,
submergence, 69
-,
transmission line, 68
Solid poles. 585
-,
by higher field harmonics,
585
-,
eddy current losses, 585
Some speculations, 591
-,
future tendencies, 591
-,
regulation, 591
Sonic speed, 304
Space requirements, 417
Specific head, influence
compressibility, 334
Specific cost, 43
.-, access roads, 43
--,
Annapolis straflo turbine,
43
-,
Bay of ~undy tidal project,
43
-.
Churchill Falls,
44
-,
Geisling, 44
-,
ItaipG,
44
--,
L;lngcnpro;lcltcn. 43
-. prcssurc. sli:~ft, 43
-.
pumpcd sloragc plant, 43
--.
tidal powcr planls, 43
-,
tunncls. 43
Spccilic head, 334
-,
efficiency tests, 336
-
,
cl;isticity of ducts, 335
-,
cntlialpy change, 336
-,
cnthalpy
increment,
336
-,
error by turbulencc, 335
-,
expansion work, 334
-,
Ilow-averaged velocity, 335
-,
fluid machine, 334
-,
guarantee of maker, 336
-,
I
EC
standard procedures,
336
-,
IEC
code, 336
-,
internal energy, 334
-,
isothcrrnal coefficient, 336
-,
mcasuretnent static
pressurc, 335
-,
model tcst, 336
-,
pressure flange, 334
-,
prototype test, 336
-,
suction flange, 334
-,
thermodynamic principles,
334
Specific investment cost, 49
Spccific loss
gcnerator, 579
-,
generator/turbine rotor
mass ratio, 579
-,
hcnt flow, 579
-,
surface, 579
-,
temperature difference, 579
Speed, 575, 576
Spced control, 542
-,
adjustment of turbine, 543
-,
checking of voltage, 543
-,
combined power, 542
-,
combined speed and head
control, 542
-,
control of load, 543
-,
controlled system, 543
-,
disturbances, 543
-,
electric grid, 543
-,
feedback, 542
-,
governor, 543
-,
input, 543
-,
material survey, 540, 543
-,
omit the speed control, 543
-.
output, 543
-,
overspeed limiter, 543
-,
position of servomotor,
542, 543
-,
speedometer, 542
-,
survey of references, 540,
54
1
-,
varying demand of load, 543
Speed govcrnor. 546
Speed measuring
dcvicc, 543
-,
(speed) governor, 543
-,
accelerometer, 533
-,
deviation of speed from
rated value, 543
-,
load vs speed character-
istic, 543
-,
proportional-integral
governor, 543
-,
sleeve valve, 543
-,
tachometer, 543
Speed metering, 548
-,
by electronics, 548
-,
electronic valve, 548
-,
oscillatory circuit, 548
-,
pilot valve, 548
-,
reference frequence, 548
-,
seiniconductor devices, 548
-,
solenoid, 548
Speed of alternator, 572
Spced ratio, contraction
factor, 498
-,
discharge ratio, 498
-,
head ratio, 498
-,
speed coefficient, 498
Speed requirements, 572
Speed staged, 572
Spced transducer and similar
dcvices, 550
-,
electronic governor,
setting, 550
-,
feedback signal, 550
-,
gate position transducer,
550
-,
interaction gates and
runner blades, 550
-,
magnets on the rotary
part. 550
-,on
gatc, 550
-,
on runner blade, 550
-,
quartz clock, 550
-,
reference
time, 550
-,
stationary detectors. 550
-,
temporary
feedback,
550
-,
tcmpoiary speed droop, 550
-,
time constant of damping,
550
-,
transducer, 550
Speed up water-filled
into
pumping, 504
-.
accelerated by main motor,
504
-,
filling from suction pipe,
505
-,
filling from gate, 505
-.
impeller seals, 505
-,
pump-turbines, 504
-,
process of filling, 504
-,
filling with air, 504
-,
vibration, 504
-.
virtual mass, 505
Spillway, automatic control,
87
-,
catastrophic high water, 85
-,
cavitation,
91
-.
crest,
87
-,
developing country, 86
-.
dewqtering, 85
-,
drop sI~;tft, 86
-,
duties, 85
-,
ejector by-pass, 82
-,
enlarging the head, 91
-,
flow duration curve, 86
-.
flutter, 91
-,
hydraulic jump, 85
-,
hydro-elastic response, 91
-,
Karakaya, 85
-,
Lavamiind, 84
-,
maxilnum permissible
water level, 85
-,
morning glory, 86
-,
overcritical velocity, 91
-,
pit type, 86
-,
riprap-flume, 85
-.
ski junlp, 85
-,
ski jump type, 91
-,
spillage, 85
-,
submersible plant, 82
-,
syphons, 86
-,
syphon trip baffle, 86
-,
unit together with power
house,
81
-,
ventilation. 91
-,
wear 311d tear, 91
-,
weirs on thc crest of the
dam, 86
-,
weirs Lvithin structure of
dim, 86
Spiral casing.
11
7, 449
-,
inflow above shaft,
11
7
-,
inflow u:icierneath shaft,
117
-,
load compcnsator,
1
17,
123,
124
-,
p;irallel plrrte stay ring,
1
17
Spir:~l Jcsign, 472
-,
manhole-,
472
-,
pedestal, 472
-,
relevant loads, 472
-,
strength, 472
-,
test pressure, 472
-.
water hnmmcr, 472
St. 1,awrencc. 10.
l
l
Stabilizing governor
oscillations, 543
-.
steady state gain, 543
Stall, 196
-,
diffuser, 196
-,
flow regimes, 196
-,
one side.
196
-,
prerequisite. 196
-,
start, 196
Start up a set.
546
-.
equation of motion,
656
-.start up time, 562
-,
syrichroniz;itlon, 546
Starting up to pump. 557
Stationary mnnonietcr,
32
Stator frame. 589
-,
active iron. 590
-,
axial thrust, 559
-,
bearer rings, 590
-,
concrete support, 590
-.
dead weight. 589
-,
expandablc axially TI-ecly.
590
-,
impulsi\e tolquc, 559
-.jolting forces. 590
-,
rated torquc, 589
-,
reinforccmcnt, 530
-,
short circu~t. 589
-,
singlc phase niach~n~s.
590
-,
stator iron, 590
-,
stator sul~ported, 590
-,
stress, 589
-
,
supporting fcct. 590
-.
welded structul
c.
589
Stator winding.
590
-,
carrier n~ntcrial.
590
-,
imprcgnnrine agcnt. 590
-,
insul:itinp licece, 500
-,
quality of insulation. 590
-,
transposcci
on
I<ocbcl
principlc,
590
Steady flow probe. 352
Stilling basin,
d~ss~p;rtion, 92
-,
energy con\lcrsron,
92
-,
llow convcrtcil, 92
-,
hydraulic jitmp.
92
-,
Rchbock tccth. 92
-,
scour prc\ ctltinn. 92
Storiig~. lka;ihlli
ty.
9.
15
-,
pumpcci. platits.
3
1.
32.
34
Stcrage prolslcm, 155
--,
averilgc: surface area,
155
-,
cncrgy dcmand, 156
-,
encrgy stored, 155
-,
How duration, 155, 156
-,
hc:i~l ratio, 156
-,
livc storage volume, 155, 156
-,
maximum head. 155
-,
minimum head, 155
-,
peak load, 156
-,
river used to
till
reservoir,
155
-,
storing cycle,
155
-,
topography, 156
St~ring water, 41
Strallo design, 416
-,
a Fischer and Escher Wyss,
424
-,
adjustable runner blades,
324
-,
alterfiator ro:or shrunk.424
-,
axial guide vanes, 424
-,
axial shroud seal, 426
-,
disturbance by tilting, 41 6
-,
tlow deflection, 424
-,
I-Iarza's patent, 424
-,
Illcr, Lech, Sa:ilach, 424
-,
intcrconnccting oil
cylinders,
41
6
-,
linkage to alternator, 41 6
-,
restoring forcc against tilt,
426
-.
runner blade adjustment,
425
-,
sandy water. 425, 426
-,
3hroud seal, 424
-,
s:able axial and radial
support, 426
-,
standstill seal, 426
-,
straflo turbine Weinzodl,
425
-,
tubular turbine with rinl
generator, 424
-,
typical dimensions, 424
-,
water head, 416, 425, 426
Strallo turbine, 417, 428
-,
Annapolis, 417, 418
-,
bep efficiency, 428
-,
fly-wheel moment,
428
-,
governor pressure,
428
-,
guide
vanes.
428
-,
rated voltage, 428
-,
single effect tidal power,
428
-,
single pool scheme, 417
-,
tidal power, 417
Strirflo tiirbinc
~QI-
lidiil
powcr. ;~tiv;~nt:~gcs
433
-,
largcr gcncrator di;imctcr,
443
-,
comp;trison, 443
-,
cffcclivcly coolcd
generator, 443
-,
good accessibility to
generator, 443
-,
limitation to size, 443
-,
one erection pit,
343
-,
stiible regulation, 443
Straight
ndmissioll pipe, 465
Straight cascade, integral
equation of, 209
Streamwisc vorticity past
cascadc, 250
-,
circulation, 250
-,
secondary flow,
250
-,
Stokcs' theorem, 250
Streamwisc vorticity past
radial impeller, 250
-,
from boundary layer, 250
-,
generation, 250
-,
diffuser inlet. 250
Stress calculation of gates, 472
-,
axial bending stress, 472
-,
closed position, 472
-,
deformation, 472
-,
Grand Coolee exemplary
construction, 472
-,
head cover, 472
-,
squeezing, 472
Stroboscope, 359
Submergence, 34
Suction head, 281
-,
accidental scale effects, 293
-,
as function of cavitation
degree, 38
1
-,
back water effect, 293
-,
cavitation index, 293
-,
cavitation index available,
282
-,
cavitation index required,
282
-,
cavitation on pressure face,
281
-,critical point, 280, 282
-,
critical pressure, 282
-,
draft tube, 280
-.
duration of eccentric
operations, 294
-,
economic limitations, 281,
294
-,
efficisncy and power as
function of.
281
-.
elevation
of
critical zo~le,
293
-,
function of specific specd,
28
1
-.
index duc to l'homa, 281
-,
knowlcdgc of hydrograph,
293
-,
limiting undcsir;lble
cavitation, 293
-,
physical scale effects, 293
-,
pressure drop in rotor, 280
-,
prcssurc on tail water level,
280
-,
requircd, 281
-,
revision and repair, 294
-,
safety margin, 282
-,
submergence, 251
-,
sufficient distance from
critical point, 293
-,
unusual operation, 294
-,
working programme, 293
Suction head in
pump-
turbincs, 294
-,
and headwater level, 294
-,
cavitation index available,
294
-,
fluctuatior~s of tail and
headwater level, 294
-,
graph of cavitation index
requircd, 295
-,
operating trapezium, 294
-,
working cycle, 294
Supply, 72
-,
channel, 72
-,
penstock, 72
.
-,
pressure shaft, 72
.
Support of brake stator, 357
Surge relieving device, 72
-,
by-pass outlet, 73
-,
chamber with compressed
air, 73
-,
controlled ventilation, 73
-.
surge tank, 72
-,
swell cutting cam, 73
-,
swell weir, 73
Surge tank, 158, 571
-,
air chambers, 158
-,
assumptions, 571
-,
calculating motion, 158
-,
continuity, 571
-,
crucial events, 572
-,
differential tank, 158
-,
dimensioning, 158
-,
double chamber design, 158
-,
dynamic stability, 158
-,
equation of motion, 571
-,
frictional resistance, 571
-,
oscillations, 571
-,
oscillations within
prescribed limits, 572
-,
velocity head, 571
-,
throttle design, 158
Surveillance of set, 557
-,
deviation from steady
state, 559
-,
mean speed, 558
-,
position of servomotor. 558
-,
rate (acceleration) time,
558
-,
regulating time, 558
-,
reset (isostatic) time, 558
-,
speed rise, 558
-,
start up time, 558
-,
stroke of servomotor
piston, 558
-,
stroke of valve, 558
Swell operation, 37, 38
Swinging brake stator, 357
Switch plant, 95
Synchronizing, 36
T
Tachometer, 548
-,
acceleration-conditioned
influence, 548
-,
baffle plate, 548
-,
combined tachometer
and accelerometer, 548
-,
fly-ball pendulum, 548
-,
fly-wheel ring, 548
-,
speed-condi tioned
component, 548
-,
spring-suspended fly mass,
548
Tail
water section, 73
Take out-of-balance loads,
51 7
Tapajos, 11
Temperaiure control, 581
-,
a
series of temperature
rises,
581
-,general survey, 581
-,
overheating, 581
Tendency
of
Increasing head,
282
Ternary set, 119
-,back to back. 119
-,
fillecl start by torque
convertcr,
1
19
-,
Miiusling, 120
-,
Ssckingen horizontal set,
119
-,
storage pumps,
1
19
-,
ternary sets, 120
-,
torque converter, 120
Test turbine, 351
Thermal deformation, 51 8
Thermal expansion, 517
-,
prestressed springs, 51 7
-,
skew spokes, 51
7
Thernlod
y
namic measure-
ments of efficiency, 337
-,
entropy increment, 339
-,
heat rccovery, 339
-,
hydraulic flow losses, 338
-,
ideal machine, 339, 340
-,
internal efficiency, 339
-,
isentropic coefficient, 337,
339
-,
isothermal coefficient, 337
-,
measurement differential
pressures, 339
'-,
mechanical energy term,
338
-,
real process, 340
-,
specific head, 338
-,
thermal diffusivity, 335
-,
throttling isenthalpically,
337
-,
zero method, 337
Thrust bearing between guide
bearing, 51 1
Thrust bearing hydrostatic,
51 8
Thrust bearing, 408, 517, 518
-,
reversed axial thrust. 51 7
-,
thrust collar, 517
Tidal power, 29, 30
-,
attraction of moon
and earth, 29
-,
central generator,
441
-,
Coriolis force, 30
-,
double effcct, 30
-,
ebb, 29
-,
example, 441
-,
flood, 29
-,
generation of flood
hnmps, 29
-,
neap tide, 30
-,
ocean sul-face, 29
-,
one basin, 30
-,
one or two basin type, 30
-,
problems with two basins,
411
-,
ram effect, 30
-,
Rance tidal power plant, 30
-,
single effect, 30
-,
sluice gates, 30
-,
sluicing operation. 442
-,
spring tide, 30
-,
static considcration. 30
-,
tidal range. 30
-,
turbining. 30
Tidal power machines, 437
-,
axial thrust, 440
-,
axial turbine, 437
-,
backward curved vanes,
438
-,
best efficiency, 440
-,
camber of rotor blade,
438
-,
co~nplicated bifurcations,
440
-,
compromises, 439
--,
different operations, 438
-,
diffuser, 437
-,
direct and reversed flow,
437
-,
direct pumping, 437, 438
-,
direct turbining, 438
-,
distributor, 440
-,
double effect, 437
-,
double cambered blades,
439
-,
flow direction retained,
440
-,
forward cunled blades, 438
-,
gates as diffuser, 438
-,
guide bearings, 440
-,
modes of operation, 437
-,
operating as hydr;iulic
brake, 438
-,
pitch
LO
chord ratio, 438
-,
position of rotor blades,
438
-,
reversed pumping, 438
-,
reversed turbining, 438
--,
rotor vane, 438
-,
single effect, 437
-,
sluicing, 437
-,
stroke of gate, 438
-,
stroke of runner
servomotor,
435
-,
tidal schemcs, 437
-,
tubular pump-turbine, 437
-,
vanes required, 438
-,
velocity trianylcs, 438
-,
wilh
1
basin. 437
-,
with 2 basins. 437
Tidal power
pl;~nts, pumped
storage
pl;irlts, 39
Tidal power
projects.
Annapolis,
30
-,
Canadian Funtly
Bay,
30
Tidal power
projects,
Annapolis
-,
I.'rcnch Rance, 30
-,
Indian, 30
Tilled pad, 520
-,
elevation of thrust bearing,
520
-,
fastcning of thrust collar, 520
-,
hydrostatically loaded
piston, 520
-,
oil injection. 520
-,
oil volume, 520
-,
pressurized oil from
balancing chamber, 520
-,
support, 520
-,
toroidal axially flexible
vessel, 520
-,
T~curi, 520
Time-averaged, 390
Tocantins, 10,
1
l
Tonstad, 585
-,
exciter current, 585
-,
exciter voltage, 585
-,
fly-wheel moment, 585
-,
rateci current, 585
.-,
relative losses, 585
-,
terminal voltage, 585
-,
total weight, 585
--.
water-cooled alternator, 585
Topography,
13
Torque, 33
-,
centrifugal turbine regime,
332
-,
dissipating regime, 332
-,
double regulated turbines,
333
--,
four quadrant character-
istics, 332
-,
maximum efficiency, 333
-,
pump regime, 332
-,
reversed pumping regime,
332
-,
runaway, 332
-,
single regulated turbine,
333
-,
vanishing, 332
Torque converter, 36
-,
H.
Fcttinger, 36
-,
turbine, 36
Torque measurement, 357
-,
analysis of results, 372
-,
axial thrust, 358
-,
by strain gauges, 357
-,
by weighing machine, 372
-,
calculation of torque, 372
-,
cradled dynamometer, 359
-,
c!ccrric;illy via bcnding,
357
-,
eliminating bearing
friction, 357
-,
eliminating friction torquc,
359
-,
hydrostatic bearing, 357
-,
load ccll measurement, 359
-,
measured by weight, 357
-,
oil-lubricated hydrostatic
bearings, 358
-,
reaction torque, 357
-,
reaction torque optically
indicated, 358
Torque of turbine, 564
-,
deviation from steady
state, 564
-,
equation of motion of set,
564
-,
moment of interia of set,
564
-,
self control parameter,
5
64
Torsional vibrations, 513
-,
at
start, 513
-,
at stoppage, 51 3
-,
circular shaft vibration by
shaft deflection, 514
-,
dynamic response, 51 5
-,exciting torque, 514
-,
forces on foundations, 51 5
-,
limiting shaft vibration,
51 5
-,
load amplitudes, 514
-,
natural frequencies, 51 3
-,
precessing draft tube
vortex, 513
-,
short circuit, 51 4, 51 5
-,
tubular turbine with
planetary gear, 513
Total pressure, 394
Towers ac transmission, 167
-,
admissible cable stress, 167
-,
breaking length, cable, 166
-,
cable shrinkage, 167
-,
climatic conditions, 167
-,
conductor from aluminum,
166
-,
cost, 167
-,
crest star voltage, 167
-,
dead end towers, 167
-,
delta voltage, 167
-,
distance, 166, 167
-,
example, 167, 168
-,
first cost, 167
-,
height, 166
-,
Icngth of insulators, 166,
167
-,
lighlnilig protection, 167
-,
low Icmpcrature, 167
-,
minimizing the first cost,
168
-,
minimum distance of
conductor from ground,
166
-.
opti~num distance, 168
-,
sagging of cable, 167
-,
vcrtical distance of
supsension points, 166
Transitional operating
conditions, 503
-,
brake, 504
-,
characteristics, 504
-,
flow regime, 504
-,
owing to inertia, 504
-,
reversed pumping, 503, 504
-,
turbine brake operation,
503
-,
water hammer, 504
Transmission, high voltage,
15, 24
Transport,
filcilities, 43
Triangular relation, 239
Tubular turbine, 413
-,
bevel gear, 413
-,
conical or axial gates, 413
-,
direct coupling, 413
-,
fly-wheel mass, 413
-,
gatc ring, 413
-,limited bulb, 413
-,
planetary gear, 413
-,
requirements of stable
regulation, 41 3
-,
s-turbine, 413
-,
spherical joints, 41 3
-,
straflo turbine, 413
-,
tendendy, 41 3
-,
TT
generation of moment
of momentum, 413
-,
TT
generator outside water
duct, 413
Turbulent flow,
apparent
shear stress, 193
-,
fluctuations, 193
-,
instability, 194
-,
mass conservation, 193
-,
mixing length, 194
-,
resulting shear stress, 194
-,
small perturbations, 194
-,
test of Reichhardt, 194
-,
time-averaged velocity,
193, 194
-,
turbulence, 194
-,
velocity distribution, 194
-,
wall she;tr stress, 194
Typical feature of
hydrogcnerator, 577
-,
dominating niass. 577
-,
fly-wheel cffccts, 577
-,
limitation of overspeed, 577
-,
rotor mass, 577
-,
stable speed control, 577
-,
torsional vibration, 577
u
Unstcady flow probe, 352
-,
dynamic nicasurement, 353
-,
elastic effect, 353
-,
flow pendulum, 354
-,
hot film probc, 353
-,
hot wire probc, 353
-,
laser problclns, 353, 354
-,
optical effcct, 353
-,
pressure and velocity, 353
-,
probe using el;isticeffcct, 353
-,
velocity Ineasurement. 353
Uprating existing generator.
575
-,
increasing thermal
conductivity, 575
-,
replacing thc existing
winding, 575
USA,
18
Useful life, 42
v
Valves, adjustmcnt force, 94
-,
biplane disk design, 93
-,
butterfly valve, 93, 94
-,
cavitation, 93
-,
conical valvc, 93
-,
control-induced forccs, 93
-,
filling device, 93
-,
locking apparatus for
revision, 93
-,
loss, 93
-,
part load operation, 93
-,
purposes, 92
-,
ring (nccdlc) valve, 92
-,
spherical valve, 93
-,
under pcnstuck failurc, 94
-,
vibrations, 93
-,
wedge valves, 92
Variastage, pump-turbine, 4S5
Various machines and
deviccs, 71
Vector probc of quick
rcsponsc, 361
-,
fluctuating pressure, 365
-,
mcasurernents, 363
-.
rncasurcmcnts bclwecn gate
and runncr,
361
-,
meridional vclocity. 363
-,
niicro prcssurc-transducers
type
kulite, 361
-,
past runner. 363
-,
pressure record. 363
-,
pressure transducers. 363,
365
-,
relative velocity, 365
-,
unsteady flow, 3.01
-,
whirl vclocity, 363
Velocity. 234, 382
Velocity direction probe, 348
-,
boundary layer probe. 349
-,
characteristic, 348, 350
-,
chisel probe, 349
-,
conical probc, 339
-,
Conrad probe, 339
.
-.
cylindrical probc, 349
-,
directional crror, 350
-,
gradient
sensitivity,
350
-,
hemispherical
probe, 349
-,
probc with u-t~lrn, 351
-,
spherical probc, 349
-,
stem, 349
--,
timc-avcragcd crror, 351
-,
two-(three)-finger.
348, 349
-,
van der Hcggc Zijncn
probe, 349
-,
velocity direction. 339
-,
vclocity magnitudc, 349
-,
wedgc probc, 350
Vclocity fluctuation>
measured in r*.runcis
turbines,
391
-,
cork screw vortcs. 393
-,
dy~iamic mcasurclncnt of
total prcssurc 394
-,
efficiency hill diagram of
turbine, 392
-,
clcctrical sign;tl transmitted
by mercury
chanlbcr, 392
-,
holding the instrumcnt. 391
-.
hot film method,
391
-,
irregular
ampl~ludcs, 393
-,
levcl turbulcncc. 392
-,
periodical fluctu;ttions, 392
-,
relative vclocily, 393
-,
semi-conductor probc. 391
--,
surgc-frce opce ;ttton, 392
-,
turhulcncc past tllc runncr
Icvel, 393
Vclocity mcasurcnlcnt,
defonnation, 347
--.
directional
sensitivity, 347,
338
-,
drag, 347
-.
influcncc of sllcar flow, 348
-,
of magnitudc, 347
-,
Pitot tube. 348
-,
Prandtl probe. 347
-,
probc. 347
-,
Reynolds influcncc, 348
-,
shaft, 347
-,
streamlined. 347
-.
with conical head, 347
-,
with ellipsoidal hcad, 347
Velocity
triangles,
498
-.
cy1indric;ll secrion, 431
-,
deflection. 431
-,
Euler's
equation,
498
-,
from Euler's relation, 431
-,
peripheral
efficiency,
431
-:
relationships, 498
-,
slip factor. 398
-.
undisturbed throughflow
vclocity,
431
-,
vclocity
coefficients,
431
Vertical shaft
terIl;lry set, 34
Vianden. 34
Victoria-Falls, 12
Visu:tlization of flow. 359
-.
illu~n~nation window, 359
-,
mctullic
fl;\gs,
360
-,
obscrvzt~on by high sped
carncra. 359
-,
observation
window, 359
-,
rclutivc flon, 360
-.
tcst flu~ds, 360
-,
trmsparcnt shroud, 359
Volga, 10,
11.
12
-,
fish passes, 59
-,
Kouibishev. 59
-,
rcrcrvoirs. 59
-,
runner, 59
Volga
sturgeon,
59
Voltage drops. 576
-,
due the armature reaction,
576
-,
due to ohmic rusistance,
576
-,
duc to stray
field
of stator,
576
-,
internal voltage, 576
-,
phasc shift, 576
-,
synchronous rcautancc, 576
Vortcx line, 249
Vortcx passing
a
semi-axial
rotor,
248
-,
cllanncl, 248
Vortex passing a semi-:ixinl
rotor,
-,
componcrit normal to flow
plane, 248
-,
dislocation, 248
--,
growth rate, 248
-,
in rotating frame of
reference, 248
-,
meridional component,
248
-,
relative eddy, 248
-,
rotating, 248
-,
streamwise vorticity,
248
-,
vorticity, 248
Vortex tube passing a bend,
247
-,
Beinoulli faces, 247
-,
growth rate, 247
-,
Rossby number, 247
-,
streamwise vorticity,
247
W
Wake, 245, 260
-,
breadth, 260
-,
dependence on thickness of
trailing edge, 261
-,
distribution of velocity,
261
-.
drag coefficient, 261, 262
-,
kinetic energy, 261
-,
mixing length, 260
-,
model, 261
-,
momentum theorem, 260
-,
origin, 261
-,
past a rotor, 261
.
-,
past straight cascade, 260
-,
problems, 261
-,
Reynolds shear stress, 261
-,
secondary flow, 261
-,
similarity considerations.
260
-,
undisturbed velocity,
261
Wakes behind impeller vanes,
502
Wakes on impeller, 502
Waldeck, 34
Water collection, 13
Water cooling. 573
-.
direct-water-cooled, 573
-,
extra cost, 573
-,
offset by capitalization of
reduction
in
loss, 573
-,
output limit,
573
Water cooling the rotor,
584
-,
insulating hoscs, 584
-,
manifolds niountcd on
rotor, 584
-,
stainless stecl tubes,
584
-,
transfer unit, 584
Water hammer, 565
-,
at uppcr pipc end,
565
-,
boundary conditions,
565
-,
circular frcqucncy,
567
-,
damping factor, 567
-,
destabilizing effect, 561
-,
double staged penstock,
568
-,
example, 568
-,
governing with water
hammer, 568
-,
linear system, 567
-,
natur~l oscillation, 567
-,
rate time, 567
-,
reset time, 567
-,
start up time, 567
-,
summaly and returns, 271,
272
-,
surge of pressure on
turbine end, 566
Water hammer disturbances,
306
-,
pressure pulse, 306
Water hammer-induced
pressure, 304
Water hammer limitation,
320
-,
by-pass, 320
-,
cam, 320
-,
control scheme, 320
-,
dash-pot operated by-pass
outlet,
321
-,
energy dissipator, 320
-,jet deflector, 320
-,
Pelton turbines, 320
-,
safety device, 320
-,
safety valve, 321
Water power, 25
-,
advantages, 25
-,
disavantages, 25
-,
ecology 25
-,
economy 25
-,
sociology, 25
-,
technology, 25
Water reservoirs,
25
W;~ve cncrgy, cnpil;~l cost,
2
7
-.
countries
involved.
28
-.
dcviccs p;~tcntcd,
28
-,
opcmting cost,
27
-,
power to bc ;lshorc, 28
-,
projects, 28
-,
Saltcr's d~ck, 28
-,
~ci~-q~;~k~-intlu~cd.
29
-
,
steady power gcncration,
29
-,
Swedcn, 27
-,
tide-induced, 29
-,
wind-induced, 29
Wedge-formcd clearance,
517
Wehr, 32, 462
Weir gatcs, adjustment, 88
-,
autoniatic control,
91
-,bear trap dam, 89
-,
control float-actuated,
9
1
-,
countcrweights, 58
-,
double hook gate, 88
-,
drum barrage, 90
-,
feedback, 88
-,
fishbelly !lap,
139
-,
iloating, type, 89
-,
fulcrums, 30
-,
guide rollers, 88
-,
hydraulic thrust, 85
-,
indentation,
89
-,
Kuibishev, 89
-,
operation by oilhydraulic
scrvomotors,
89
-,
regulation by float on the
head water, 89
-,
roller weir, 91
-,
rotary gates, 88, 89
-,
scour, 89
-,
segmental barrage of the
tainter type, 89, 90
-,
spillage betwccn the upper
and lower sluice,
88
-,
stilling basin, 83
-,
subdividsion, 88
-,
submersible tainter, 90
-,
submersible tainter gate
dam, 89
-,
swivelling servomotor, 90
-,
tainter gate with fishbelly
flap, 90
-,
underneath spillage gate,
8
8
-,
with translational motion,
88
Nest Germany. 158
X
flhirl in draft tube. 397
Xaigu,
11
Nindage loss,
207
-,
Ekman layer,
207
Y
-,
Pelton turbine,
207
Yangtse,
10,
1 1
-,
time scale,
207
Yenisey Bratsk,
58
z
Zambcsi, 59
-,
Cabora Bassa, 59
-,
Kariba,
59
