Raabe J. Hydro power - the design, use, and function of hydromechanical, hydraulic, and electrical еquipment
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-,
elenlentary effects. 272
-,
free gas content, 272
-,
llarvey's model. 272
-,
liquido-phobc crevice, 272
-,
nuclei, 272
-,
total gas content, 272
Cavitation parameters, 283
-,
cavitation index, 283
-,
dependence on working
data, 283
-,
linkage with specific speed,
283
-,
minimum, 283
-,
suction specific speeds, 283
Cavitation safe operation,
282
-,
backwater effect, 282
-,
design parameter, 282
-,
flow-off of the river, 282
-,
gate opening, 282
-,
hydrograph, 282
-,
storing capacity, 282
-,
topography, 282
-,
type number, 282
-,
whirl, 282
-,
working programme of
plant, 282
Cavitation
scalc effects, 284
-,
B
factor, 284
-,
free air content, 284
-,
onset of cavitation, 284
-,
period of dwell of nuclei. 284
-,
real cavitation index, 284
-,
re-attac11mer.t of laminar
scpapation, 284
-,
rectified diffusion, 284
-,
roughness, 284
-,
theoretical cavitation
index, 284
-,
thermodynamic effects, 284
-,
turbulence, 284
-,
turbulent boundary layer,
284
Cavitation summary, 270,
271
-,
references, 270
Cavity formation in pump
impeller, 288
-,
anglc of incidence, 289
-,
away from bep, 290
-,
backflow, 289
-,
cavitation zones, 288, 289
-,
radial impellcrs, 288
-,
in impeller eye, 289
-,
choking the flow, 290
-,
close to shroud, 289
-,
development, 289
-,
on pressure facc, 289
-,
on shroud, 289
-,
on suction face, 289
-,
past midchord, 289
-.
pressure trough on suction
face, 289
-,
ring vortex, 289
-,
wall-attached cavities, 288
-,
water hammer, 290
Celerity, 306
-,
breathing of cross sectional
area, 308
-,
characteristics, 308
-,
cylirldrical pipc, 307
-,
head reservoir, 307
-,
mass conservation, 307
-,
momentum equation, 307
-,
observer in wave front, 306
-,
of measurement, 307
-,
pipc axially fixed, 307
-,
pipe closed at one of its
ends, 307
-,
pressure pulse, 308
-,
pulse of density, 308
-,
reflection time, 307
-,
velocity pulse, 308
---
Celerity in two phase flow,
310
-,
absolute temperature, 31 1
-,
case of evaporation, 312
-,
celerity of a mixture, 31 2
-,equation of state, 311, 312
-,
example, 3 12
-,gas
water mixture, 312
-,
interface between gas and
liquid, 31
1
-,
mass conserved, 3 1 1
-,
perfect gas law, 31 1
-,
pressure of mixture, 31 1
-,
thermodynamic
equilibrium, 31 1
-,
void fraction, 312
Channel, 158
-,
capitalized cost, 158
-,
cross sectional area, 158
-,
dimensioning, 158
-,
erosion, 159
-,
excavation, 160
-,
ground acquisition, 160
-,
head loss, 159
-,
hydraulic diameter, 159
-,
indemnities, 160
-,
investment cost, 158, 160
-,
limitation by site condi-
tions, 161
-,
material. 160
-,
mean velocity.
159
-,
open channel. I59
-,
optimum depth,
1
59
-,
optimum \vetted
periphery,
159
-,
present value of energy
loss, 159
-,
rectangular,
1
59
-,
resistance coefficient, 1 59
-,
resulting cost, 160
-,
sedimentation, 159
-,
wall material. 160
-,
wall roughness, 159
Characteristics, 505, 506
-,
components, 71
-,
features, 9
-,
graphical procedure, 506
-,
mode1 runners, 506
-,
one-dimensional computer
programm, 506
-,
performance in pumping
mode, 506
-,
reversible runner, 506
-,
runner layouts, 506
Chemical composition of
liquid, 278
CKna,-ll, 1
S
-,
development, 11
-,
Gezhouha, 11, 59
-,
Sanxia, 11
Churchill Falls, 12, 64, 450
-,
accomodation, 66
-,
annual xtput, 65
-,
catchment area. 66
-,
data of plant, 65
-,
dikes, 65
-,
elbow draft tube, 65
-,
energy trans~nission, 65
-,
financing, 66
-,
Goosebay River system,
64
-,
noisy operation, 65
-,
penstock, intake, 65
-,
power installations, 65
-,
runners, 65
-,
service for residents, 66
-,
Smallwood reservoir,
64
-,
surface geology, 65
-,
temperatures, 65
-,
topography, 65
-,
tower, 65
-,
townsite, 65
-,
volume of material, 65
-,
wicket gates, 65
Churchill
River, 12
Circrlmli.rcnt
i:tl
dcvcl(-~pniclit
of spir;~l casing.
172
-,
a11gul:tr u1omcntum
rcquircrl. 472
-,
dimcnsioning of cross
sections,
472
-,
free vortcx, 473
-,
distance of outmost spiral
wall, 473
-;semi-spiral, 473
Civil engineering work, 134
-,
alternator, 134
-,
catastrophic high water,
135
-,
climate, 134
-,
dynamic response, 134
-,
fatigue effects, 134
-,
foundation, 134
-,
hydraulic thrust, 134
-,
ice floes. 134
-,impact of rockfall, 134
-,
impact of wind, 134
-,
in unreliable ground, 134
-,
jurassic grounc
f
34
-
- - -
-,
land survey, 134
-,
load of shaft vibrations,
134
-,
powerhouse, I34
-,
pumping siations, 134
-,
reaction force and
moment,
134
-.
reinforcement, 133
-,
resulting uplift, 134
-,
seepage, 1 34
-,
slippage, 134
-,
soil deformation, 134
-,
stability of the structure,
134
-,
stresses, 134
-,
surge-induced load, 134
-,
temperature-induced load,
134
-,
water tightness, 134
-,
water waves, 134
-,
weight of electro-mechanic
equipment. 134
Climate,
9,
13
Collapsing bubbles, 275
-.
cavitation, 276
-,
free air content,
276
-,
total air content,
276
Collection of water, 13
Comparison with calculated
value, 387
Computation of pressure
number, 296
Co~nputation of rclativc flow,
38U
-,
comparison of ci~lculatcd
and mcnsurcd rclativc
velocity, 385
-,
boundary condition, 384
-,
distribution of bound
vortices, 384
-,
elementary vortcx, 381
-,
Euler equation, 382
-,
flow encrgy, 382
-,
induced velocities, 38 1
-,
kinematic boundary
condition, 380
-,
points of reference, 384
-,
results, 384
-,
semi-infifiitely extended
elementary vortex, 382
-,
spatial singularity method,
380, 384
-,
Stokes' theorem, 382
-,
umbrella-like vortex star,
380
Cemputer aided design, 537
-,
automated factory, 537
-,
automatic cost calculation,
538
-,
cad software, 537, 538
-,
change parameters, 538
--,
computer design system,
538
-,
data for a numerically
controlled machining, 538
-,
design and performance
development of turbines,
538
-,
disk storage units, 537
-,
drafting system, 537
-,
Francis turbine from start
to finish, 533
-,
graphic information, 537
-,
information of rotor blade
surface, 538
-,
intervention of designer,
538
-,
major parameters, 538
-,
methods of making model
runner, 538
-,
numerical control of
machine tools, 537
-,
permutations of the design,
537
-,
punched tape,
537
Computer techniques, 575
Conductor cable, 166
-,
adjacent towers,
166
-.
c;ltcnary, 166
-. horizontal pull, 166
-,
permissible tcnsilc stress,
166
-,
sagging of conductor, 166
-,
simplified equation, 166
-.
suspension points, 166
Construction of nItertlator
rotors, 584
-.
additional criteria, 584
-,
critical flexural speed, 584
--,
critical torsional speed,
584
-,
fly-wheel effect, 584
-,
runaway spced, 584
--,
shaft dimensions, 584
-,
transport limitations, 584
Control
of
air content, 284
-,
closed test rig, 254, 285
-,
deneration, 284
-,
device for control, 284
-,
free air content, 284, 285
-,
laser, 284
-,
natural air content, 284
-,
nuclei entrained, 284
-,
prcparcdness for
cavitation, 284
-,
resorbcr vessels, 284, 285
-,
total air content, 255
-,
van Slyke apparatus,
284
-,
Venturi tube, 284
Conventional measurements
of internal efficiency, 339
-,
flow measurement, 340
-,
flow metering, 340
-,
hydraulic loss, 340
-,
internal efficiency, 340
-,
internal in(out)put, 340
-,
internal torque, 330
-,
leakage, 340
-,
torque reaction
dynamometer, 340
Coolant circuit, 582
-,
air cooling, 582
-,
high speed generators,
582
-,
slow generators, 582
Cooler, 51
9
-,
air separation, 51
9
-,
axial booster pump,.
519
-,
circulation, 519
-.
radial bore, 51
9
Cooling of lubricant,
522
-,
baffles,
522
-,
circulation, 522
-,
cooled oil flow, 522
-.
flinger
bores, 522
-,
flinger shell, 522
-,
helical groove, 522
-,
lubricating oil flow, 522
-,
Pitct tube, 522
-,
rotating shaft, 522
-,
viscous shear stress. 522
-,
water deflection shield, 522
Cooling systems, 582
-,
axial ventilation, 582
-,
closed system, 583
-,
machines for reversible
operation, 583
-.
open system, 582
radial ventilation, 582
-,
re-cooling, 582
Cost,
42$
47, 139
-,
altitude of plant, 140
-,
as
function of blade speed
coeficient, 151
-.
assembly, 141
-,
capitalized loss, 152
-,
critical pressure, 140
-,
erection. 152
-,
exca\-ation, 139, 140, 152
-,
fabrication. 141, 152
-,
round
acquisition, 42
-,
indemnification,
42
-.
latcra! size, 139
-.
.VPSH
required, 140
-,
oprarion. maintenance,
repl'czment, 47
-.
p"p5eraI blade speed, 140
-,
cr
house, 139,
1
52
-,
xn-ice. 42
-.
XI.
152
-.
s~ream\visc extension, 139
-,
suctian head, 143
-,
supersrructure, 139, 152
-.
trznspor:. 141
-.
n-arrr
casement, 42
Cost
as
3.
function of set
nunkr. 144: 145
-.
ccst drrrcasing, 149
-,
aLcce.;sories, 148, 149
-.
ascernbly. 148, 149
-.
cosr
;zcrei~sing, 149
-.
dzrn
prt. 149
-.
dsp'h of river bed, 147
-,
fahication. 148, 149
-.
rrround excavation due to
deFih.
147. 149
-.
.YPSII.
146
-,
o~tir~ix~tinn, 145
-.
polvcr house, 144, 147
-,
present value of energy
loss, 148,
149
-,
Reynolds number, 148
-,
runner diameter, 144
-,
runner speed coefficient,
145
-.
specific speed, 144
-,
submergence, 146
-,
substructure, 147
-,
transport, 148
-,
type number. 145
-,
width spillway, 144
Cost pump-turbine, 484
-,
cavitation factor, 484
-,
diffuser loss, 493
-,
disk friction loss, 493
-,
einpirical loss coefficients,
484
-,
friction loss, 489
-,
from excavation work, 484,
.
489
-,
from mechanical losses,
484
-,
geometrical dimensions,
484
-,
guide vanes, 493
-,
head, 489
-,
impeller, 484, 493, 494
-,
Kiihtai, 489
-,
manufacture, 489
--,
material, 489
-,
optimum design, 484
-,
power station, 489
-,
processing, 489
-,
rotor, 492
-,
rotor housing, 433
-,
sectional diagram, 493
-,
suction head, 489
-,
type number, 493
Cross flow turbine, Ossberger
turbine, 101
-,
power plant, 101
-,
step up gear, 101
-,
superstructure of larger
turbine, 101
-,
cross seciion, 100
-,
disk friction, 98
-,
dividing wheel chamber, 98
-,
draft tube, 100
-,
Michell-Banki, 98
-,
Ossberger design, 98
-,
snifting valve, 98
-,
superst ructure Ossbcrger
turbine,
10
Curves, 375
Cut of river
bcd, 12
D
Dam. 11, 75. 85
-,
adequate planning,
81
-,
alkalinity. 81
-,
consequences on the physi-
cal system,
81
-,consequences to the local
fauna and flora, 80
-,
crest height, 11
-,
disease propagation. 81
-,
environmental damages, SO
-,
resettlement problems,
81
-.
response of society, 80
-,
salinity, 81
-,
soil fertility. 81
-,
survey, 74. 75
Damming
da-ice, 72
-,
barrage, 72
-,
spillway, 72
-,
weir,
72
Damming of a river,
9
Dams, highest, 22
Danube,
1
1,
12, 61
-,
Aschach, 61
-,
Austrian section, 61
-,
bulb turbines, 61
-,
Bulgarian section, 62
-,
Czechoslovakian-
Hungarian section,
61
--,
Gabcikovo and
Nagyn~aros, 61
-,
German-Austrian scction.
6
1
-,
harnessed potential, 61
-,
Iller, 61
-,
Iron Gate, 62
-,
Kaplan Turbines, 61
-,
Novi Sad, 61
-,
Rumanian section, 62
-,
scepage, 61
-,
Wallsee Mitterkirchen, 61
-,
Yugoslav section, 61
Dash pot, 547
-,
by-pass, 548
-,
elimination, 54s
-,
leakage, 548
-,
rapid motion, 548
-,
slow motion, 548
-,
strong load fluctuations,
546, 548
-,
throttle, 546
Dc transmission, 24, 61
Dead band, 550
-,
gate opening limiter, 550
-,
introduction of
insensitivity, 550
Dcad
b;tnd.
--.
sign;lls to pass of clioscn
threshold, 550
Dccay of exciting current,
514
Degrcc exploitation, 20
Deniilncl for powcr, 9
--,
peak load, 42
DL'P~CSS~OI~, Gibraltar, 27
-.
Mediterranean Sea, 27
-,
Ilab el Mandeb, 27
-,
Cattara, 27
-,
Rcd Sea, 27
Dcsign of alternator rotor,
577
-,
bearings, 577
-,
its sh:tft, 577
-,
umbrella, and semi-
umbrella, 577
Dcsign parameters of axial
turbines, as functions of
spcci tic speeds, 431
-,
axial thrust, 431
-,
Uaucrsfeld equation, 431
-,
chord to pitch ratio. 431
-,
cost
of
excavation, 431
-,
lift
coeificicnt, 331
-,
pitch to chord ratio at
hub, 431
-,
susceptibility to cavitation,
43
1
-,
torque of centrifugal load.
43
1
Details of pol: design, 587
-,
bolted on from air gap,
588
-,
bolted on from the hub
sidt, 558
-,
curvature in notches, 588
-,
method of securing, 588
-,
T-head claws, 58s
-,
unavoidable notch effect,
588
Development, 20
Diagonal bulb turbine, 429
-,
Guijo Grrrnadilla, 429
-,
rotor tip diameter, 329
-,
space requirements, 429
-,
tie rods, 425
Diagnona! turbines, 418
-,
Deriaz type,
4
18
-,
diagonal bulb turbine, 418
-.
Guijo Granadilla, 418
Diameter of rotor, 578
-,
admissible stress, 578
-,
assembly, 579
-,
diamclcr of turbinc i~~nncr.
579
-,
limiting tlcsign, 578
-.
notcl1 cfl-ects, 578
-,
ritnaway speed, 578
Diescl hydraulic locomotives,
3
7
Difftiser, 196
-,
bcll-shaped diffuser,
196,
I97
-,
cone angle, 197
-,
cxcav:ltion cost, 197
-,
flow rcgirne, 197
-.
hysteresis,
196
-,
indcpegdent of Reynolds
number, 197
-,jet flow, 196
-,
non-swirling, 197
-,
pressure gradient, 197
-,
smooth flow regime, 197-
-,
stall,
197
-,
straight, 197
-,
swirl-free, 197
-,
unsteady
flow,
197
-
,
unsymnietrical stall, 197
Diffuser loss,
con~pared with
runner, 204
-.
elbow draft tube, 203
-,
impeller, 204
-,
loss coefficients, 203
-,
optimum, 204
-,
recovery, 203
-,
straight draft tube, 203
-,
suction requirements, 204
-,
whirl velocity, 203
Dikes, 12
Dimensioning of structural
members, 135
-,
accounting for losses, 135
-,
coefficient of rotor blade
speed, 135
-,
cost terms, 135
-,
depreciation period, 135
-,
diameter electric conduc-
tor, 135
-,
distance between adjacent
towcrs, 135
-,
earth excavation, 135
-,
econumical point of view,
135
-,
hydraulic radius of the
waterway, 135
-,
initial cost. 135
-,
operating point, 136
-.
optimization,
135
-,
power demand, 135
-,
prcscni vnluc, 136
--,
r;tndo~n
cfkcts, 136
-,
rutcd disch;trgc, 135
-,
salc of clcctricity, 135
-,
si7c ;111d liti~nbcr of sets,
13~
-,
substructure,
135
-.
superstructure,
135
-,
topography, 135
-,
uscful lilk of plant, 136
Dirncnsioning of the shaft,
577
-,
critical torsion speed,
577
-,
faulty synchronization,
577
-,
tly-whecl type rotor,
577
-,
natural fly-wheel effect,
577
-.
short circuit, 577
Dinorwic pump-turbine, 488
-,
impeller, 488
-
-
-,
lases, 488
-,
lubrication, 488
-,
pump-turbine, 488
-,
runner, 485
-,
spiral casing, 488
Direct
problem of blading,
condition for closure, 221
-,
deflection triangle, 220
-,
dimensioning relation, 220
-,
governing equation, 220
-,
innermost
cylindrical
,
section, 220
-,
lift coefficient, 220
-,
outermost cjllindrical
section, 220
Discharge ratio, 498, 502
-,
as function of speed ratio,
49 8
-,
relationsship with type
numbers, 499
-,
speed coefficient, 499
-,
type number, 499
Disk friction, 204, 205
-,
boundary layer, 204
.
-,
leakage, 204, 205
-,
model for mixed rotor,
204
-,
rotating disk, 204
-,
secondary flow, 204
-,
shear stress, 204
Dissipation, 195
-,
apparent stress, 195
-,
eddy viscosity, 195
-,
internal energy, 195
-,
irreversible process, 195
-,
laminar sublayer, 195
-,
main flow boundary
layer,
196
-,
molecular motion, 195
-,
planned motion. 195
-,
rate of strain, 195
-,
viscous stress, 195
Distance, neighbouring
groups, 1 17
Distribution, 365, 394
Distribution of relative
velocity, 524
-,
given runner vane, 524
-,
with regard to loss, 524
-,with regard to twist of
streamface, 524
Diversion power plant, 71
-,
damming device, 71
-,
inlet structure, 71
-,
spillway, 71
-,
structural members, 71
-,
SUPP~Y,
71
-,
surge discharging device,
7
1
-,
tail race, 71
-,
upper reservoir, 71
Dniepr, 12
Double regulated
KT,
551
-,cam, 555
-,
control loops in series, 555
-,
diaphra,gns, 555
-,
electronic speed governor,
552
-,
flow of oil, 555
-,
forces, 555
-,
function diagram, 552, 555
-,
gate servomotor, 555
-,
loops of gates and runncr
in parallel, 552
-,
motion stop, 555
-,
nozzles, 555
-,
oil head, 555
-,
paddle, 555
-,
piston movement, 555
-,
runner servomotor, 555
-,
signal processing diagram,
551, 555
-,
solenoid valve, 555
-,
speedometer, 555
-,
stroke of hydraulic valve,
555
-,
synchronized actuation,
555
-,
transform electric current
into motion, 555
-,
travel, 555
Draft tube, 406
Draft tube flow, acceleration
of
main flow, 200
-,
axial machines, 201
-,
bend, 200
-,
cork screw vortex, 200
-,
cross sectional area, 200
-,
curvature, 201
-,
inlet, 200
-,
kinetic energy, 200, 201
-,
loss, 201
-,
secondary flow, 200
-,
steel lining, 200
-,
surface, 200
Dynamic measurement of
pressure, 354
-,
piezo electric effect, 354
-,
semi conductor probe, 354
-,
strain gauge, 354
-,
zero drift, 354
Dynamic measurement of
relative flow, 389
-,
four port probe with quick
response, 386
-,
hydrostatic actuator, 386
-,
kulite transducer. 356
-,
on Kaplan turbine runner,
388
-,
relative flow of Francis
turbine, 390
-,
relative velocity, 388
-,
results compared with
time-averaged velocities,
388
-,
static pressure, 386
-,
time-averaged measure-
ments, 390
-,
time-averaged profiles, 390
-,
time-averaged velocities,
388
-,
unsteady boundary layer,
386
-,
velocity fluctuations along
runner vane, 389
-,
velocity vector. 386
-,
wake-induced stress
fluctuations, 389
Dynamic measurement, 394
Dynamic stability, 543, 547
-,combination lever, 543
-,
dash pot, 544
-,
elastic feed back, 544
-,
feedback transitorily, 547
-,
isostatic dcvice, 544
-,
proportional integral
governor, 544, 547
-,
speed governor, 544
-,
with accelcration feedback,
547
Dynamic stability of closed
control loop.
563
-,
damping coefficient, 563
-,
natural period of system.
563
-,
proportional band, 563
-,
rate time, 563
-,
reset time, 563
-,
start up time of set, 563
-,
tempo;ary spced droop,
563
Dynamics of ideal flow,
absolute
floiv, 180
-,
absolute flow energy, 181
-,
absolute velocity, 181
-,
conversion of shaft work.
183
-,
Coriolis force, 182
-,
density, 181
-,
dissipation. 183
-,
equation of motion, 1 SO,
152
-,
impeller with backward
curved vanes. 181
-,
instantaneous streamline.
181
-,
internal energy, 183
-,
potentla1
llo\v.
181
-,
pressure. 18
1
-,
real flow, 183
-,
relative velocity, 181
-,
rotating frame of reference,
152
-,
rothalpy, 182
-,
runner with forcward
curved vanes, 181
-,
terms of energy, 182
-,
unsteadiness of absolute
flow, 181, 183
-,
vector curl, 181
-,
velocity vector, 181
E
Economic considerations
of tidal power. 442
-,
benefit-cost ratio, 442
-,
compromise,
342
-,
dikes, 442
-,
double effect scheme, 442
-,
electromechanical equip-
ment, 442
-,
fixed cost, 442
-,
intermittent energy
production, 442
-,
increase of investment, 442
-,
mean efficiency, 442
Econolnic consitlcr;~tions of
tidal powcr,
-.
maintenance costs, 442
-,
r!o purnping, 442
-,
single cffcct scheme. 442
Economic
considcrations
on bulb lurbine, 443
-,
powcr swing, 443
-,
rcmoving gcncrator, 443
-,
slnall rotor diameter, 443
-,
special hatch, 443
-,
supcriority of straflo
design, 442
-,
tidal powcr bulb turbines, 443
-,
wave-induced pressure
fluctuations, 443
-,
\..lorking life, 442
Efficiencies, alternator, 343
-,
bearing, 344
-,
coupling, 344
-,
disk friction, 344. 345
--,
Eulcrian equation, 345
-,
gross (nct) input (ontput),
344
-,
leakage, 344, 345
-,
loss thrust bearing, 344
-,
measurement of
internal,
3 41
-,
mechanical, 345
-,
peripheral (hydraulic), 345
-.
separating loss compo-
nents. 343
-,
\
cntilatinn loss, 341
Electric and high voltage
cquiprncnt, 24
Elcctric machine, 541
-,
ail--cooled, 573
-.
limiting output, 573
-.
maxirnurn output/speed
char;~cteristic, 573
--.
speed rangc, 573
-,
survey, 531
-,
to
reduce number of sets,
573
-,
water-cooled, 573
Electric stator iron, 590
-,
clamping fingers, 590
-,
guiding the laminations,
590
-,
insulating coating, 590
-,
laminations, 590
-,
prevent toothvibm:ion, 590
-.
te~sioned by nuts, 590
Electricity. cheapness. 21
-,
hydro,
24
-,
in context
with,
43
-.
main
producers
of
hytlro,
16
-,
production of hydro,
19,
20
Electricity ratc,
9,
41, 42, 43,
49
-,
comparison, 43
-,
duration of service, 43
-,
trends, 43
-,
typical ligures, 43
Electricity, total power
prodt~ction, 9
Electro hydraulic runner
blade adjustment, 557
-,
actuator, 557
-,
control loops in series, 557
-,
combinator cam, 557
-,
error signal, 557
-,
input, 557
-,
large variations in head,
557
-,
manual control, 557
-,
maximum closing, 557
-,
pilot servomotor, 557
-,
position of blades checked,
557
-,
pointer for regulating
sleeve, 557
-,
pointer for runner blade
angle, 557
-,
regulating piston, 557
-,
regulating sleeve, 557
-,
servomotor pistoli, 557
-,
three dimensional saddle,
557
-,
transmitter, 557
Electro hydraulic speed
govcrnor, 549
-,
advantages, 549
-,
electronic head, 549
-,
micro processor, 549
Electrohydraulic valve, 553
Electronic governor, 553
-,
interaction error detector,
553
-,
reference frequency, 553
Emergency case, 51
9
Emergency device, 547
-,
limit overspeed, 547
Encrgj, coilsumption per
inhabitant, 20
-,
electricity, 20
-,
gain by pumping, 440
-,
example, 440
-,
profitable pumping,
440
-,
growth, 20
-,
I~ydroclcct rieity,
20
-,
pcak and basc load,
25
-,
population,
20
-,
priin:iry,
20,
25
-,
production, 19
-,
sales of, 47
Energy
theorem, 263
-,
apparent shear stress, 266
-,
boundary layer element,
263, 264
-,
dissipation, 263, 264, 266
-,
eddy viscosity, 266
-,
encrgy thickness, 264
-,
expansion work, 264
-,
heat transfer, 263
-,
loss prediction, 265
-,
measured rcsults, 266
-,
turbulent flow, 265
-,
parameters, 264
-,
resulting inflow of kinetic
energy, 263
-,
Reynolds number due to
turbulence. 266
-,
work done by pressure,
263
Enthalpy, 26
Equatorial zone, 14
Equilibrium on shaft, 543
-,
grid-conditioned torque vs
speed characteristic of
generator, 543
-,
settled speed, 543
-,
torque of generator, 543
-,
torclue of turbine, 543'
-,
torque vs specd character-
istic of turbine, 543
Erection bay, 95
Erosion past wall-attached
cavity, 273
Erosion rate, 278
Europe,
18
Evaluation of measurements,
372
Excavation
rost, 282
Exploitable river reach, 137
-,
accessories, 133
-,
available head, 137
-,
back water effect, 137, 138
-,
development, 137
-.
efficiency, 139
-,
flow
duration curve, 137,
139
-.
hydrograph, 137
-,
investment cost, 138
-,
maximum surplus
of
earnings, 137
-,
net head duration curve,
139
-,
number of sets given, 139
-,
optimization, 137, 138
-,
power duration curve, 139
-,
rated discharge, 137, 138
-,
runner diameter given, 139
-,
spillway, 138
-,
topography, 137
-,
work done, 139
Exploitation degree, 20
Exploitation of river,
Columbia, 49
-,
Tennessee, 49
F
Field coils, 588
-,
cup springs keeping
windings pre-stressed, 588
-,
finned cooling element, 588
-,
hard drawn copper
sections, 588
-,
insulating frame, 588
-,
soldered joints, 588
Finite element method, 535
-,
computational domain, 535
-,
preliminary division into
bricks, 535
-,
resulting residual. 536
-,
tetrahedron elements, 535
Fish protecting device, 72
-,
fish pass, 72
-,
mortality, 72
-,
salmon, 72
-,
sturgeon, 72
Flange, suction, 26
-,
localization, 26
Flexural vibration, 510, 513
-,
added fluid mass, 51 1
-,
critical speed, 51 1, 51 3
-,
finite amplitude shaft
oscillations, 51 5
-,
flexibility, 51 1
-,
highest runaway speed, 51 3
-,
influence axial thrust, 51
1
-,
linear system for
deflections, 51 1
-,
lowest critical speeds, 510
-,
natural frequencies, 51 1
-,
neglecting elasticity. 51
1
-,oil film,
511,
515, 516
-,
plane of dul'ormation, 51 1
-,
porticn of shaft mass, 51 1
-,
rotating masses, 51
1
-,
shaft, 51 1
Flood discharging device, 72
-,
barrage crest, 72
-,
high water, 72
-,
maximum permissible head
water level, 72
-,
ski jump spillway, 72
-,
spillage, 72
-,
stilling basin, 72
-,
siphons, 72
-,
weir gates, 72
Flow admission, by siphon,
110
-,
by open chamber,
1
10
-,
by semi-spiral casing, 1 10
-,
by spherical casing, 1 10
-,
by spiral casing,
1
10
Flow around inlet edge, 267
-,
velocity past stagnation
point, 267
.
Flow duration line, 19
Flow in a bend, bend exit,
200
-,
boundary layer, 199
-,
cross motion, 199
-,
pressure gradient, 199
-,
secondary flow distorting
velocity distribution, 199
-,
stalled region, 200
-,
velocity distribu~ion, 200
1-low in vaneless space, 434
-,
continuity, 435
-,
distribution, 435
-,
equation of motion, 435
-,
streamface-linked loss, 435
Flow lamina of variable
depth, 223
-,
flow field, 223
-,
in image plane, 224
-,
induced velocity
components,
224
-,
influence functions, 223,
225
-,
ring vortex, 223
-,
straight row of ring
vortices, 225
Flow within conical
distributor, 435
-,
geometrical features, 435
-,
solution, 435
Forces
on
unit mass, 526
-,
absolule flow, 534
-,
curvature of relative
streamline, 527
-,
in peripheral direction,
526, 527
-,
in shroud to hub
direction.
528
-,
relative flow. 534
Formation of
stream\vise
vortieity. 245
-.
bend, 245
-,
cascade, 245
-,
dissipation. 245
-,
energy. 245
-,
loss mechanism. 195, 245.
251
-,
nozzles. 245
-,
rotor, 245
-,
secondary
now,
245
Francis turbine survey,
437
-,
actiially highcst head. 449
-,
bep eflicienc).
419
-,
Krasnojarsk. 319
-,
Grand Coulee, 448
-,
Hausling, 4-48, 449
-,
high head. 4-18
-,
highest head, 448
-,
in micro plants, 445
-,
largest output, 448
-,
problenls in upper head
range,
149
-,
pump-turbine. 448
-,
Rosshag,
4-18
-,
under 6jOm, 448
-,
Wehr. 419
Francis turbine Tucuri
control. 554
-,
amplifier, 554
-,
common feed back. 551
-,
gate servomotor,
554
-,
mixer, 554
-,
single gates scrvo motor, 554
-,
signal transmitter, 554
-,
speed control, 554
Francis turbines, 54, 352, 562
-,
aeration valve, 562
-,
by-pass outlet. 562
-,
quick shut down, 562
-,
ventilation, 562
Francis type pump-turbine.
574
-,
abnormal wear, 574
-,
lower overspeed ratio, 574
-,
specific output per pole, 574
French-German Rhine,
12
FT Bromat, 452
-,
reinforcement. 452
-,
spiral design. 452
FT Churchill Falls. 450
-,
different runner blading,
450
I-T Churchill I-nlls,
-.
runncr. 450
--,
skcwcd inlct cdgcs, 450
-
,
unit power per wcight, 450
--,
vibrations, 450
FT
design, 469
-,
as function of specific
spced, 496
-,
axial depth of runncr. 470
-,
cavitation indcx, 471
-,
distanec of adjacent set,
47
1
-,
draft tube, 471
-,
earth excavation, 471
--,
elevatiort, 471
-,
empirical values, 469
-,
features as a function
of
11,
470
-.
gate vane number, 471
-,
inlet diameter, 471
-,
non-pnrallel plate stayring,
47
1
-,
parallel plate design, 472
--,
runner diameter, 470
-.
runner outlet, 470
-.
span of gate, 470
-.
spiral casing, 471, 472
-
.
spiral intakc, 471
-,
st;ty vane number, 471
-.
s11.c~~ calculation, 469
-.
submergence, 469
--.
throat coeificient, 470
FT
G:lri, 457
--.
head increased, 457
--.
previous designs, 457
-.
runner. 457
-.
lemporary output, 457
1-7' Hdrspranget, 457
--,
exlension in 1974, 457
--.
installed capacity, 457
-.
runncr. 457
-,
stay vanes. 457
-.
town at site, 457
-.
water
way. 457
FT
Hitrtwell. 468
-,
bell-shapctl guide bearing,
458
--.
bottom ring split, 468
-.
parallel plate spiral, 465
FT
Hausling. 461
-.
pseudo parallel plate
design, 461
-.
runner, 461
-,
scroll casing spot-welded,
16 1
-,
vane stay ring, 461
FT
Itapnrica, 458
--,
runncr, 461
--,
spirltl casing, 458
-,
111rust bcaring, 458
FT Karakaya, 454
-.
anti surge aeration, 454
-,
fly-wheel momcnt, 454
.-,jacking and braking
cylinder, 454
-,
paritllel plate design, 454
-,
runner, 454
-,
spiral casing, 454
FT layout, 50% of full-load,
467
-,
at bep, 467
-,
at full load, 467
-,
cavitation index, 467
-,
dependence on specific
speed, 467
-,
efficiency, 467
-,
pressure surge, 467
-,
runaway speed, 467
-,
spccific speed, 467
-,
speed, 467
-,
zone of overlap with KT,
446
FT or PT, 453, 458
-,
best attainable efficiency,
453
-,
cross flow turbine, 453
-,
bucket cutout, 458
-,
cutting edge, 458
-,
disadvantages of
i
FT, 453
-.
excessive wear, 453
-,
fixed by operating data,
453
-.
flattest efficiency, 453
-,
frequent repair, 453
-,
guide vanes, 453
-,
highest possible n, of a PT,
453
-,jet diameter ratio, 453
-,
labyrinths, 453
-,
leakage, 453
-,
lowest possible n, of
a
FT,
453
-,
members easier to get at,
458
-,
needle, 453
-,
nozzle, 453
-,
operating at part load, 453
-,
overlap, 453
-,
pronounced efficiency
pcak, 453
-,
rcasons for superiority
of
FT,
453
.
-,
rel'laccment of hbyrillth
ritlgs,
453
-.
sandy w;ttcr, 453
-,
sh:rllow rcctangulnr section
of jet, 453
-,
varying peak load, 453
-,
wcilr rings, 453
FT
Rosshag. 460
-,
comb labyrinth, 460
-,
damage, 460
-,
damping oscillations,
460
-.
draft tube vortex, 460
-,
gate, 460
-,
spiral casing, 460
-,
wall lining, 460
F'T
runner vane design,
474
-,
absolute flow energy,'
474
-,
c,,r
distribution, 475
-,
derivative
of angular
momentum, 475
-,
distribution meridional
velocity, 475
-,
drop of now, 475
.
-,
excitation of torsional
vibrations, 477
-,
flow angle, 477
-,
graphical method, 475
-,
hill diagram, 475
-,
meridional streamlines,
476
-,
potential flow,
475
-,
radial sections, 477
-,
relative flow, 476, 477
-,
setting the pattern sections,
477
-,
skewed inlet edge, 477
-,
tests, 474
-,
velocities on suction and
pressure face, 477
FT
Tucuri, 451, 554
-,
parallel plate spiral casing,
45
1
-,
single servomolors, 451
-,
thrust bearing support,
45
1
FT Wehr, 462
-,
alternator, 462
-,
high velocities, 462
-,
material selection, 462
-,
runner, 462
-,
storage pump, 462
-,
torque converter, 462
-,
water-cooled stator, 462
G
Ganga, 10
Gas dimusion, 276
-,
concentr~ition of dissolved
gas, 276
-,
diflerential equation, 276
-,
Fick's law, 276
-,
Henry's law, 276
-,
mass diffusivity, 276
-,
rectified diffusion, 276
-,
time needs, 276
Gas washer, 26, 31
Gate vane, 438
Generator design, 575
Governors, 563
-,
equivalences, 563
-,
similar dynamic behavior,
563
Grand Coulee, gate servo-
motors, 51
-,
head cover, 50
-,
highest stressed point, 50
-,journal bearing of shoe
type, 52
-,
power plant, 50
-,
runner, 50
-,
shaft design, 52
-,
shifting ring, 52
-,
spiral casing,
50
-,
stay vane, 50
-,
tensile und bending stress,
50
-,
torque transmission, 52
-,
wicket gate, 50
Gravity dam,
Assnan, 77
-,
crest height, 76
-,embankment, 75
-,
erection, 75
-,
friction on ground, 75
-,
Grand Coulee, 76
-,
Grande Dixence, 76
-,
grout curtain, 77
-,
Iioover, 76
-,
hydraulic thrust, 75
-,
in separate blocks, 75
-,
Nurek, 76
-.
of
concrete, 76
-,of gravel (earth), 76
-,
rocky ground, 76
-,
sealing blanket, 77
-,
thermal expansion, 75
-,
transportation facilities,
76
Greatest storage capacities,
22
Greenland,
18
Grid frequency variation,
545, 572
-,
base load plant, 545
-,
peak load plant, 545
Grid-induced generator
torque, 564
-,
due to blowers, 564
-,
due to machine tools,
564
-,
due to resistors, 564
Grout curtain sheet pile, 134
Guide apparatus, 36
Guide bearing, 51 7, 51 9
-,
collar for uplift, 51 9
-,
cooling by working fluid,
519
-,
inclined grooves,
5
19
-,
oil circulation by visosity,
519
-,
lubrication,
517
-,
magnetic pull, 51 7
-,
overhung rotor, 51 7
Guide ribs on draft tube
wall, 397
H
Hausling, 38, 461
Head, 9, 42
Head range, 35
High head
Kaplan Turbine,
41 5
-,
Comparison civil
engineering works, 41
6
-,
oil head in journal bearing,
41 5
-.
servomotor in hub
of alternator, 41 5
-,
spiral casing, 41
5
-,
throat ring, 41 5
-,
toroidal servomotors, 41 5
-,
Tres Marias, 41 5
High voltage transmission, 24
Highest heads, 22, 465
Historical development, 24
Hub design KT, 445
-,
bending stress, 445
-,
centrifugal load, 445
-,
wall thickness, 445
Hub strength, 479
-,
bending stress, 479
-,
FT runner vane, 480
-,
geometry of vane element,
480
-,
hub of Francis runncr, 479
-,
loads acting on hub, 479
-,
peripheral thickness. 480
-,
radial neutral axis, 479
-,
real thickness.
480
-,
tensile stress. 479
Hwang Ho,
10
Hydraulic machinc. 334
Hydraulic
machine
characteristics. 575
Hydro mechanics, 546
Hydro power machines.
322
Hydro power plants. 37, 71
-,
annual reservoir,
38
-,
base load. 37
-,
in cascade, 37
-,
peak load, 38
-,
pumped-storage,
38
-,
run-of-river. 37
-,
speed droop. 37
-,
storage capacity.
37
-,
storage plants. 37
-,
target relief,
38
Hydro turbomachines.
39
Hydro turbomachines survey
of references.
103. 401, 305
Hydro_eenerators, 573. 573
-,
dual rotation. 575
-,
frequent operation change.
574
-,
methods of starting, 575
Hydrograph, 19
Hydromatic dri\e, 37
Hydrostatic
water
lubrication,
521
-,
thrust bearing,
521
I
Idealized vortex, 245
-,
kinetic energy, 246
-,
moment of momentum,
246
-,
Stokes' theorem, 246
-,
theorem of Helmholtz, 246
-,
vortex tube, 246
lmpeller loss, 494, 495, 496
-,
assumptions, 494
-,
flow coefficient, 496
-,
hub to tip ratio, 495
-,
impeller eye, 495
-,
number of vanes, 495
-,
peripheral input. 494
-,
resistance force, 495
-,
rotor inlet, 496
-,
shroud and hub Face, 495
-,
vane surfaces, 495
Imploding, 277
lmpulsc turbines. balanced
necdlc force. 96,
109
-,
bus pipe distributor, 95
Impulsc turbines. b;~l;~nccd.
necdlc force,
-,
dccking wall, 96
-,
El 'I'oro, 97
-,
hytiropncum;ltizcd, 97
-,
milnifolds, 95
-,
Maurangcr, 97
-,
nccdle servomotor,
96
-,
Ncntlaz, 97
-,
outdoor power hoi~sc Silz,
98
-,
overhung, 95
-,
pine-trcc-design,
95
-,
ramification of 2 branches,
97
-,
space
requirement,
96
-,
spiral distributor, 95, 96
-,
tongs design, 95, 96
-,
Tysso, 97
-,
underground power house,
96,97
-,
with horizontal shaft, 95
Increment
of
entropy, 339
Indemnification, 25
Inpa Rapids,
12,
14
Instationary (unsteady)
cascade flow, 226
-,
active cascade, 226
-,
amplitudes
lift moment,
232
-,
downwash velocity, 227
-,
free vortices, 227
-,
influence wa!ies, 233, 234
-,
integral equation, 230
-.
lift amplitudes, 231, 232
-,
lift moment harmonics, 233
-,
moment, 231
-,
overstress, 234
-,
passive cascade, 226, 227
-,
passive cascade downwash
-
velocity, 229
-,
recent investigations, 234
-,
trailing edge. 227
-,
unsteadiness from non axi-
symmetry, 234
-.
vortex distribution,
230
-,
vortex sheets, 227
Interest rate, 47
Internal efficiency, 338
Inventions,
24
Investment, 25, 41, 46, 47
-,
benefit, 47
-,
depreciation, 41, 42
-,
economic safety, 47
-,
interest rate, 47
-,
maintenance cost, 41
-,
opcr;tting cost, 41
.
-,
pay-off, 46
-,
pcriod, 46
--,
prescnt v;lluc, 47
-,
rcplacenlent cost, 41
-,
revenues, 41
-.
specific, 41
Irkulsk, 82
Iron Gate. 62, 414
-,
cavitation pitting, 63
-,
cost, 63
-,
crane capacity, 63
-,
double hook sluice gates,
63
-,
ground acquisition, 64
-,
indemnifica!ion, 64
-,
inundated area, 63
-,
Kaplan turbincs, 62
-,
longitudinal section, 62
-,
mechanical equipment, 63
-,
reconstructed buildings, 64
-,
rock excavations, 63
-.,
storage basin, 63
-,
transformer voltages, 63
Irrawadi, 10
Irrigation, 19, 25
Itaipu, 12, 53
-,
alternator, 586
-,
alternators Krasnoyarsk as
comparison, 586
-,
barrage, 57
-.
catchment area, 57
-,
civil engineering work, 57
-,data of power station, 54
-,
electricity rate, 55
-,
Francis turbinz, 56
-.
gap clearance, 586
-,
investment cost, 55
-,
live storage, 57
-,
outside stator diameter,
586
-,
perspective sectional view,
585
-,
rated terminal voltage, 586
-,
rotor weight, 586
-.
runaway speed, 586
-,
skewed spider arms, 586
-,
spillways, 57
-.
stator bore diameter, 586
-,
thermal expansion, 586
-,
thickness of stator bundle
lamination, 586
-,
thrust bearing load, 586
-,
total weight, 586
-,
treaty, 54
-,
sectional view,
55
J
Jacking device,
519
Ji~piin,
1
Y
Joints,
51
Journal bcnring, 58
Jurassic ground.
14
K
Kaplan turbine, 407, 434
-,
acccssibility, 407, 409
-,
Aschach, 51
3
-.
btllancing hydraulic
chamber, 408
-,
bottom ring, 407
-,
connecting ring between
shaft and generator, 409
-,
detnchablc pivot, 41
3
-,
efficiency,
41
1
-,
elevation, 434
-,
emergency shut down
pcnclulum, 409
-,
flow deflection shield, 434
-,
high herid
KT,
409
-,
insert ring, 409
-,
inspection
window, 407
-,
Kapl;lnls patent, 41
1
-,
Jupia, 408
-,
Porto Primavera, 41 3
-,
Schaffhausen, 407
-,
Solbergfoss, 41 2
--,
leak oil chamber, 409
-,
leakage pump, 409
-,
Lilla Edet, 41 1
-,
oil admission, 407
-,
oil circulation pump, 409
-,
oil pressure, 41 1
-,
oil supply, 409
-,
Palmar, 410
-,
pcndulum generator, 409
-,
Pirttikoski, 409
-,
proportions runner
chamber, 434
-,
runner servomotor, 413
-,
servomotor piston bolted
on hub, 407
-,
shortest flux of force, 407
-,
spherical throat ring, 434
-,
stator support, 409
-,
stay vane ring, 409
-,
steel lining,
409
-,
thrust bearing, 411, 412
-,
tie rods, 409
-,
torsional stiffness, 412
-,
upper throat ring,
409
-,
water guide shield, 409
-,
welded design, 407