Gilbert, B., S.J. Wright, H. Muller-Landau, K. Kitajima, and A. Hernandes, 2005. Life history trade-
offs in tropical trees and lianas. Ecology 87: 1271–1288.
Gillman, L.N., J. Ogden, S.D. Wright, K.L. Stewart, and D.P. Walsh, 2004. The influence of macro-
litterfall and forest structure on litterfall damage to seedlings. Austral Ecology 29: 305–312.
Godnan, D., 1983. Pest Slugs and Snails. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Gonzalez, E., 1993. Effect of seed size on germination and seedling vigor of Virola koschny Warb. Forest
Ecology Management 57: 275–281.
Gorski, T., K. Gorska, and J. Nowicki, 1977. Germination of seeds of various species under leaf canopy.
Flora 166: 249–259.
Goulding, M., 1980. The Fishes and the Forest. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Gray, A.N. and T.A. Spies, 1996. Gap size, within-gap position and canopy structure effects on conifer
seedling establishment. Journal of Ecology 84: 635–645.
Green, P.T. and P.A. Juniper, 2004. Seed-seedling allometry in tropical rain forest trees: Seed mass-
related patterns of resource allocation and the ‘reserve effect’. Journal of Ecology 92: 397–408.
Greene, D.F., C.D. Canham, K.D. Coates, and P.T. Lepage, 2004. An evaluation of alternative
dispersal functions for trees. Journal of Ecology 92: 758–766.
Greig, N., 1993. Predispersal seed predation on five Piper species in tropical rainforest. Oecologia 93:
412–420.
Grime, J.P. and D.W. Jeffrey, 1965. Seedling establishment in vertical gradients of sunlight. Journal of
Ecology 53: 621–642.
Gross, K., 1984. Effects of seed size and growth form on seedling establishment of six monocarpic
perennial plants. Journal of Ecology: 369–387.
Gross, C.L., M.A. Whalen, and M.H. Andrew, 1991. Seed selection and removal by ants in a tropical
savanna woodland in northern Australia. Journal of Tropical Ecology 7: 99–112.
Grubb, P.J., 1977. The maintenance of species-richness in plant communities: the importance of the
regeneration niche. Biological Review 52: 107–145.
Grubb, P.J., D.J. Metcalfe, and D. Coomes, 2005. Comment on ‘‘A brief history of seed size.’’ Science
310: 783A.
Hammond, D.S. and V.K. Brown, 1998. Disturbance, phenology and life-history characteristics:
Factors influencing distance=density-dependent attack on tropical seeds and seedlings. In:
D.M. Newberry, H.H.T. Prins, and N.D. Brown, eds. Dynamcis of Tropical Communities.
Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, pp. 51–78.
Hanley, M.E. and M. Fenner, 1997. Seedling growth of four fire-following Mediterranean plant species
deprived of single mineral nutrients. Functional Ecology 11: 398–405.
Hanley, M.E. and M. Fenner, 1998. Pre-germination temperature and the survivorship and onward
growth of Mediterranean fire-following plant species. Acta Oecologica 19: 181–187.
Hanley, M.E., M. Fenner, and P.J. Edwards, 1995. The effect of seedling age on the likelihood of
herbivory by the slug Deroceras reticulatum. Functional Ecology 9: 754–759.
Hanley, M.E., M. Fenner, and P.J. Edwards, 1996. Mollusc grazing and seedling survivorship of four
common grassland plant species: the role of gap size, species and season. Acta Oecologica 17:
331–341.
Hardesty, B.D., C.W. Dick, A. Kremer, S. Hubbell, and E. Bermingham, 2005. Spatial genetic structure
of Simarouba amara Aubl. (Simaroubaceae), a dioecious, animal-dispersed Neotropical tree, on
Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Heredity 95: 290–297.
Harms, K.E., S.J. Wright, O. Calderon, A. Hernandez, and E.A. Herre, 2000. Pervasive density-
dependent recruitment enhances seedling diversity in a tropical forest. Nature 404: 493–495.
Harper, J.L., 1977. Population Biology of Plants. Academic Press, London.
Hewitt, N., 1998. Seed size and shade-tolerance—a comparative analysis of north American temperate
trees. Oecologia 114: 432–440.
Hilhorst, H.W.M. and Karssen, C.M., 2000. Effect of chemical environment on seed germination. In:
M. Fenner, ed. Seeds. The Ecology of Regeneration in Plant Communities. CAB International,
Wallingford, UK, pp. 293–310.
Hladik, A. and S. Miquel, 1990. Seedling types and plant establishment in an African rain forest.
In: K.S. Bawa and M. Hadley, eds. Reproductive Ecology of Tropical Forest Plants, Parthenon,
Carnforth, UK, pp. 261–282.
Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C018 Final Proof page 571 16.4.2007 2:37pm Compositor Name: BMani
Seed and Seedling Ecology 571