Pugnaire F.I. Valladares F. Functional Plant Ecology
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Ectohydrous species, 18
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, 302, 320–321, 495,
583–584, 590
resource partitioning and, 588
species, 374
Elastic toppling, 106
Eleagnus, 582
Ellenberg, N-numbers, 73
Elodea canadensis, 16, 517
Elymus repens, 633–634
Embolisms dissolution, in plants, 202
Empirical models, 628–629
C
4
single-leaf photosynthesis, 639
C
3
single-leaf photosynthesis and, 638
Encelia
farinosa, 92, 448
frutescens,92
Endodermis, anticlinal divisions of, 154
Endohydrous species, 16, 18
Endomycorrhizas, 583–584
Endophytic gallers, 486
Energy content in water, factors affecting, 176
Enhanced vegetation index (EVI), 661
Ensifer, 583
Entomophily, 519
Environmental factors
ecosystem responses to, 377–380
individual plant responses to, 375–377
Eperua
falcata, 320
leucantha, 320
Ephedra, 519
fragilis, 519
Eragrostidella,39
Ericaceous plants, 164
Ericameria ericoides, 447
Erica tetralix, 274
Ericoid species, 374
Erigeron canadense, 554
Eriophorum, 372
vaginatum, 266, 273, 371, 376
Erysimum mediohispanicum, 500
Erythroxylum, 517
Esophageal canker, 484
Eucalyptus sp., 92, 585
maculate, 588
viminalis, 294
Eugenia, 362
Eupithecia immundata, 497
Eurydema
fieberi, 500
ornata, 500
Eurypoikilohydrous autotrophs, 24
Euterpe oleracea, 330
Evaporative flux density, assessment of, 181
Evergreen plants
seasonal fluctuations and, 160
vascular and nonvascular, 373
Everwet tropical forests, 358
Exormetheca holstii,9
Exploitation ecosystem hypothesis, 464
F
Farquhar–von Cammerer model, 239
Fast-growing species, 73, 80, 82, 86
Ferns, 11, 12
Ferrocactus acanthodes, 437
Festuca
idahoensis, 442
ovina, 442
rubra, 274
Fickian diffusion principle, 606
Fick’s law of diffusion, 181, 191
Ficus carica, 132
Fleurs-du-ma
ˆ
le hypothesis, 529
Floral traits, role of pollinators, 530–532
Flux density, 176
Foliage dispersion, 119
Fontinalis
antipyretica,25
squamosa,25
Forest dynamics, and climatic changes, 321,
339–340
Forest regeneration, 322
Frankia, 266, 582
Freeze–thaw cycles, in Antarctica, 408; see also
Antartica
Fringilla coelebs, 500
Fulgensietum fulgentis, 46
Functional ecology aims, 68
Functional mapping tool, remote sensing as,
664–667
NDVI and, 665–666
Santa Monica Mountains region and, 665–666
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. koae, 585
FvC, see Farquhar–von Cammerer model
G
Gall-makers, 486
Gamete packaging, 523
Game theory, 90
Gametophytic agamospermy, 517
Gap dynamics responses
gap light, temporal nature of
gap filling, 242–243
gap formation, 242–243
PFD, increase in, 242–243
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tree-fall gaps, in forest, 242–243
understory plants, 242–243
Gas exchange analysis, 223
Geitonogamy, 495, 520
S-genes complex, 527
Genet, 516
Geranium maculatum, 526
Geum rivale, 441
Gilbertiodendron dewevrei, 320
Globodera rostochiensis, 586
Glomus, 590
Gluconacetobacter, 582
Glutathione peroxidase (GPX), 608
Glutathione reductase (GR), 608
Glutathione synthetase (GS), 608
Glutathione transferase (GST), 608
Gomphidius, 584
Graminoid tundra, productivity in, 380
Granivorous and browsing mammals, 353
Greenness vegetation index (GVI), 661
Grevillea, 585
Grime’s CSR triangle, LHS scheme and,
692–693
Grimmia antarctici, 400, 408
Gross photosynthesis (P), 638
Growth parameters, 77–79, 91–92
Growth response coefficient (GRC), 78–79
Gymnosperms
advantages over pteridophytes, 519
agamospermy, 517
lateral roots in, 154
reproduction, general features of, 518–519
taproot system of, 155
vegetative reproduction, 516
Gynodioecious species, 526
Gynodioecy, 526
Gynomonoecy, 524–525
H
Haberlea rhodopensis, 10, 13, 39
Habitat
and RGR
max
, 68, 73
species comparisons, 222–223
types of, 73
Hagen–Poiseuille law, 192
Haplomitrium,32
Haplopappus squarrosus, 554
Hartig net, 163
Heat storage rate, in soil, 205
Heat transfer rate, 204
Hebeloma, 584
Hedera helix, 132, 243
Heliconia, 362
Hennediella heimii, 30, 407
Henry’s law, 198
Herbaceous vegetation, 156
Herbivory, 93, 273–274, 354
compensation capacity, 488
defintion of, 482
evolutionary play, 490–491
multispecific context, 491
climate effects, 498
conditional outcomes, 499–500
herbivores and pathogens interactions,
494–495
herbivores effects, 492–494, 495
multispecific interactions, 496–497
multitrophic interactions, 494
ungulates affect, 500–501
plant distribution, 490
plant performance, 489
plant population dynamics, 489
plant traits
physical barriers, 483
plants quality as food, 483–484
probability, 482–483
variability of plants as food, 484–486
tolerance, factors affecting, 487
Herringbone branching pattern, 157
Heterodera sp., 586, 590
avenae, 592
glycines, 590
Heterogeneity
analysis, wavelet, 214–215
sources of, 223
spatial and temporal, 214–215
Heterogeneous habitat, 214
Heteromeles arbutifolia, 111, 122, 124, 129
Heterostyly, 527
Hibiscus moscheutos, 529
Hieracium
auranticum, 441
florentinum, 441
High-latitude ecosystems, 378
High-latitude warming, 376
High-pressure flowmeter, 192, 194
Hilaria rigida, 447
Hirsutella rhossiliensis, 591, 592
Ho
¨
fler diagram, 176–177, 183
Holcus lanatus, 71, 270
Homoiohydrous desert perennials, 11
Hordeum
spontaneum, 82, 91
vulgare, 267
Hormathophylla spinosa, 531
HPFM, see High-pressure flowmeter
Huber value, 192
Humidity indices, 315
Hybanthus prunifolius, 127, 129, 324
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Hydraulic architecture
definition of, 191
hydraulic conductivity, 191
shoots, 193
stem segments, measurements of, 191–192
Hydraulic conductances, 194–197
Hydraulic lift, 186, 438
Hydraulic parameters scaling, 190, 194–196
Hydraulic redistribution, use of, 162–163
Hydrocotyle vulgaris, 231
Hymenophyllum,13
tunbridgense,11
wilsonii,39
Hyparrhenia rufa,91
Hypericum perforatum, 441
Hyperspectral sensors, 662–664
Hyphaene
guineensis, 330
thebaica, 330
Hyphal network, see Hartig net
Hypnum cupressiforme,37
Hypotonic branching, 108
I
Iberozabrus sp., 500
Immobile nutrients, 264
Inbreeding depression, 521
Independence, meaning of, 696
Indeterminate shoot axes, 103
Inference rules, generalization across species and
from samples, 686–688
Inhomogeneous canopies, 631–632, 643
Insect pollination, 534
Instantaneous field of view (IFOV), 658
Integrated community, 449
Interference and facilitation, interaction of,
442–446
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis, 353
International Allelopathy Society, 587
Interspecific interactions
effects of, 446
types of, 449
Ipomopsis agregata, 531
Isoetes australis,9
Iva frutescens, 438, 445
J
Juncus
gerardi, 438, 445
maritimus, 440
Juniperus phoenicea, 518
K
Kallstroemnia grandifolia, 526
Krummholz, 107
L
Laccaria, 584
bicolor, 588
Lactarius, 584
LAI-2000, plant canopy analyzer, 644
Laminastrum galeobdolon, 231
Large-seeded species
advantage of, 551
with seedling morphology, 551
and small-seeded species, 552
survey of, 553
Larrea tridentata, 443
Lasius niger, 500
Late-acting incompatibility, 527
Lavandula latifolia, 531
Leaf
abscission, 273
angle, 102, 123, 129
angular distribution, 122
area, 77–78, 80–81, 83, 88–90
cell turgor changes in, 160–161
energy loss mechanisms, 203
life span, 89–90, 276, 279
and assimilation, 300, 329
mass per unit area, 220
rolling, 126, 131
solar tracking, 125
specific conductivity of, 192
stomatal conductance, 161
traits, 84
turgor pressure, 293
water use and net radiation, 182–183
weight ratio, 228
Leaf area index (LAI), 119, 125, 294, 661–662, 673
Leaf area ratio (LAR), 77–78, 228
Leaf density (LD), 81
Leaf-height-seed (LHS) strategy scheme
canopy height, at maturity, 691–692
Grime’s CSR triangle and, 692–693
seed mass, 692
specific leaf area (SLA), 690–691
Leaf interior (J), 606
Ohm’s law and, 604–605
Leaf mass fraction (LMF), 77–78
Leaf mass per unit leaf area, 220
determination of, 228
Leccinium, 584
Lecidea phillipsiana, 414
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Lecidella crystallina,43
Legumes, nematodes, and bacterial symbionts
interactions with, 590–591
Leontodon hispidus, 619
Leptogium puberulum, 30, 400, 414
Leptothorax tristis, 500
Lesquerella carinata, 445
Leymus arenarius, 585, 590
LHCII, see Light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein
complex II
Lichenologists, 8
Lichens, 11, 13, 17, 22, 34–38
photosynthesis at subzero temperatures, 410
Life Zone System of Holdridge, 315
Light availability role, species diversity and forest
regeneration, 219
Light detecting and ranging (LIDAR), 658
Light energy and plants, 325
Light environments, impact on growth, 213
Light-harvesting chlorophyll–protein
complex II, 226
Light intensity, 73–74
Lignin, 483
Liliaceae, Australian, 10
Limiting-resource model, 488
Limonium, 517
Limosella grandiflora,10
Lindera, 517
benzoin, 495
Lindernia
acicularis,13
crassifolia,13
philcoxii,46
Liquid phase diffusion limitations, 224
Liriodendron tulipfera, 152
Lithobiontic microorganisms, study, 417
Litter accumulation and
decomposition, 439
LMA, see Leaf mass per unit leaf area
Lobaria pulmonaria,36
Lolium, 496
perenne, 271
Longidorus, 586
Longitarsus jacobaeae, 492
Lonicera, 111
Lotus corniculatus, 612, 619
Low-diversity tropical forests, 320
Lupine, 266
Lupinus
arboreus, 489, 497
arizonicus, 125
bicolor, 614
chamissonis, 447
lepidus, 443
Luxury consumption, 159, 273
Luzula
confusa, 372
pseudosudetica, 492
Lychnis flos-cuculi, 91–92
M
Macrozamia sp., 555
Male reproductive fitness
evaluation and pollen removal, 528, 529
Mammillaria microcarpa, 440
Marchantia berteroana, 407
Marrubium vulgare, 438
Mass flow rates, 260, 264
Matricaria discoidea, 613
Mauritia flexuosa, 330
Maximum relative growth rate (RGR
max
), 68
Mean residence time (MRT), 87–88
Mechanical failures, in plants, 156
Mechanical stability, and tissue requirement, 106
Mechanistic models, 628–629
C
3
single-leaf photosynthesis and, 636–637
C
4
single-leaf photosynthesis, 638–639
Mediterranean plant species mechanisms, drought
resistance and, 290
Mediterranean-type ecosystem, 286
charateristics of, 287
climate variability of, 287–288
substrate and vegetation types of, 288–290
Melampsora allii-fragilis, 495
Melanobaris erysimi erysimoides, 500
Melastoma malabathricum, 326
Meloidogyne sp., 586
incognita, 592
javanica, 590
Mercurialis annua, 526
Meristem, 487
Meristematic cells, ring of, 155
Mesorhizobium, 583
Metrosideros polymorpha, 443
Michaelis–Menten equation, 261
Michaelis–Menten kinetics, 157, 637, 638
Miconia, 362
Mimosa luisana, 437, 443
Mimulus auranticus, 447
Minirhizotron, 270, 274
Mixed mating systems, 522
Mnium punctatum,25
MODIS sensor, 667–668, 672, 674
Modules, definition, 103
functional independence, 105
Modulus of elasticity, advantage of, 185–186
Moist nonacidic tundra, 377, 380
Mole fraction, 181
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Molinia caerulea, 273, 274
Molluscs graze, 495, 561
Monoaxial trees, 329
Monoecy, 523
Monomorphic systems, 527
Monostichous, 110
Mora
excelsa, 320
gonggrijpi, 320
Mosses photoinhibition, 413
MTE, see Mediterranean-type ecosystem
Mu
¨
ller’s Ratchet, 518
Multifractals, 109
Multispecific interactions, herbivory and,
496–497
Mutualistic microbes, 564
Mycorrhizae, classes of
arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), 163
ectomycorrhizae (ECM), 163
ericoid mycorrhizae, 163
interaction, 495–496
orchid mycorrhizae, 163
species, 373
Mycorrhizal fungi, 164, 265–266, 266, 564,
583–585
AMF and, 584
classification of, 583–584
interactions with soil fauna, 588–590
resource partitioning and, 588
Myosotis laxa, 446
Myrica faya, 164, 443, 582
Myrothamnus flabellifolius, 10, 13, 25, 47
Myrothecium sp., 591
N
Nannorrhops ritchiana, 330
Nardus stricta, 270
NDVI, see Normalized difference vegetation
index
Near-infrared (NIR) radiation, 661–662
Neckera crispa,24
Negative density dependence, 361
Neighborhood design, 469–470, 472
Nematicidal polythienyl compounds, see
Thiphene R–terthienyl
Nematodes, 585–587
interactions with microbes, 591–592
interactions with legumes and bacterial
symbionts, 590–591
Nematophtora gynophila, 591, 592
Neobuxbaumia tetetzo, 437, 443
Nephroma resupinatum,37
Nerium oleander, 31, 133
Net primary production, 165, 370, 377–379
photosynthetic production, remote sensing and,
667–668, 670, 672
Net radiation, 204–205
absorption, of leaf, 203–204
Net radiometer, 204
N-fixing bacteria, 164, 266
Niche differentiation, 352–353
Nitrate and phosphate supply, effect of, 267
Nitrogen
concentration in plant, 271
distribution, 230
fixation, 163
losses measurement, 274
mineralization, 274–275
optimal usage, 229–230
productivity, 271, 277
rich habitats, 73–74
storage, 273
Nitrogen productivity (NP), 87–89
Nitrogen uptake rate (NUR), 80
Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), 87
Nod-factors, 583
Nonfiltered (NF) treatment, 619
Normalized difference vegetation index,
644, 661–662
functional mapping tool and, remote sensing
as, 665–666
North American forests, 356
Northern South America, seasonal variations
in, 317
Nothofagus cunninghamii, 238
Notholaena,13
NPP, see Net primary production
Nutrient(s)
addition, plant effects, 443
availability, 73, 86, 91
diffusion, 157
environment, plants adaptation in,
275–279
heterogeneity, 269
index, 276
leaching of, 273
losses, 273–275
mineralization, 372
poor tundra, 270
regulation mechanism, individual and
ecosystem levels
decomposition, nutrient release and, 303
nutrient use efficiency, sclerophylly, and
evergreenness, 302–303
trophic types, nutrient uptake and, 302
uptake
basic principals, 260
net uptake rate, 263–265
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relation, external concentration and net
uptake rate, 262–263
utilization, efficiency of, 272
Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE), 88, 277
Nypa fruticans, 330
O
Ocotea tenera, 526
Ohm’s law, 188
law circuit, 189
disadvantages, 191
leaf interior (J) and, 604–605
water flow rate, 195
whole shoot and root conductances, 192
Olea europea, 524
Olneya tesota, 439–448
Oncosperma tigilaria, 330
Open-top chambers (OTCs), 617
Optimal-defense theory, 485
Opuntia, 107
fulgida, 440
leptocaulis, 448
quimilo, 526
rastrera, 443
Orbignya martiana, 330
Orthostichies, 110
Osmoregulation, effects of, 157
Osmotic adjustment, 185
Ouratea lucens, 324
Ozone (O
3
), 602
biochemical response to, 610
effects of
grassland and, 619
impact of, 618
open-top chamber, effects, 611
resistance
change in, 615
Plantago major and, 616
P
Paecilomyces lilacinus, 591
Palatibility, effects of, 443
Palicourea, 529
Palms
architecture and growth patterns, 329
light and water relations, 330
Papaver dubium, 613
Paraceterach sp., 9
Parameterization, canopy photosynthesis
modeling and, 643–644
Parasitism adaptation, 266
Parenchymal cells, 153–155, 159
Parmelia convoluta,31
Paspalum notatum (Bahia grass), 611
Passive cation uptake, 260–261
Pasteuria penetrans, 591, 592
Paxillus involutus, 584, 588
PCRC, see Photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle
Pedicularis Canadensis, 266, 441
Pellaea
calomelanos,13
viridis,13
Peltigera
praetextata,33
rufescens,30
Penman–Monteith formula, 206
Penstemons, 531
Pentaclethra macroloba, 320
Penumbra, 125
Perennial plants, 73, 76, 273
Pericycle, see Parenchymal cells
Perpendicular vegetation index (PVI), 661
Persistent seed banks, 558
Phanerogamous genera, 13
Phellinus weirii, 585
Phenotypic plasticity, definition, 214
L-phenylalanine, 485
Phillyrea angustifolia, 526
Phleum
alpinum, 492, 612
pretense, (timothy) 617
Phloem bundles, 154
Phoenix dactilifera, 330
Pholistoma auritum, 437
Phoma, 585
Phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP), 39, 638
Photochemical reflectance index (PRI),
671–672
Photoinhibition, in tropical forest, 325–326
Photon flux density (PFD), 630, 637–638
assimilation rates to, 229
gap dynamics and, 242–243
Photoprotective systems, 238
Photosynthesis mechanisms, 227
carbon gain, 227
dark respiration, 226–227
carbon balance, 227
construction costs, 227
estimation of respiration, 226
leaf respiration, 226
environmental stress, 224
gas exchange, 224
hyperbolic function, 227
leaf development, 224
leaf thickness, 224
light condition, shade, 225–226
maximum photosynthesis in high light, 223
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morphological and biochemical mechanism,
224–225
photoinhibition, 224
photosynthetic rate, 227
pigment-protein complexs, 227
pigments, 224–225
plant growth, 224, 227
plasticity and acclimation, 322–325
quantum yields, 225
rate, 79–80
trade-offs, 227–228
Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR),
436, 669
Photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle, 223
Photosynthetic cotyledons, 562
Photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency
(PNUE), 271
Photosynthetic N=P efficiency ratios, 328
Photosynthetic photon flux density, 128–130, 138
Photosynthetic production, remote sensing and
APAR, 668–670
chlorophyll fluorescence and, 670–671
MODIS sensor and, 667–668, 672
photosynthetic rate and, 668
PRI and, 671–672
Photosynthetic proteins, 156
Photosynthetic system, biochemical level, 299–300
Photosystem II, 223
Phragmites, 516
Phyllotactic fraction, 111
Phyllotaxis, 109–112
Phylogenetically independent contrasts (PICs),
697–698
Phylogenetic constraint, 694
Phylogeny, 552, 693
constraint, 694
correlated-divergence analysis (phylogenetic
correction), 695, 697
independence and adaptation, 696
PICs and, 697–698
species-selection design and, 696
Physcia
caesia, 394, 407
dubia, 394
Physiological parameters, RGR
max
and, 79–80
Phytophthora cinnamomi, 585
Picea
abies, 266, 634
glauca, 442
sitchensis, 439
Pine processionary (PPC), 498
Pinguicula, 266, 276
Pinus
albicaulis, 448–449
canariensis, 498
echinata, 585
flexilis, 554
halepensis, 498
monophylla, 444
nigra, 498
palustris, 121
patula, 121
pinea, 116, 498
ponderosa, 441, 444
radiata, 121, 498
strobus, 441, 588
sylvestris, 121, 266, 498
sylvestris nevadensis, 487
taeda, 121
tremuloides, 442
Piper sp., 362, 554
aequale, 237
arieianum, 222
auritum, 223
hispidum, 223
sancti-felicis, 222
Piranhea trifoliata, 315
Pisolithus, 584
Plagiodera versicolora, 495
Plantago
coronopus, 440
major, 92–93, 613–615
ozone resistance and, 616
Plant communities, facilitation in
defense against hervivore, 440
mycorrhizal fungi, role of, 442
pollination, 441
root graft
root graft, bark girdling, 441–442
shade, 436–437
carbon gain, 436
growth rate in plants, 437
xeric environment, 437
soil moisture and nutrients, 438, 439
soil oxygenation, effects, 439–440
Plant design
developmental program in, 103
modularity vs. integrity, 105
modular nature of, 104–105
plant biomechanics, 105–107
Plant ecology
functional, generalizing, 685
ecological strategy schemes, 689–693
inference rules, 686–688
phylogeny, 693–698
species, comparison of, 688–689
and RGR
max
ecosystem productivity, 73–75
plant distribution, 73
plant strategies, 73–75
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Plant–herbivore interaction
evolutionary play, 490–491
defense cost, 491
plant–herbivore coevolution, 490–491
plant tolerance vs. plant resistance, 491
herbivory, definition of, 482
multispecific context, 491–492
herbivores, effects of, 492
affecting competition, 492–493
association, 493–494
plant–mycorrhiza interaction, 495–496
pollen-dispersal system, 495
interspecific relationship between, 494–495
herbivores and pathogens interaction,
494–495
multitrophic interactions, 494
multispecific interactions, 496–497
multispecific vision
climate effects on, 498
conditional outcomes, 499–500
ungulates affect, 500–501
plant performance and populations, effect
on, 486
herbivory and plant performance,
486–487, 487
capacity of compensation, 488
induce defense, 487–489
tolerance, factors affecting to, 487
plant distribution, 490
plant population dynamics, 489
plant traits, 482
physical barriers, 483
plants quality as food, 483–484
probability, 482–483
variability of plants as food, 484–486
Plant mating systems
asexual reproduction
agamospermy, 517–518
vegetative reproduction, 516–517
evolution, and pollination type, 517–518
self-pollination, 520–522
sex allocation in, 522
sexual reproduction, 518
Plant nitrogen concentration (PNC), 80, 88
Plant(s)
biomass, 69–70, 75–79, 260
breeding systems
androdioecy, 526
andromonoecy, 524
dioecy, 525–526
gynodioecy, 526
gynomonoecy, 524–525
monoecy, 523
canopies, uniform multispecies, 631
carbon (C) economy, 79
communities, facilitation in (see Plant
communities, facilitation in)
defense theory, 485
design (see Plant design)
diversity, 359
ecology (see Plant ecology)
ecophysiology, 273
evergreens, 87, 91
forage, 104
functions
comparative analysis of, 3, 4
ecosystem functions, and, 2
factors, nutrient relation in, 259
relation with fitness, 1
growth, 77, 109, 224
hormones, production and function of, 161
interactions
interchangeable benefactor species, effects of,
447–448
reasons of, 435
level, air pollutants resistance and, 610–613
mating systems (see Plant mating systems)
as metapopulations, 103, 105
modular nature of, 229
morphology, 102
performance, CO
2
-exchange, 397
diel and long-term photosynthetic
performance, 402–405
environmental and plant factors, 398–400
nutrition effects, 405–407
photoautotrophic habit of, 609
physiology, failure of, 2
plant interactions, belowground, 587–588
plasticity in, 138
radiation load and photoprotection, 325
relative fitness, 76
reproduction, success of, 528–529
responses to light, 230–231
species density, 353, 359
density dependence, 360–362
with rainfall, 359–360
and soil fertility, 360
species diversity, 351
species, model for competition between, 278
stands, uniform monotypic, 630–631, 640–642
strategy theory, 76
woody deciduous and evergreen, 91
Plasticity
evolutionary theory, 215–216
modern concept, 215–216
phenotypic adaptation, 215–216
in plants, 138
regulatory responses and acclimation,
215–216
role of, 215–216
Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C024 Final Proof page 717 10.5.2007 2:59pm Compositor Name: VBalamugundan
Index 717
Poaceae, 11
Pochonia chlamydosporia, 591, 592
Podarcis lilfordi, 519
Podophyllum peltatum, 441
Pohlia elongata,42
Poikilohydrous autotrophs
constitution vs. performance, 8, 11–13
definition, 8
ecology of, 13
erratic resource exploitation, 16
water transport problems, 20–21
water loss retardation, 22–24
water uptake and transport, modes of, 17–20
land plants, 11
limits and success
different strategies, 41–42
metabolic activities, 42–45
photosynthesis, 34–41
primary production, 47–48
morphological features
monocotyledons, 15–16
stems lignification, 15
plant communities, 46–47
resurrection plants, 8, 14–15
anabiotic to biotic state, 8
dependence on liquid water, 39
in lowlands, 15
truly xerophytic, 15
stress tolerance, damage prevention and
desiccation tolerance, 24–25, 32
photosynthetic units photoprotection, 29–32
protein synthesis, 28–29
temperature tolerance, 33–34
vascular plants
Blossfeldia liliputana, 14–15
low stomatal control of transpiration, 16
zeaxanthin-dependent dissipation in, 31
Pollen-dispersal system, 495
Pollen donation hypothesis (PDH), see Fleurs-
du-ma
ˆ
le hypothesis
Pollen tube growth rate, 528
Pollination
effectiveness, 530
syndrome, 530, 532
Pollinator(s)
assemblage, 531
role in floral traits, 530–532
Polyaxial trees, 330
Polygonatum, 136
Polygonum
aviculare,92
Polypodium
polypodioides, 9, 18–19
virginianum,19
vulgare, 12, 25
Polytrichum alpestre, 395, 405, 408
Population level, air pollutants resistance and,
613–617
Populus
angustifolia, 493
balsamifera, 439
deltoides, 122
fremontii, 234, 493
nigra, 122
tremuloides, 440, 615
Portulaca oleracea, 231
Potentilla
anserina, 231
replans, 231
Pouteria, 362
PPFD, see Photosynthetic photon flux density
Pratylenchus sp., 586, 590
Precipitation and potential evapotranspiration
(P=E ratio), of tropical region, 314
Predawn water potential, 179
Pressure profiles, in trees, 193
Primary root growth, cell division during, 152
Principal component analysis (PCA), 82
Prosopis sp.
glandulosa, 152, 444
juliflora, 439, 447
Proteaceae, 266
Proteoid roots, 266
Protoxylem, occurrence of, 154
Prunus mahaleb, 526
Pseudevernia furfuracea
,35
Pseudogamy, 517
Pseudophebe pubescens, 402
Pseudoroegneria spicata, 269
Pseudotsuga menziensii, 585
PSII, see Photosystem II
Psychotria sp., 138, 221, 362
marginata, 237
Puccinellia distans, 633–634
Puccinia monoica, 441
Pyrrosia longifolia, 336
Pythium sp., 585
Q
Quercus sp., 129
agrifolia, 291, 295, 437
cerris, 297
coccifera, 291, 295
douglasii, 291, 438, 443
dumosa, 291
ilex, 295
ithaburensis, 292
pubescens, 295
Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C024 Final Proof page 718 10.5.2007 2:59pm Compositor Name: VBalamugundan
718 Functional Plant Ecology
rotundifolia, 438
suber, 301, 438
turbinella, 291
wislizenii, 291
R
Radiant energy, effects of, 179, 182
Radiative transfer models, 115, 125
Rainfall, gradients, in Ghana, 359
Rain forests, CO
2
concentrations, 325
Ralstonia, 583
Ramalina
capitata,22
maciformis, 35, 44, 47
menziesii,37
Ramet, see Modules
Ramonda
myconi, 19, 23, 34, 41
serbica, 10, 29
Random amplified polymorphic DNA primers
(RAPDs), 616
Raphanus raphanistrum, 441
Raphia gigantea, 330
Raunkiaer life-forms, 689–690
Recalcitrant seeds, 559
Reiteration process, plant growth and, 113
Relative growth rate, 267, 271–272, 278, 691
calculation, 69–70
components of, 77–78
concept, 69
selection for, 84–90
Relative nutrient requirement, 275
Relative water content, 185
Remote sensing, ecological applications
of, 655
as functional mapping tool, 664–667
fundamentals
hyperspectral sensors, 662–664
scale, concept of, 658–661
sensors, 657–658
vegetation indices, 661–662
future recommendations, 673–674
passive, 656
photosynthetic production and, 667–672
Renealmia, 136
Replacement series, 469–470
Resorption efficiency, 303
Resource competition model, 458
heterogeneity, 466
loss rates, 460–461
plant dynamics, 460
resource dynamics, 460
resource reduction, 461
soil resource supply rates, 460–461
Resources depletion equilibrium level (R*),
461, 464–465, 469, 473
Resource uptake
and partitioning, 588
by selective foraging, 157
Resurrection plants
anabiotic to biotic state, 8
in lowlands, 15
phanerogamous plants, 16
truly xerophytic, 15
Retama sphaerocarpa, 129, 438, 448
RGR, see Relative growth rate
Rhacomitrium canescens,24
Rhinanthus, 266
Rhinocyllus conicus, 493
Rhizobium, 164, 266, 583
Rhizoctonia, 164
Rhizoplaca melanophthalma, 402, 408
Rhizopogon, 584
Rhizosphere
bacteria, 164 (see also Azospirillum)
biodiversity and interactions in (see
Rhizosphere biodiversity)
effects, 266
Rhizosphere biodiversity, 581
interactions in
nematodes and their microbial enemies,
591–592
plant-feeding nematodes, legumes, and
bacterial symbionts, 590–591
plant–plant, belowground, 587–588
resource uptake and partitioning, 588
soil fauna, mycorrhizal fungi and,
588–590
major groups of organisms, and interactions
with plants
mycorrhizal fungi, 583–585
nematodes, 585–587
pathogenic fungi, 585
symbiotic nitrogen-fixers, 582–583
Rhododendron tashiroi, 135
Rhopalosiphum padi, 494
Rhytidiadelphus loreus,25
Ribulose bisphosphate, 235
Riccia,46
R-K spectrum, 689
Roadside grasses, 633–634
Roccellaceae, 17
Rock-colonizing fern genera, 13
Root
biomass, 272
cells, oxygen availability to, 153
distributions, global patterns of, 164–166
exudates, 161–162
Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C024 Final Proof page 719 10.5.2007 2:59pm Compositor Name: VBalamugundan
Index 719