Pugnaire F.I. Valladares F. Functional Plant Ecology
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Index
A
ABA synthesis, role of roots in, 160
Abies, 111
fraseri, 585
lasiocarpa, 448–449
Abiotic factors, limitation of, 371–372
Abiotic stress effects, 444–445
Ablation Valley on Alexander Island, 395
Aboveground net primary production (ANPP),
377–378
Abscisic acid (ABA), 160–161
Absolute growth rate (AGR), 69
Absorbed shortwave (I
s
), 630
Absorption of photosynthetically active radiation
(APAR), 668–670
Acacia sp., 555, 585
holosericea, 591
koa, 585
Acarospora gwynii, 394
Acer, 525
negundo, 493
pseudoplatanus, 113
saccharum, 438
N-acetyl-
D-glucosamine, see Nod-factors
Acrocomia, South America, 330
Actaea spicata, 497
Adaptation, meaning of, 696
Additive design, 469–472
Adenocaulon bicolor, 137, 220
Adventitious roots, origination of, 154
Aerial biomass, regeneration of, 159
Aerial photography, 657, 664
Aerodynamic conductance, dependence of, 206–207
Aerophytic algae, 16
Agamospermous species, 517
Agamospermy, 517
Agathis australis, 122
Agave deserti,21
Agromyza nigripes, 486
Agropyron desertorum, 269
Agrostis
magellanica, 91–93
stolonifera, 91–92
Ailanthus altissima, 132
Air pollutants resistance, from cell to community
level
cellular level, 602
gene expression, 609–610
metabolism, 607–609
uptake, 603–607
community level, 617–620
ecotoxicology of, 602
plant level, 610–613
population level, 613–617
Alaskan tussock tundra, 372
Aldina kundhartiana, 320
Allagoptera arenaria, 330
Allelopathy, 457–458
Allium choenoprasum, 441
Allorhizobium, 583
Alluvial soil, seedlings of, 564
Alnus, 164, 582
incana, 440
sinuata, 439, 442
tenuifolia, 439–442
Alocasia
bicolor, 223
macrorrhiza, 221, 223, 243
odorata, 226
Alocasia macorrhiza
daily course of, 240
photosynthetic acclimation and photoinhibition
of, 243
Aloe,11
Alseis blackiana, 565
Alsophila pometaria, 493
Amanita, 584
Amax
area
, LMA, and leaf N per unit area,
correlation between, 223
Amazon basin, biomass changes of, 340
Amazonian rain forest, 357
Ambient air (AA) treatment, 619
Ambroisa deltoidea, 447
Ambrosia dumosa, 443, 448
AMF, see Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Ammophila, 516
arenaria (marram grass), 585, 587, 590, 594
brevigulata, 590
Amphistomaty, 224
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705
Anacamptis morio, 441
Anastatica hierochuntica,11
Andromonoecy, 524
Anemone patens, 441
Anemophily, 519
Angiosperms, 11, 352, 358
agamospermy in, 517
diversification, role of animal pollinators
in, 532–535
gymnosperms, comparison with, 533
gynoecium development, 519
pteridophytes and, 519
vegetative reproduction in, 516
Animal-dispersed seeds, 556
Annual nitrogen loss, 275
Antarctica
annual production of, 420
climatic zones, 391–393
ecoclimatic classifications of, 315
extreme conditions and effects
desiccation, 407
endolithic lichen community, 415
freeze-thaw cycles, 408
high light stress, reverse Diel cycle of
photosynthesis and, 412
metabolic agility of, 418
under snow, photosynthesis, 411
subzero temperatures, photosynthesis and, 410
UV radiation, 414
growth rates for lichens and mosses, 421
vegetation and community structure of
lichens and bryophytes, 395
Antarctic plants, and global climate changes,
422, 424
Ant-dispersed seeds, 557
Antennaria, 517
Anthoxanthum odoratum, 462, 492
Anthyllis cytisoides, 440
Anticlinal divisions effects, 155; see also
Endodermis, anticlinal divisions of
Apatococcus lobatus,25
Aphanes, 517
Apical meristem, cell division in, 152
Apodemus sylvaticus, 500
Aponogetum desertorum,42
Apoplastic pathway, 261
Aporrectodea caliginos, 494
Aquilegia coerulea, 522
Arabidopsis, 166, 685
Aralia spinosa, 132
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), 495–496
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, 584, 588, 593
plant damage reduction and, 589
and rhizobial symbionts, 591
root colonization by, 590
Arbutus unedo, 133
Arctic ecosystems, 273
growth and productivity in, 373
nutrient acquisition in, 372
plant species interactions in, 371–373
Arctic plants
asexual reproduction of, 371
characteristics of, 370–371
demographic analysis of, 371
ecophysiology of
carbon, 373
growth, 374–375
nutrients, 373–374
photosynthesis in, 373
physiological ecology of, 370
sexual reproduction of, 371
Arnica cordifolia, 436
Arrhenatherum elatius, 274, 612
Artemisia
barrelieri, 440
californica, 447
tridentata, 269, 438, 444
vulgaris, 588
Arthrocnemum
perenne, 440
subterminale, 444
Asclepias exaltata (Milkweed), 610
Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), 607, 608
Ascorbic acid (ASC), 608
Asexual reproduction, types of, 516
Asplenium,13
platyneuron,11
ruta-muraria,9
ATP synthesis, factors involved in, 223
Atriplex, 493
Aubre
´
ville’s architectural model, 120
Autogamy, 517, 520
Autotrophs, nonvascular
desiccation tolerant, 26
restriction of, 13
species-rich communities of, 46
water relations, deficient in, 11
Avena fatua, 437
Azoarcus, 582
Azores, 13
Azorhizobium, 583
Azospirillum, 164, 582
Azotobacter, 582
B
Bacterial symbionts
nematodes and legumes interactions with,
590–591
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706 Functional Plant Ecology
Bactris gasipaes, 330
Bands of Caspari, 261
Banksia, 585
Barbaceniopsis boliviensis,15
Barbula aurea,37
Basidiomycetous fungi, 584
Bel-W3, tobacco, 617
Beneficiary and benefactor, interaction of,
443–444, 447
Betula
nana, 376
pubescens, 440
Betus pendula, 588
Bifurcation ratio, 109, 120
Big-leaf models, 632–633
Bignoniaceae species, nitrogen dependency
in, 552
Biodiversity of Antarctic region, 393–394
Bischofia, 232
javanensis, 243
javanica, 232
Bistorta bistortoides, 273
Bivariate factorial design, 469–472
Blastobacter, 583
Blossfeldia liliputana, 14–16, 39
Boletus, 584
Borassus savannas of Africa, 330
Boreal ecosystems, 378
Borya
nitida, 13, 33
sphaerocephala,21
Bowen ratio, 205
Brachystegia laurentii, 320
Bradyrhizobium, 583
Branch autonomy
carbon budget and, 104–105
Branching pattern, of crowns, 106, 107
British Isles, biological flora of, 3
Bromus
diandrus, 437, 443
inermis, 496
Bryophytes
groups of, 18
humid environment and, 17
liquid water requirement in, 37
mesic, 12
photosynthetic rate, 37
taxa, 24
water movement pathway and, 17
Bryum
caespititium,42
pseudotriquetrum, 399, 400
subrotundifolium, 400, 405
Buckling height, 106
Buellia frigida, 394, 406
Burkholderia, 583
Buxus sempervirens, 295
C
Calathea ovandensis, 531
Californian chaparral, 298, 301
shrub species, 291
California oaks, 291
Caloplaca sp., 394
Campanula rotundifolia, 619
Camptosorus rhizophyllus,11
Candelariella sp., 394
flava, 412
Canopy
architecture, 102
closure, 90
height, at maturity, 691–692
photosynthesis, 115, 122
trees, 357
Canopy photosynthesis modeling, 627
development of
canopy models, whole-plant and,
640–643
C
3
single-leaf photosynthesis, 636–638
C
4
single-leaf photosynthesis, 638–639
parameterization, 643–644
stomatal conductance, 639–640
gas-flux rates, of plants, 628
overview and perspectives
conductance models, single-leaf
photosynthesis and, 628–629
examples, 633–634
future directions, 634–636
whole-plant=canopy models, 629–633
validation, 644–646
Cape Geology, Granite Harbour, 412
Capra pyrenaica, 500
Carbohydrate storage, 565
sites for, 153
Carbon assimilation, 273
photosynthetic performances
modeling of, 299
net CO
2
assimilation, 298
water constraint and photoprotection, 298
Carbon metabolism, in lichens, 415–416
Carbon=nutrient balance theory, 485
Carbon sinks, 104
Carboxylation rate, 636–637
Carduelis cannabina, 500
Carex aquatilis, 266
Cariophyllaceae, 483
Carnivory adaptation, 266
Casparian band, importance of, 154
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Index 707
Castanea dentata, 585
Casuarina, 582
glauca, 121
Cataglyphis velox, 500
Catalase (CAT), 607
Catillaria corymbosa,22
Caulerpa taxifolia, 517
Cavitations induction mechanisms, 200–202
Ceanothus, 164, 582
Cedrus atlantica, 295
Cell membranes, 154
Cellular level, air pollutants resistance and, 602
gene expression, 609–610
metabolism, 607–609
apoplast, dissolution in, 607
uptake
at canopy level, 604
foliar gas exchange and, 603
leaf interior (J ), 604–606
rubisco content and, 604
stomatal conductance and, 605–606
VPD and, 605
Centaurea sp., 594
maculosa, (spotted knapweed), 162, 442
nigra, 442
Centaurium littorale, 440
Cercidium microphyllum, 437
Ceterach,13
officinarum,11
Ceutorhynchus chlorophanus, 500
Chamaedorea cataractarum, 330
Chamaegigas intrepidus,16
Charcoalfiltered (CF) treatment, 619
Cheilanthes,13
fragrans, 18–19
Cheiranthus cheiri, 527
Chemical and anatomical parameters, RGR
max
and, 80–82
Chenopodium album, 613
Chilean matorral, 298
Chionochloa, 552
Chionographis japonica, 526
Chondropsis semiviridis, 17, 31
Chorisodontium aciphyllum, 395
Chromatomyia milii, 486
Cirsium
arvense, 441
canescens, 554
obalatum, 492
undulatum, 493
Cistus clusii, 444
Cladodes, 107
Cladonia
portentosa,47
rangiferina,33
Cladosporium, 585
Climbing plants
hemiepiphytes, 333
lianas, 332–333
vascular epiphytes, 334–335
Clitopilus, 584
Clonal plants, growth of, 231
Clonal reproduction, 517
Clostridium, 582
Cneorum tricoccon, 524
Cochard Cavitron, 199
Cocos schizophylla, 330
Codonanthe crassifolia, 338
Cohesion–tension theory, 197
and xylem dysfunction, 177
Colletotrichium sp., 497
Collinsia parviflora, 529
Colobanthus quitensis ecophysiology, 398
Colocasia esculenta, 221
Community level, air pollutants resistance
at, 617
Community theory, positive interactions and,
448–449
Compensatory-continuum hypothesis, 488
Competition
and community, 466
definition of, 458
indices, experimental design and, 469–473
measurement between species, experimental
designs for, 469
mechanism, 457–458
Competition intensity (CI), 458, 461–462
disturbance effects, 463–464
importance of, 462–463
and soil fertility, 461–463
Competition–stress–ruderal model, 458–459
Competitors, 76; see also Perennial plants
Conceptual model, plants sensitivity to gaseous air
pollutants and, 603
Congeneric plants, 362
Connell–Lowman hypothesis, 320
Constitutive resistance, 487
Copernicia
cerifera, 330
tectorum, 330
Corimeris denticulatus, 500
Cormophytic sporophyte, 11
Cornus florida, 133
Correlated-divergence analysis, 695
phylogenetic correction, 697
Correlation coefficients, 72
Cortical cells, 154, 163
Costus, 362
pulverulentus, 127, 129
Cotyledon functional morphology, 552
Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C024 Final Proof page 708 10.5.2007 2:59pm Compositor Name: VBalamugundan
708 Functional Plant Ecology
Coupled models, stomatal conductance and,
639–640
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), 39
epiphytes
ecophysiology and characteristics of, 336
families and genera of, 337
species of, 338–339
Craterostigma
hirsutum,46
lanceolatum,46
monroi,46
plantagineum, 21, 24, 29
wilmsii,19
Crossidio crassinervis-Tortuletum, 46
Cross-pollination, 362
Crown architecture, 102, 106
branching in, 108–110
classification, 107, 113
in different light environments
in excessive light, 129–131
in scarce light, 126–129
foliage arrangement in
foliage dispersion, 119–121
inclination and orientation, 121–124
light diffusion, 124–125
light capture in, 115
models of plant shape, 109, 114
position of leaves, 110
size and shape, of crowns, 116–118
stress, effect of, 139
variation in, 115
Crown spatial heterogeneity, 230
Cryptantha flava, 445
C
3
single-leaf photosynthesis
empirical, 638
mechanistic, 636–637
C4 single-leaf photosynthesis
empirical, 639
mechanistic, 638–639
C–S–R model, see Competition–stress–ruderal
model
Cucumis sativus L., 609
Cucurbita
foetidissima, 526
texana, 495
Cynometra alexandri (Uganda), 320
Cytokinins roles, 160
D
Dark respiration (DR), 44
Dasineura sp., 500
lupinorum, 497
Datisca glomerata, 526
Decussate phyllotaxis, 111
Dehydrins,28
Deschampsia
antarctica, 392, 398
flexuosa, 266
Desiccation tolerance
cellular and physiological changes, 25–27
eurypoikilohydrous autotrophs of, 24
hygrophytic species, 24–25
lack of water, 24
old heritage, 32–33
photosynthetic units photoprotection, 29–32
protein synthesis, 28–29
taxa, 24
Dianthus chinensis, 527
Dichogamy, 520
Dichorisandra hexandra, 112, 127, 129
Dicranum scoparium,25
Diffusion rate (DR), 263
Digitaria, 496
Dioecy, 525–526
Disporum, 136
Distichlis spicata, 438, 445
Disturbance gradients, 463–464
Divergence angle, 112
Diversity and functional ecology, of life-forms
dicotyledonous woody plants
establishment and development, 322
mycorrhizal symbiosis, nutrient availability
and, 326
organic matter production, 328
photosynthesis, plasticity and acclimation
of, 322–325
Dormant seed, 559
Drosera, 266, 276
Dryas
drummondii, 439
octopetala, 371
E
Earth Observing System Data and Information
System (EOSDIS), 667
Echinocereus englemannii, 440
Ecological implications, rhizosphere biodiversity
and, 592–594
Ecological strategy schemes
CSR triangle, 689–690
LHS plant ecology strategy scheme, (see Leaf-
height-seed (LHS) strategy scheme)
Raunkiaer life-forms, 689–690
r-K spectrum, 689
Ecosystem behavior, 75
Endomycorrhizas, 584
Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C024 Final Proof page 709 10.5.2007 2:59pm Compositor Name: VBalamugundan
Index 709