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?keb kjwygbywlv kljh_gb_ gh‘db kihjhnblw kh kl_xe_f, fh‘gh hx -
gwjm‘blv, qlh y khklwy b lhzh b ^jmzhzh yoh^yl zb^jhb^u. Wgwlhfby zb^ -
jhb^hy hq_gv koh^gw k wgwlhfb_c ljwo_b^ khkm^bkluo: bo de_ldb bf_xl
lheklu_ kl_gdb b m^ebg_ggu_ hklju_ hdhgqwgby. e^gwdh m zb^jhb^hy, y
hlebqb_ hl ljwo_b^, hlkmlklymxl kibjwevgu_ p_eexehagu_ yhehdgw, w
bo kl_gdb ebr_gu ebzgbgw. =b^jhb^u hkms_klyeyxl ijhyh^ysmx nmg -
dpbx (jbk. 19)
hljh_gb_ e_ilhb^hy koh^gh kh kljh_gb_f kblhyb^guo ljmxhd khkm -
^bkluo.
bbkl xhevrbgklyw yb^hy xjbhnblhy bf_xl «‘bedm» (jbk. 20), kljh_ -
gb_ dhlhjhc koh^gh kh kljh_gb_f kl_xey (jbk. 17).
Жизненный цикл
Ba zwiehb^ghc kihju yujwklw_l i_jybqguc jhklhd – ijhlhg_fw (jbk. 14),
dhlhjwy jwaybyw_lky y ijhlhg_fm k ihqdwfb – dwmehg_fm (jbk. 15). hh yj_ -
f_g_f ba ihqdb yujwklw_l lh‘_ zwiehb^gh_ ebklhkl_x_evgh_ jwkl_gb_ – zw -
f_lhnhj. <gwqwe_ hgh fheh^h_, g_^hjwayblh_, gh ykdhj_ gwxbjw_l kbeu
b ijbhxj_lw_l ijbyuqguc hxebd. hhyhdmighklv zwf_lhnhjw, ijhlhg_fu b
dwmehg_fu gwauyw_lky zwf_lhnblhf, beb zwiehb^guf ihdhe_gb_f fow. j
zwf_lhnhjw fohy _klv h^gw ijbf_qwl_evgwy hkhx_gghklv. <ujw‘wykv hxjwaguf yaudhf, hg bf_ -
_l y_qgh ‘bymsmx qwklv – lhqdm jhklw (jbk. 21), kjhd ‘bagb dhlhjhc g_ hzjwgbq_g (^w‘_ abfhc), b
yj_f_ggh ‘bymsmx qwklv, beb «f_^e_ggh jwaewzwxsbcky ljmi», – yk_ hklwevgh_ ebklhkl_x_ev -
gh_ jwkl_gb_, kjhd ‘bagb dhlhjhzh hij_^_e_g k_ahghf y_z_lwpbb. dw zwf_lhnhj_ kh yj_f_g_f
Рис. 20. Лист Bryo
psidae с централь-
ной жилкой
Jbk. 21. Апикальная точка роста мха (показана стрелкой)
Jbk. 23. Архегоний и перихеций:
1 – архегоний; 2 – перихециальные листья; 3 – шей-
ка архегония; 4 – яйцеклетка
Jbk. 22. Антеридиальная веточка мха: 1 – ан-
теридии; 2 – антеридиальные листья
40
Jbk. 24. Спорогон: 1 – ножка; 2 – коробочка; 3 – кол-
пачок; 4 – перистом у открытой коробочки; 5 – кры-
шечка
hxjwamxlky zwf_lwgzbb – wgl_jb^bb (fm‘k -
db_ ihehyu_ hjzwgu) (jbk. 22, 1) b wjo_zh -
gbb (jbk. 23, 2) (‘_gkdb_ ihehyu_ hjzwgu).
Wgl_jb^bb – wlh «f_rhqdb gw gh‘dwo» kh
kl_gdhc ba h^ghzh kehy de_lhd. <gmljb wg -
l_jb^b_y khaj_ywxl wgl_jhahb^u – fm‘k -
db_ ihehyu_ de_ldb, kihkhxgu_ d kwfhklh -
yl_evghfm i_j_^yb‘_gbx y yh^ghc kj_^_.
Wgl_jb^bb yujwklwxl y iwamowo y_lhqguo
ebklv_y, dhlhju_ hlebqwxlky ih kyh_fm
kljh_gbx hl kl_jbevguo, bf_xl djwkghyw -
lmx hdjwkdm b gwauywxlky wgl_jb^bwevgu -
fb (jbk. 22, 2). hhyhdmighklv wgl_jb^b_y
b ihdjuywxsbo bo ebklv_y gw y_lhqd_ gw -
auywxl i_jbzhgb_f. Wjo_zhgbb yujwklwxl
gw kl_xe_, dwd xhdhyu_ y_lhqdb. hy_jom
hgb ijbdjulu i_jbo_pbwevgufb ebklvyfb
(jbk. 23, 1). hhyhdmighklv wjo_zhgby b ihdjuywxsbo _zh ebklv_y gwauywxl i_jbo_pb_f. Wjo_zh -
gbb mkljh_gu xhe__ keh‘gh (jbk. 23, 2). fh nhjf_ hgb gwihfbgwxl dhexhqdm. < gb‘g_c (rbjhdhc)
qwklb wjo_zhgbb bf_xl ^ymokehcgmx kl_gdm. tlw _zh qwklv gwauyw_lky xjxrdhf. <gmljb xjxrdw
gwoh^blky g_kdhevdh ycp_de_lhd. jadwy qwklv wjo_zhgby – «zhjeurdh dhexhqdb» – bf__l h^ghde_ -
lhqgmx kl_gdm. tlw qwklv gwauyw_lky r_cdhc. Wgl_jb^bb b wjo_zhgbb m yb^hy kujuo f_klhhxblw -
gbc hxjwamxlky gw zwf_lhnhj_ jwgg_c y_kghc, kjwam ihke_ koh^w kg_zw, ihdw lwewy yh^w, g_hx -
oh^bfwy ^ey i_j_^yb‘_gby wgl_jhahb^hy, g_ khrew. < r_cd_
aj_ehzh wjo_zhgby hxjwam_lky kebabkluc dwgwe, ih dhlhjhfm
wgl_jhahb^u ihiw^wxl y xjxrdh. < xjxrd_ hieh^hlyhjyxlky
kjwam g_kdhevdh ycp_de_lhd, gh y jhkl b^_l lhevdh h^gw ba gbo.
egw ^w_l gwqweh kihjhnblm – kihjhghkghfm ihdhe_gbx fow k
^biehb^guf gwxhjhf de_lhd. hihjhnbl khklhbl ba dhjhxhqdb
(y aj_ehf khklhygbb – dhjbqg_yhzh py_lw) gw gh‘d_, gwdjulhc
ky_jom, dwd iewshf, dheiwqdhf – hklwldwfb gwjm‘guo kl_ghd
wjo_zhgby. ahjhxhqdw gw gh‘d_ x_a dheiwqdw (dhlhjuc qwklh
hlkmlklym_l) gwauyw_lky kihjhzhghf (jbk. 24).
hihjhnbl yujwklw_l ijbf_jgh q_j_a f_kyp–^jmzhc
ihke_ hieh^hlyhj_gby. <gmljb g_aj_ehc dhjhxhqdb kh -
^_j‘blky kihjhz_ggwy ldwgv, khklhyswy ba zwiehb^guo
de_lhd. Aj_euf kihjhzhg klwghyblky ihke_ f_chlbq_kdhzh
^_e_gby de_lhd kihjhz_gghc ldwgb, y j_amevlwl_ dhlhjhzh
hxjwamxlky zwiehb^gu_ kihju.
<_z_lwlbygh_ jwafgh‘_gb_
fhehyh_ jwafgh‘_gb_ m fohy bamq_gh ^hklwlhqgh ohjh -
rh. e^gwdh kms_klym_l fgh‘_klyh yb^hy, dhlhju_ yhhxs_
gbdhz^w g_ ijhbayh^yl kihjhzhghy. <_z_lwlbyguc kihkhx
jwafgh‘_gby owjwdl_j_g ^ey yk_o yb^hy fohy x_a bkdex -
q_gby. dhyh_ ebklhkl_x_evgh_ jwkl_gb_ fh‘_l jwayblv -
ky xmdywevgh ba exxhzh njwzf_glw zwf_lhnblw, ^w‘_ ba
_^bgkly_gghc de_ldb, w lwd‘_ (m g_dhlhjuo yb^hy) ba de_ -
lhd gh‘db kihjhnblw.
ajhf_ wlhzh bf_xlky b ki_pbwebabjhywggu_ hjzwgu ^ey
y_z_lwlbyghzh jwafgh‘_gby. tlh yuyh^dhyu_ ihqdb b l_ev -
pw (z_ffu) (jbk. 25).
< awybkbfhklb hl lhzh, y dwdhc qwklb zwf_lhnblw hxjw -
am_lky kihjhnbl, ebklhkl_x_evgu_ fob ^_eyl gw y_johi -
Jbk. 25. Выводковые тельца мхов
(геммы): внизу – прорастающее
выводковое тельце с ризоидом
41
eh^gu_ b xhdhieh^gu_. <_johieh^gu_ fob bf_xl
ijyfhklhyqbc zwf_lhnhj, dwd ijwybeh, x_a xhdhyuo
y_lhq_d. hihjhnbl m gbo yujwklw_l ba y_jomrdb
kl_xey (ih djwcg_c f_j_, y_jog_c _zh qwklb). ;h -
dhieh^gu_ fob bf_xl fghzhqbke_ggu_ xhdhyu_ y_ -
lhqdb, zewyguc kl_x_ev g_ ijyfhklhyqbc, w ihe_zw -
xsbc. hihjhzhgu hxjwamxlky y ewl_jwevguo qwklyo
kl_xey beb gw y_jomrdwo xhdhyuo y_lhq_d (jbk. 26).
ПОДКЛАСС АНДРЕЕВыЕ МХИ (andreidae)
АНДРЕЕВыЕ МХИ – wlh zjmiiw gwkdwevguo fohy
(jbk. 1, y). egb kihkhxgu ihk_eylvky gw fhgheblghc
dwf_gbklhc ihjh^_, xmdywevgh yzjuawykv y dw‘^mx
lj_sbgdm jbahb^wfb. khjfbjmxl ^hyhevgh iehl -
gu_ ^_jghybgdb. < de_lhqguo kl_gdwo ebklv_y wg^ -
j__yuo fohy gwoh^blky djwkguc ibzf_gl, xewzh^wjy
q_fm jwkl_gby bf_xl l_fgh-djwkguc py_l. tlhl ibz -
f_gl yuihegy_l nmgdpbx ky_lhnbevljw ^ey oehjhiewklhy, dhlhju_
m wlbo fohy g_ kihkhxgu ghjfwevgh nmgpbhgbjhywlv ijb iheghf
hky_s_gbb.
< fbj_ gwkqbluyw_lky hdheh 100 yb^hy wg^j__yuo fohy, xhev -
rbgklyh ba dhlhjuo ijhbajwklwxl y iheyjguo j_zbhgwo k_y_jghzh
b x‘ghzh ihemrwjbc. d_dhlhju_ yb^u jwklml y wevibckdhf ihyk_
zhj ljhibdhy.
Andreidae ih g_dhlhjuf ijbagwdwf koh^gu kh knwzghyufb fowfb,
ih g_dhlhjuf – k i_q_ghqgufb b xjb_yufb. iwd, bo ebklhkl_x_evguc
zwf_lhnbl ih yg_rg_fm yb^m gwihfbgw_l zwf_lhnbl dmdmrdbgw evgw
(jh^ Polytrichum). iwd ‘_, dwd b m xjb_yuo fohy, ebklvy bf_xl p_gljwev -
gmx ‘bedm. iwd ‘_, dwd knwzghyu_ fob, wg^j__yu_ bf_xl iewklbgqw -
lmx ijhlhg_fm. ahjhxhqdw wg^j__yuo fohy jwkdjuyw_lky gw g_kdhevdh
klyhjhd (jbk. 27), dwd m i_q_ghqgbdhy, gh y hlebqb_ hl ihke_^gbo, y_jo -
gb_ dhgpu klyhjhd hklwxlky kh_^bg_ggufb ^jmz k ^jmzhf, qlh ijb^w_l
khaj_yr_fm kihjhzhgm yb^ yihgkdhzh nhgwjbdw. iwd ‘_, dwd b m knwz -
ghyuo fohy, m wg^j__yuo gh‘dw kihjhzhgw hq_gv mdhjhq_gw, lwd qlh dhjhxhqdw yughkblky yy_jo
k ihfhsvx eh‘ghgh‘db, hxjwamxs_cky ba zwiehb^guo ldwg_c wjo_zhgby.
КЛАСС ПЕЧЕНОЧНыЕ МХИ (hepaticae )
dwaywgb_ «i_q_ghqgbdb» wlb fob ihemqbeb ba-aw yg_rg_zh koh^klyw gwbxhe__ jwkijh -
kljwg_gghzh y ?yjhi_ bo ij_^klwybl_ey – fwjrwgpbb – k nhjfhc i_q_gb. < hj_^gb_ y_dw
qwklh e_dwjkly_ggu_ kyhcklyw jwkl_gbc hij_^_eyeb ih yg_rg_fm koh^klym k khhly_lklym -
xsbf hjzwghf q_ehy_dw. hqblwehkv, qlh ;hz ihf_lbe dw‘^h_ jwkl_gb_ khhly_lklymxs_c
nhjfhc, mdwauywxs_c gw bo kyhcklyw bkp_eylv xhe_agb l_o hjzwghy, gw dhlhju_ hgb ihoh -
‘b ih yg_rg_fm yb^m.
< fbj_ gwkqbluyw_lky hdheh 8500 yb^hy i_q_ghqgbdhy, dhlhju_ jwkijhkljwg_gu yh yk_o
debfwlbq_kdbo ahgwo – hl ljhibdhy ^h iheyjguo rbjhl. lhly kj_^b gbo bf_xlky yb^u, kih -
khxgu_ jwklb y djwcg_ awkmrebyuo f_klhhxblwgbyo beb y yh^h_fwo, xhevrbgklyh yk_ ‘_
yklj_qw_lky y mf_j_ggh myew‘g_gguo, lwdbo dwd kuju_ emzw, x_j_zw j_q_d.
fj_hxew^wxsbf ihdhe_gb_f y ‘bag_gghf pbde_ i_q_ghqgbdhy yyey_lky zwf_lhnbl, dhlh -
juc fh‘_l xulv dwd hebkly_gguf (ih^dewkk ugz_jfwggb_yu_), lwd b lweehfguf (ih^dewkk
cwjrwgpb_yu_). gwaf_ju _zh m jwaguo yb^hy dhe_xexlky hl 0,15 ^h 25 kf (jbk. 28, 29).
j xgz_jfwggb_yuo i_q_ghqgbdhy ebklvy jwkihewzwxlky gw kl_xe_ y ^ymo xhdhyuo jy^wo
b, y hlebqb_ hl xjb_yuo fohy, g_ bf_xl ‘bedb. ajhf_ lhzh, gw lwd gwauyw_fhc «xjxrghc»
Jbk. 26. Верхоплодные (1) и бокоплод-
ные (2) мхи
Jbk. 27. Растение анд-
реевого мха с раскры-
той коробочкой
42
Jbk. 29. Представитель подкласса юнгерманние-
вых печеночников
Jbk. 28. Представитель подкласса маршанцие-
вых печеночников
klhjhg_ kl_xey (l._. lwf, z^_ hg khijbdwkw_lky k a_f -
e_c) m gbo bf_xlky xjxrgu_ ebklvy, beb wfnbzwkl -
jbb (jbk. 30). awd xgz_jfwggb_yu_, lwd b fwjrwgpb -
_yu_ ijbdj_ieyxlky d kmxkljwlm jbahb^wfb.
<_z_lwlbygh_ jwafgh‘_gb_ i_q_ghqgbdhy hkms_kl -
yey_lky iml_f y_lye_gby kl_xey (yghyv hxjwahywy -
rwyky y_lhqdw hl^_ey_lky hl fwl_jbgkdhzh jwkl_gby
b ijh^he‘w_l jhkl kwfhklhyl_evgh) beb k ihfhsvx
ki_pbwebabjhywgguo yuyh^dhyuo hjzwghy. fhke_^ -
gb_ ij_^klwyeyxl khxhc dhjabghqdb k yuyh^dhyufb
ihqdwfb (jbk. 31). fh yg_rg_fm yb^m wlb dhjabghqdb
fhzml xulv k_jihyb^gufb, qwr_yb^gufb beb xmlue -
dhyb^gufb
. =_g_jwlbygh_ jwafgh‘_gb_ hkms_klyey_lky ki_ -
pbwebabjhywggufb ihehyufb hjzwgwfb – wgl_jb^b -
Jbk. 32. Антеридии у маршанции
Jbk. 30. Юнгерманниевый печеночник:
1 – листья; 2 – амфигастрии
Jbk. 31. Корзиночки с выводковыми
почками у маршанции
Jbk. 33. Спорофит пече-
ночников: 1 – незрелый; 2 и
3 – зрелый, после рассеива-
ния спор
43
yfb b wjo_zhgbyfb (jbk. 32). eieh^hlyhj_gb_ hkms_klyey_lky y ‘b^dhc kj_^_. Ba hieh^hl -
yhj_gghc ycp_de_ldb yujwklw_l kihjhnbl, khklhysbc ba dhjhxhqdb kh kihjwfb gw gh‘d_
(jbk. 33, 1)
Aj_ewy dhjhxhqdw jwkdjuyw_lky gw q_luj_ klyhjdb, xewzh^wjy q_fm ijhbkoh^bl jwkk_ -
bywgb_ kihj (jbk. 33, 2, 3). hihjw ^w_l gwqweh ghyhfm zwf_lhnblm.
КЛАСС АНТОцЕРОТОВыЕ (anthocero
to psida)
Wglhp_jhlhyu_ – kwfuc fwe_gvdbc dewkk
y hl^_e_ Bryophyta. <b^u wlhzh dewkkw jwk -
ijhkljwg_gu ih yk_fm a_fghfm rwjm b ijh -
bajwklwxl yh yew‘guo l_gbkluo f_klhhxb -
lwgbyo. =wf_lhnbl yg_rg_ ihoh‘ gw lweehf
fwjrwgpb_yuo. hihjhnbl bf__l wibdwevgmx
f_jbkl_fm b ihwlhfm ihklhyggh jwkl_l yy_jo.
=hyhjyl, qlh hg gwihfbgw_l jhzw (jbk. 34).
hihju khaj_ywxl, gwqbgwy k gb‘g_c _zh qwk -
lb. Aj_euc kihjhnbl jwkdjuyw_lky kjwam ih
yk_c ^ebg_.
Jbk. 34. Незрелый спорогон у антоцеротовых
44
KH>?J@:GB?
>J?<G?CRB? G:A?FGU? J: KL?GBY
e q_f jwkkdwauywxl bkdhiw_fu_ hklwldb 3
amdkhgby 3
Awzw^hqgu_ jwkl_gby 3
ahexqb_ jwkl_gby 5
gwcgb_yuc q_jl 6
>wevg_crb_ khxulby 7
awewfblu 8
b_ib^h^_g^jhgu 9
=hehk_f_ggu_ jwkl_gby 1 0
FBJ O<HS?C
<y_^_gb_ 1 5
<g_rg__ kljh_gb_ 1 5
Wgwlhfby 1 6
=_g_jwlbygu_ hjzwgu 1 8
KEH<H H FO:O
f_jyh_ agwdhfklyh 2 0
ahzh hlghkyl d fhohhxjwaguf? 2 1
@bag_gguc pbde fhohhxjwaguo 2 1
e jwaebqbyo f_‘^m fowfb b i_q_ghqgbdwfb 2 2
hljh_gb_ i_q_ghqguo fohy 2 2
@bag_ggu_ kljwl_zbb fhohhxjwaguo 2 3
M>B<BL?EVGU? ;HEHL:
gwkl_gby, ba dhlhjuo khklhbl lhjn 2 4
awd mkljh_gh xhehlh? 2 5
nlh lwdh_ awxhewqbywgb_ 2 6
<b^u awxhewqbywgby b lbiu xhehl 2 8
d_fghzh h jwkl_gbyo xhehl 3 0
aew^hywy, gh g_ lhevdh khegpw... 3 1
BEEXKLJBJH<:GGUC D HGKI?DL >EY MQBL?EY IH L?F? «FOB» 32
45
