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wewl_ju jwkijyfeyxlky b dwlwimevlbjmxl kihju gwjm‘m. fhiwy gw yew‘gmx ihqym, kihju
ijhjwklwxl (jbk. 16).
<ujwklwxsbc ba kihju awjhklhd zwiehb^_g. eg bf__l jbahb^u b kihkhx_g d nhlhkbgl_ -
am. dw awjhkld_ kh yj_f_g_f ihyyeyxlky ‘_gkdb_ (wjo_zhgbb) b fm‘kdb_ (wgl_jb^bb) hjzw -
gu jwafgh‘_gby. fhke_ hieh^hlyhj_gby ycp_de_ldb, gwoh^ys_cky y wjo_zhgbb, ba abzhlu
yujwklw_l fheh^hc kihjhnbl, ^wxsbc gwqweh ghyhfm qe_gbklhkl_x_evghfm jwkl_gbx.
Jbk. 16. Прорастающая спора хвоща
Jbk. 13. Зрелый стробил хвоща: А – внешний вид; Б – про-
дольный разрез
Jbk. 14. Строение спорангиев
Jbk. 15. Споры хвоща
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Первое знакомство
hj_^b ^jmzbo jwkl_gbc fhohhxjwagu_, ih‘wemc, gw -
bf_g__ bay_klgu xhevrbgklym ex^_c. exuqgh bo awf_ -
qwxl dwd a_e_guc dhy_j, ihdjuywxsbc ihqym beb dwfgb.
B wlh g_ m^bybl_evgh. <_^v fob – gwbxhe__ f_edb_ ba gw -
a_fguo jwkl_gbc, m gbo g_l gb yjdbo py_lhy, gb ydmkguo
ieh^hy.
Awlh hgb bzjwxl hq_gv yw‘gmx wdhehzbq_kdmx jhev,
yyeyykv ibhg_jgufb yb^wfb gw hxgw‘_gguo kmxkljwlwo.
fhqlb yk_ kmdp_kkbb (kf_gu xbhp_ghahy) gwqbgwxlky
bf_ggh k fhohyuo khhxs_kly. iwd, gw kmobo i_kdwo i_jyuf
ihyyey_lky fho ba zjmiiu yb^hy dmdmrdbgw evgw – ihebl -
jbo yhehkhghkguc (Polytrichum piliferum), gw yew‘ghf i_k -
d_ hxjwam_l ibhg_jgh_ khhxs_klyh ^jmzhc yb^ ba lhc ‘_
zjmiiu –ihebljbo hxs_kly_gguc (Polytrichum commune).
Bf_ggh _zh hxuqgh gwauywxl «dmdmrdbg e_g». < hldjuluo
yh^h_fwo khyf_klgh k khkm^bklufb jwkl_gbyfb hxuqgh
ihk_eyxlky knwzghyu_ b zbighyu_ fob, lwdb_ dwd knwz -
gmf xhevrhc (Sphagnum majus), ywjgklhjnby iewywxswy
(Warnstor¿a uitans) b dweeb_jzhg zbzwglkdbc (Calliergon
giganteum). tlhl i_j_q_gv fh‘gh ijh^he‘wlv ^h x_kdhg_q -
ghklb. tlb i_jyu_ jwklbl_evgu_ khhxs_klyw baf_gyxl
kj_^m hxblwgby lwd, qlh hgw klwghyblky xewzhijbylghc ^ey
ihk_e_gby ^jmzbo nblhp_ghahy, awdew^uywy gwqweh ^ey
p_ehzh jy^w kf_g, awy_jrwxsboky e_kguf khhxs_klyhf.
dh g_ yk_ fob lwdhyu. cghzb_ ba gbo yyeyxlky wibnblwfb,
ijhbajwklwy, dwd ijwybeh, lhevdh gw ^_j_yvyo, ^jmzb_ ijb -
kihkhxbebkv d ijhbajwklwgbx gw dwfgyo.
?keb yhhjm‘blvky ijhklhc emihc, fh‘gh hxgwjm‘blv
hzjhfgh_ jwaghhxjwab_ hxebdw wlbo jwkl_gbc – h^gb ba
gbo gwihfbgwxl fbgbwlxjgmx khk_gdm, ^jmzb_ _ehqdm,
lj_lvb ihoh‘b gw ljwyu b ^w‘_ gw iwihjhlgbdb. nwklh wlh
fh‘gh k^_ewlv b x_a emiu – ^hklwlhqgh ebrv gwdehgblv -
ky ihgb‘_. hj_^b xjbhehzhy kms_klym_l ^w‘_ lwdh_ g_ -
zewkgh_ ijwybeh: g_yhafh‘gh bamqblv nehjm fohy dwdhzh-
ebxh f_klw, g_ bafwawyrb rlwgu gw dhe_gdwo. W ^ey lhzh,
qlhxu hxgwjm‘blv g_dhlhju_ gwbxhe__ f_edb_ yb^u xjb -
hehz ^he‘_g gw q_ly_j_gvdwo hxiheawlv ^_kyldb b khlgb
dyw^jwlguo f_ljhy.
KEH<H H FO:O
Листостебельный мох хвой-
ных лесов Pleurozium schreberi
Мох песчаных пустошей и сухих
сосняков Polytrichum piliferum
Мох заболоченных лесов, гарей и
вырубок Polytrichum commune
Гипновый мох Calliergon gigan-
teum
Болотный мох Sphagnum majus
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Кого относят к мохообразным?
=jmiiw jwkl_gbc, hxt_^bgy_fuo ih^ gwaywgb_f «fhohhxjwagu_», ydexqw_l gwbxhe__
ijhklh mkljh_ggu_ gwa_fgu_ kihjhyu_ jwkl_gby, bf_xsb_ hkhxu_ hjzwgu jwafgh‘_ -
gby – kihjhzhgu, y ‘bag_gghf pbde_ dhlhjuo ij_hxew^w_l zwf_lhnbl – zwiehb^gh_ ebk -
lhkl_x_evgh_ beb keh_ybsgh_ jwkl_gb_.
<k_ fhohhxjwagu_ hxt_^bgyxlky y h^ghbf_gguc lwdkhg yukr_zh ihjy^dw – hl^_e
Bryophyta (hl^_e y xhlwgbq_kdhc ghf_gdewlmj_ khhly_lklym_l lbim y ghf_gdewlmj_ ahheh -
zbq_kdhc), dhlhjuc y kyhx hq_j_^v ^_eblky gw ljb dewkkw: Wglhp_jhlhyu_ (Anthocerotae),
f_q_ghqgbdb (Hepaticae) b bbklhkl_x_evgu_ fob (Bryopsida, Musci). dwbxhe__ jwkijhkljw -
g_gu ij_^klwybl_eb ihke_^g_zh dewkkw. e^gwdh y ijbfhjkdbo jwchgwo, z^_ yew‘ghklv yha -
^mow y_ebdw, i_q_ghqgbdb b wglhp_jhlhyu_ lwd‘_ bzjwxl g_fwemx jhev y ihdjhy_.
dh i_jyh_ f_klh ih jwaghhxjwabx yb^hy b ‘bag_gguo nhjf kj_^b fhohhxjwaguo ijb -
gw^e_‘bl dewkkm Musci. d_^wjhf y ij_^_ewo g_zh yu^_eyxl _s_ ljb ih^dewkkw — knwzgh -
yu_ (Sphagnidae), wg^j__yu_ (Andreaeidae) b xjb_yu_, beb khxkly_ggh ebklhkl_x_evgu_
(Bryidae), fob.
Жизненный цикл мохообразных
d_kfhljy gw lh, qlh ebklhkl_x_evgu_ fob k h^ghc klhjhgu b i_q_ghqgbdb b wglhp_ -
jhlhyu_ – k ^jmzhc ihf_s_gu y h^bg hl^_e, hgb bf_xl hq_gv fghzh jwaebqbc y kyh_f
kljh_gbb. e^ghc ba g_fghzbo hxt_^bgyxsbo bo hkhx_gghkl_c yyey_lky ‘bag_gguc pbde,
khklhysbc ba ^ymo nwa – kihjhnblw b zwf_lhnblw. < hlebqb_ hl iwihjhlgbdhy beb k_ -
f_gguo jwkl_gbc ij_hxew^wxs_c nwahc yyey_lky zwf_lhnbl, de_ldb dhlhjhzh kh^_j‘wl
zwiehb^guc gwxhj ojhfhkhf. =wf_lhnbl fhohhxjwaguo ij_^klwyey_l khxhc ebklhkl_ -
x_evgh_ jwkl_gb_ beb keh_ybs_. dw g_f ba ki_pbwevguo de_lhd hxjwamxlky ihehyu_
hjzwgu – wgl_jb^bb (fm‘kdb_) b wjo_zhgbb (‘_gkdb_). Wgl_jhahb^u (fm‘kdb_ ihehyu_
de_ldb), khaj_ywy, yuoh^yl ba wgl_jb^b_y b mklj_feyxlky o_fhlwdkbq_kdbf kihkhxhf d
wjo_zhgbyf k ycp_de_ldwfb. fjhbkoh^bl wlh lhevdh y dwi_evgh-‘b^dhc kj_^_ – y yh^_,
Жизненный цикл мохообразных (на примере сфагнового мха)
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kdwiebywxs_cky gw ihy_joghklb ihqyu beb y dwieyo ^h‘^y gw ebklvyo. eieh^hlyhj_ggwy
ycp_de_ldw ^w_l gwqweh ^biehb^ghfm kihjhzhgm, ij_^klwyeyxs_fm khxhc dhjhxhqdm gw
gh‘d_. < dhjhxhqd_ kh^_j‘blky ki_pbwevgwy kihjhz_ggwy ldwgv, ba dhlhjhc hxjwamxlky
kihju. < ijhp_kk_ khaj_ywgby kihju ijhoh^yl j_^mdpbhggh_ ^_e_gb_, ihwlhfm hgb zwi -
ehb^gu. a fhf_glm khaj_ywgby dhjhxhqdb b kihj djur_qdw, dhlhjhc hgw gwdjulw ky_jom,
hl^_ey_lky, b kihju yuk_ywxlky. Ba ihiwyrbo y ih^oh^ysb_ ^ey ijhjwklwgby mkehyby
kihj yujwklw_l ijhlhg_fw – «ij_^jhklhd» – ij_^klwyeyxswy khxhc y h^gbo kemqwyo lhg -
dmx gblv ba h^ghzh kehy de_lhd, hq_gv gwihfbgwxsmx a_e_gmx yh^hjhkev, y ^jmzbo – eh -
iwklgh_ keh_ybs_. dw ijhlhg_f_ awdew^uywxlky y_z_lwlbygu_ ihqdb, ^wxsb_ gwqweh
yajhkehfm zwf_lhnblm.
О различиях между мхами и печеночниками
chjnhehzby ebklhkl_x_evguo fohy b i_q_ghqgbdhy jwaebqw_lky gwklhevdh, qlh bo g_ -
yhafh‘gh kimlwlv ijb hij_^_e_gbb. <_z_lwlbygh_ l_eh i_q_ghqgbdhy, y hlebqb_ hl fohy,
ij_^klwyey_l khxhc lweehf. fh yg_rg_fm yb^m lweeh -
fw i_q_ghqgbdb ^_eylky gw ^y_ xhevrb_ zjmiiu, bf_ -
xsb_ y kbkl_fwlbd_ jwgz ih^dewkkw: fwjrwgp_yu_
(Marchantiidae) – k keh_ybsguf lweehfhf b xgz_jfwg -
gb_yu_ (Jungermanniidae) – k lweehfhf, gw^j_awgguf ^h
lwdhc kl_i_gb, qlh hg gwihfbgw_l ebklhkl_x_evgh_ jwk -
l_gb_. j fohy ‘_ zwf_lhnbl ^bnn_j_gpbjhywg gw kl_ -
x_ev b ebklvy. e^gwdh, kljh_gb_ bo khyk_f g_ lwdh_, dwd
m zhfhehzbqguo kljmdlmj khkm^bkluo jwkl_gbc, ihwlhfm
kljhzh_ ke_^hywgb_ l_jfbghehzbb awklwybeh xhlwgbdhy
gwaywlv kl_x_ev fohy dwmehb^hf, w ebklvy – nbeehb^w -
fb. e^gwdh wlb l_jfbgu g_ ijb‘bebkv y jwazhyhjghf yau -
d_ ^w‘_ kj_^b mq_guo, ihwlhfm bo ijh^he‘wxl gwauywlv
ljw^bpbhggufb l_jfbgwfb, bf_y y yb^m, qlh kljh_gb_ bo
mgbdwevgh_. ch‘_l xulv, wlh kyyawgh k l_f, qlh yg_rgbc
yb^ fghzbo fohy hq_gv gwihfbgw_l y fbgbwlxj_ g_dhlh -
ju_ khkm^bklu_ jwkl_gby.
nlh ‘_ ijb^w_l ki_pbnbq_kdb_ q_jlu kl_xex b ebk -
lvyf fohy? <h-i_jyuo, kewxwy ^bnn_j_gpbwpby kl_xey
gw ldwgb. j fohy hg khklhbl ba p_gljwevghzh pbebg^jw,
awiheg_gghzh iwj_gobfwlbq_kdbfb de_ldwfb, yuihe -
gyxs_zh dwd awiwkwxsmx, lwd b ijhyh^ysmx nmgdpbb.
m_gljwevguc pbebg^j hdjm‘_g g_kdhevdbfb kehyfb
kde_j_gobfu, dhlhjwy, y kyhx hq_j_^v, yuihegy_l ijhyh^ysmx, f_owgbq_kdmx b awsblgmx
nmgdpbb. bbklvy ‘_ fohy ij_^klwyeyxl khxhc iewklbgdb ba h^ghzh, j_‘_ – ^ymo keh_y de_ -
lhd, k p_gljwevguf ly‘_f, wgwehzbqguf ‘bed_ b g_ bf_xl mklvbp.
Строение печеночных мхов
e^gwdh y_jg_fky d kjwyg_gbx fohy b i_q_ghqgbdhy. aewkkbnbdwpby fohy hkghywgw
gw lwdbo bo hkhx_gghklyo, dwd yg_rgbc yb^, gwebqb_ ‘bedb y ebklvyo, iwibee gw kl_gdwo
de_lhd, owjwdl_j_ djwy ebklw, ^bnn_j_gpbwpbb de_lhd y hkghywgbb ebklw, nhjf_ kl_xey
(pbebg^jbq_kdbc beb miehs_gguc), owjwdl_j_ y_lye_gby kl_xey b gwebqbb ebklhyuo jb -
ahb^hy. f_q_ghqgbdb ‘_, dwd m‘_ xueh kdwawgh, y i_jymx hq_j_^v ^_eylky gw keh_ybsgu_
b hebkly_ggu_. bbklhywy iewklbgdw hebkly_gguo, beb xgz_jfwggb_yuo, gwauyw_lky ebk -
lhyhc ehiwklvx b bf__l ^hxwyhqgmx kljmdlmjm, gwauyw_fmx ehiwklbgdhc (lobula). bbklh -
yu_ ehiwklb gw pbebg^jbq_kdhf lweehf_ jwkiheh‘_gu y ljb jy^w – ^yw xhdhyuo b h^bg
kgbam, lwf, z^_ lweehf ijbdj_iey_lky d a_fe_ jbahb^wfb. tlb gb‘gb_ ebklvy gwauywxlky
wfnbzwkljbyfb, beb xjxrgufb ebklvyfb. ae_ldb ebklw i_q_ghqgbdhy kh^_j‘wl fwkeygu_
l_evpw, ohjhrh awf_lgu_ m ‘byuo jwkl_gbc. ahjhxhqdw m i_q_ghqgbdhy mkljh_gw ijhklh
Представители юнгерманниевых
печеночников:
1 – Lejeunea ulicina, 2 – Riccia
uitans
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b hlfbjw_l kjwam ihke_ yukuiwgby kihj. egw g_ bf__l
djur_qdb, dwd m gwklhysbo fohy, w ijhklh jwajuyw_lky
gw q_luj_ klyhjdb, dhz^w kihju khaj_xl.
Жизненные стратегии мохообразных
e^ghc ba gwbxhe__ keh‘guo aw^wq y khyj_f_gghc xbh -
ehzbb yyey_lky yuykg_gb_ kihkhxhy kms_klyhywgby hj -
zwgbafhy y hdjm‘wxs_c kj_^_, beb ‘bag_gghc kljwl_zbb.
>hyhevgh ijhklh hibkwlv fhjnhehzbx beb bamqblv hglh -
z_g_lbq_kdb_ klw^bb. dh ^ey yuykg_gby ‘bag_gghc kljw -
l_zbb lj_xmxlky fghzhe_lgb_ gwxex^_gby, l_hj_lbq_kdb_
gwoh^db, y hxs_f, lj_xm_lky ljm^ g_ h^ghzh ihdhe_gby
mq_guo. < ihke_^gb_ zh^u y xjbhehzbb xue k^_ewg lwdhc
ijhjuy. Wgzebckdb_ mq_gu_ ij_^eh‘beb dewkkbnbdwpbx
‘bag_gguo kljwl_zbc fhohhxjwaguo. fjwy^w, dwd b exxwy
i_jyhgwqwevgwy zbihl_aw, hgw kebrdhf ko_fwlbqgw, fgh -
‘_klyh yb^hy g_ yibkuywxlky y g__ iheghklvx. e^gwdh
hllhq_gghklv b^_b – yhijhk yj_f_gb.
Blwd, fhohhxjwagu_ ^_eylky gw ke_^mxsb_ zjmiiu.
1. «;_ze_pu» – zjmiiw yb^hy, xukljh awk_eyxsbo kmx -
kljwl jwkk_yggufb ^_jghybgdwfb, ‘bymsbo g_^hezh b
ijh^mpbjmxsbo fghzh kihj y i_jyuc ‘_ zh^. hx^w hlgh -
kblky, gwijbf_j, lwdhc bay_klguc yb^, dwd nmgwjby zbz -
jhf_ljbq_kdwy (Funaria gygrometrica), ijhbajwklwxswy
gw awxjhr_gguo dhkljbswo.
2. «ahehgbklu» – zjmiiw yb^hy, e_zdh awk_eyxsbo ky_ -
‘b_ kmxkljwlu khfdgmlufb dhehgbyfb, ^hezh ‘bymsbo b kihjhghkysbo gw 2–3-c zh^. fjb -
f_jhf yyeyxlky lwdb_ jwkijhkljwg_ggu_ fob, dwd xjbmf k_j_xjbkluc (Bryum argenteum) b
p_jwlh^hg imjimjguc (Ceratodon purpureus), yyeyxsb_ky ibhg_jwfb hldjuluo f_klhhxb -
lwgbc.
3. «?‘_zh^gu_ kljwggbdb» – zjmiiw yb^hy, dw‘^uc zh^ yujwklwxsbo y ghyhf f_kl_. <u -
jwklwy y ^wgguc zh^ y h^ghf f_kl_, hgb ijh^mpbjmxl kihju, w y_z_lwlbygu_ bo qwklb bkq_ -
awxl ba wlhzh f_klhhxblwgby. dw ke_^mxsbc zh^ hgb yujwklml lwf, dm^w ihiweb bo kihju.
Клетки печеночного мха с масляными тельцами
Строение печеночного мха
Представитель антоцеротовых
– Folioceros fuciformis
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a wlhc zjmii_ hlghkylky hq_gv f_edb_ fob, lwdb_ dwd ik_y^hwn_f_jmf (Pseudephemerum
nitidum) beb ihllby (Pottia cruda).
4. «ajwldhyj_f_ggu_ kljwggbdb» – zjmiiw yb^hy, kihkhxguo g_kdhevdh e_l ijhbajwklwlv
y h^ghf f_kl_, kihjhghkyl gw 2–3-c zh^, fbzjbjmxl lwd ‘_, dwd yb^u ij_^u^ms_c zjmiiu.
eq_gv g_fghzhqbke_ggwy zjmiiw. hx^w hlghkblky ebrv g_kdhevdh yb^hy Bryum.
5. «cghzhe_lgb_ kljwggbdb» – zjmiiw yb^hy, ^ebl_evgh jwklmsbo gw lhekluo klyhewo
ebkly_gguo ^_j_yv_y, kihjhghkysbo q_j_a dw‘^u_ 2–3 zh^w, f_^e_ggh jwklmsbo b g_ bk -
q_awxsbo ba f_klhhxblwgby, ihdw g_ bkq_ag_l kmxkljwl, gw dhlhjhf hgb jwklml (gwijbf_j,
ihdw g_ miw^_l ^_j_yh). hx^w hlghkylky wibnblgu_ fob rbjhdhebkly_gguo e_khy – g_dd_ -
jw (Neckera), e_mdh^hg (Leucodon), hjlhljbomf (Orthotrichum).
6. «ek_^eu_ ^hezh‘bl_eb» – gwbxhe__ fghzhqbke_ggwy zjmiiw. a g_c hlghkylky ihqlb
yk_ rbjhdh jwkijhkljwg_ggu_ e_kgu_ b xhehlgu_ yb^u fohy (Sphagnum, Drepanocladus,
Pleurozium b ^j.). elebqwxlky l_f, qlh jwklml kiehrgufb dhyjwfb g_hij_^_e_ggh ^hezh y
h^ghf b lhf ‘_ f_kl_, j_^dh kihjhghkyl.
Agwq_gb_ fhohhxjwaguo
< gwr_ yj_fy, dhz^w q_ehy_d gwdhg_p ihgye yk_ agwq_gb_ ih^^_j‘wgby jwaghhxjwaby hd -
jm‘wxs_c gwk ijbjh^u, g_hxoh^bfh khojwgylv b bamqwlv g_ lhevdh wdahlbq_kdb_ b j_^db_
yb^u nwmgu b nehju, gh b xhe__ hxuqgu_, qwklh ^w‘_ g_ kjwam awf_lgu_ zewahf.
tdhehzbq_kdwy jhev fhohhxjwaguo qwklh awdexqw_lky y awdj_ie_gbb ihqyu, ij_iylklybb
__ wjhabb. egb awgbfwxl mgbdwevgmx wdhehzbq_kdmx gbrm, g_^hklmigmx fghzbf khkm^bk -
luf jwkl_gbyf. egb kem‘wl ibs_c b ^hfhf ^ey ihqy_gguo x_kihayhghqguo b zjbxhy, x_a
dhlhjuo g_yhafh‘gu jwaeh‘_gb_ hlf_jr_c hjzwgbdb b djmzhyhjhl y_s_kly. <ewzh_fdwy
ih^klbedw ba fohy y kmobo f_klhhxblwgbyo yuihegy_l nmgdpbx «ijhfhdwrdb», aw^_j‘byw -
xs_c g_dhlhjh_ dhebq_klyh yewzb, g_ ^wxs_c _c ijhkhqblvky kdyhav ihqym, dwd kdyhav kblh,
b kihkhxklymxs_c, lwdbf hxjwahf, ijhjwklwgbx k_fyg ^jmzbo jwkl_gbc. cob kihkhxgu i_ -
j_‘bywlv g_xewzhijbylgu_ mkehyby y khklhygbb wgwxbhaw b yhkklwgwyebywlv kyhb ‘bag_g -
gu_ nmgdpbb q_j_a f_kypu b ^w‘_ zh^u. tlm bo kihkhxghklv fh‘gh b gm‘gh bkihevahywlv,
y qwklghklb, ^ey j_bgljh^mdpbb y f_klhhxblwgby, ba dhlhjuo hgb bkq_aeb ih l_f beb bguf
ijbqbgwf.
M>B<BL?EVGU? ;HEHL:
<hij_db jwkijhkljwg_gghfm fg_gbx xhehlw g_ yyeyxlky fjwqgufb b mgueufb f_klw -
fb. fjb xebadhf agwdhfkly_ k gbfb hxgwjm‘byw_rv ihjwabl_evgh_ jwaghhxjwab_ djwkhd
b awiwohy. <aylv ohly xu knwzghyu_ fob. awdhc lhevdh hdjwkdb g_ gwxex^w_lky kj_^b yb -
^hy wlhzh jh^w — ybggh-djwkgwy, a_e_gwy, dhn_cgh-dhjbqg_ywy, xjbeebwglhyh-hjwg‘_ywy,
ju‘wy b ^w‘_ nbhe_lhywy b q_jgwy! W ihkj_^b i_kljhzh knwzghyhzh dhyjw lh lml, lh lwf
ihiw^wxlky jhahyu_ iylgw y_j_kdw, x_eu_ – wg^jhf_^u b imrbpu, djwkgu_ – xjmkgbdb,
kbau_ – zhemxbdb.
Растения, из которых состоит торф
tlb ijhklh mkljh_ggu_ jwkl_gby g_ bf_xl gb dhjg_c, gb dwdbo-ebxh kljmdlmj, dhgljheb -
jmxsbo yh^hhxf_g. hnwzgu yibluywxl yh^m yf_kl_ k jwklyhj_ggufb y g_c y_s_klywfb
wgwehzbqgh zmxd_ – yk_c ihy_joghklvx ebklv_y, hxe_zwxsbo fghzhqbke_ggu_ y_lhqdb, jwk -
lmsb_ ba _^bgkly_gghzh kl_xey. ?keb ihkfhlj_lv gw ebkl wlhzh jwkl_gby ih^ fbdjhkdhihf,
fh‘gh myb^_lv, qlh agwqbl_evgmx _zh qwklv awgbfwxl hxt_fgu_ lheklhkl_ggu_ f_jlyu_
yh^hghkgu_ de_ldb. c_‘^m gbfb dwd xu aw‘wlu lhgdb_ b ^ebggu_ ‘byu_ oehjhnbeehghk -
gu_ de_ldb, y dhlhjuo, dwd yb^gh ba gwaywgby, kh^_j‘wlky nhlhkbgl_abjmxsb_ hjzwg_eeu.
vkgh, qlh ^ey lhzh, qlhxu lwdb_ jwkl_gby fhzeb kms_klyhywlv, y yh^hghkguo de_ldwo ihk -
lhyggh ^he‘_g ih^^_j‘bywlvky g_dhlhjuc awiwk yewzb, gwebqb_ beb hlkmlklyb_ dhlhjhzh
awybkbl lhevdh hl yg_rgbo mkehybc.
25
Запас воды в живом растении более чем в 8 раз превышает его су-
хой вес, что делает их слишком тяжелыми для тоненького гибкого
стебля, в котором отсутствует механическая ткань. Поэтому расте-
ния сфагнов всегда растут близко друг к другу, образуя дерновинки,
или ковры. В таких коврах соседние растения переплетаются отсто-
ящими веточками, поддерживая друг друга в вертикальном поло-
жении. Такое сцепление способствует горизонтальному движению
водных растворов в дерновинке
Отдельное растение сфагнового
мха. Отстоящие веточки создают
пространственную струк туру,
впитывая влагу преимущест-
венно из воздуха, в то время как
свисающие вдоль стебля веточки
служат для подтягивания воды
снизу
< xewzhijbylguo mkehybyo jwkl_gby knwzghyuo fohy gbdhz^w g_ mfbjwxl y hxuqghf
kfuke_ wlhzh kehyw. hyh_c lhqdhc jhklw hgb ihklhyggh gwjwklwxl yy_jo, w gb‘gyy qwklv bo
ihkl_i_ggh jwaewzw_lky, ^w b lh g_ iheghklvx, ij_yjwswykv y lhjn. iwdbf hxjwahf, ‘bywy
qwklv knwzghy ihklhyggh gwjwsbyw_lky ky_jom b hlfbjw_l kgbam.
Как устроено болото?
ihjnygbd khklhbl ba ^ymo keh_y. <_jogbc, hq_gv g_zemxhdbc, bay_kl_g ih^ gwaywgb_f
hq_k b khklhbl ba ‘byuo jwkl_gbc knwzgmfw. chsghklv _zh g_ xhe__ 30 kf. <uiw^wxsb_
hkw^db xukljh ijhoh^yl kdyhav wlhl kehc. <ky hklwevgwy fwkkw lhjnygbdw, awe_zwxswy ih^
hq_khf, gwauyw_lky lhjnhf. ihjn khklhbl ba kij_kkhywgguo hklwldhy knwzghy b ^jmzbo xh -
ehlguo jwkl_gbc. eg hxuqgh bf__l py_l hl ky_leh-dhjbqg_yhzh ^h q_jghzh, y awybkbfhklb
hl kl_i_gb jwaeh‘_gby: q_f hgw yur_, l_f l_fg__ lhjn. <h^w kdyhav lhjn ^yb‘_lky djwc -
g_ f_^e_ggh, hxuqgh g_ xhe__ 1 f y ^_gv. W ihdw hq_j_^gwy ihjpby hkw^dhy ijhkhqblky
kdyhav lhjn y zjmglhyu_ yh^u, fhzml ijhclb g_^_eb b ^w‘_ f_kypu.
fjhp_kk gwdhie_gby lhjnw hq_gv f_^e_gguc b ihkl_i_gguc. < kj_^g_f _zh kdhjhklv
khklwyey_l ijbf_jgh 1 ff y zh^. fhwlhfm y fghzhf_ljhyhc lhes_ lhjnw fh‘gh myb^_lv
hklwldb jwkl_gbc, ijhbajwklwyrbo y ^wgghf f_kl_ fghzh khl_g b lukyq e_l gwaw^, b yhkklw -
ghyblv, lwdbf hxjwahf, hxebd ij_‘gbo ewg^rwnlhy.
fh kl_i_gb awsbs_gghklb hl nemdlmwpbc b yha^_cklybc yg_rg_c kj_^u lhjn koh^_g k
gb‘gbf ihehzhf ljhibq_kdhzh e_kw beb hd_wgkdbf ^ghf – _zh gw^_‘gh awsbsw_l hl wlbo
yebygbc ihy_joghklv lhjnygbdw.
< ghjfwevguo mkehybyo mjhy_gv yh^u, kh^_j‘ws_cky y lhjn_, gbdhz^w g_ himkdw_lky
gb‘_ _zh fbg_jwevghzh eh‘w. >w‘_ ^j_gw‘ y xhevrbgkly_ kemqw_y kihkhx_g ijby_klb d
hkmr_gbx lhevdh y_jog_c qwklb lhjnygbdw, y lh yj_fy dwd _zh gb‘gyy qwklv yk_z^w hklw_l -
ky gwkus_gghc yh^hc.
< kyyab k l_f, qlh gw ihy_joghklb lhjnygbdw yk_z^w q_j_^mxlky dhqdb b fhqw‘bgu, zjy -
26
Под микроскопом в листе обнаруживаются
крупные пустые водоносные клетки, служащие
для запасания влаги. Между ними – узкие хло-
рофиллоносные клетки, составляющие «живой
компонент» растения. Спиральные волокна в
водоносных клетках предохраняют клеточные
стенки от разрыва при понижении тургора.
Поры играют роль «горлышка фляги»;
1 — вид листа в плане, 2 — поперечный срез
Клетки сфагнового мха под электронным микро-
скопом
Верхняя часть торфа и очес в профиль. На
границе этих слоев часто можно обнару-
жить корневища болотных растений, на-
пример пушицы
^u b ha_jdb, yh^w a^_kv yyey_lky ebfblbjmxsbf
nwdlhjhf, hij_^_eyxsbf jwkij_^_e_gb_ yb^hy
ih we_f_glwf fbdjhj_ev_nw.
Что такое заболачивание
d_ ke_^m_l imlwlv awxhewqbywgb_, yuaywggh_
yg_rgbfb ijbqbgwfb, b ih^t_f yh^u y f_klhh -
xblwgbb y j_amevlwl_ gwdhie_gby lhjnw. < i_j -
yhf kemqw_ ijhbkoh^bl ebg_cguc ih^t_f mjhygy
zjmglhyhc yh^u, kyyawgguc k l_f, qlh y ihqym ih
lhc beb bghc ijbqbg_ ihklmiw_l yk_ xhevrbc __
hxt_f. fh^gbfwykv ba ihqy_gghc lhesb d ihy_j -
oghklb, mjhy_gv yh^u f_gy_l zb^jhehzbq_kdbc
j_‘bf f_klhhxblwgby, yuauywy ihke_^hywl_ev -
gmx kf_gm e_kguo yb^hy gw xhehlgu_. tlh g_ qlh
bgh_, dwd iwkkbygh_ ke_^hywgb_ jwklbl_evghklb
aw baf_gyxs_cky myew‘g_gghklvx f_klhhxblw -
gby.
c_owgbaf ‘_ awxhewqbywgby y j_amevlwl_ hx -
jwahywgby lhjnw knwzgwfb g_kdhevdh bghc. gwk -
kfhljbf wlhl ijhp_kk y «qbklhf» yb^_, bkdexqby
27
yg_rgb_ yha^_cklyby (dhe_xwgby mjhygy zjmglhyuo yh^). fj_^klwybf k_x_ g_^hklwlhqgh
^j_gbjhywggh_ f_klhhxblwgb_ k mklwghybyrbfky klwxbevguf mjhyg_f zjmglhyuo yh^.
>himklbf, qlh hgh hdwawehkv xewzhijbylguf ^ey ihk_e_gby knwzghy. fhke_^gb_ y kbem
ki_pbnbdb kyh_zh f_lwxhebafw hxjwamxl kehc lhjnw hij_^_e_gghc fhsghklb. ihjn ydex -
qw_l hklwldb kl_xe_c b ebklv_y knwzghy, khklhysbo xhe__ q_f gwihehybgm ba imkluo yh -
^hghkguo de_lhd, dhlhju_ kihkhxgu g_ lhevdh yibluywlv y k_xy yh^m, gh b m^_j‘bywlv __
^ebl_evgh_ yj_fy. ihz^w, _keb yh^w y ihqy_ dhglwdlbjm_l k lhjnhf, hgw xm^_l ih^gbfwlvky,
dwd ih zmxd_, yy_jo. e^gwdh, y hlebqb_ hl awxhewqbywgby, kyyawgghzh k ih^t_fhf yh^u ih^
yebygb_f yg_rgbo ijbqbg, hxt_f yh^u y ihqy_ g_ my_ebqbyw_lky, ijhbkoh^bl ebrv jwk -
ij_^_e_gb_ __ ih y_jlbdweb b zhjbahglweb. iwdbf hxjwahf, ijhbkoh^bl ljwgknhjfwpby
zjwyblwpbhgghc yewzb y dwibeeyjgmx. lhly ^j_gw‘w (m^we_gby yh^u ba ihqyu) ijb wlhf g_
ijhbkoh^bl, h^gwdh y kbem lhzh, qlh lhjn b hq_k ij_^klwyeyxl khxhc dwibeeyjgu_ kbkl_fu
k dwibeeyjwfb jwaghzh ^bwf_ljw, yh^w hklwgwyebyw_lky gw zjwgbp_ f_‘^m gbfb b ihy_jo -
ghklv f_klhhxblwgby klwghyblky xhe__ kmohc b wwjbjhywgghc. tlh yuauyw_l kf_gm yb^hy,
kihkhxguo jwklb ijyfh y yh^_ (zb^jhnbevguo), gw f_g__ yewzhexxbyu_ — zbzjhnbevgu_,
— dhlhju_ ih^lyzbywxl yh^m kgbam ih kbkl_f_ dwibeeyjhy. ih ‘_ kwfh_ ijhbkoh^bl b ijb
awlhjnhyuywgbb ha_j b ^jmzbo djmiguo yh^h_fhy (ko_fw 1, ;). >wevg_cr__ gwjwsbywgb_
lhjnw ijbyh^bl d _s_ xhevr_fm bkkmr_gbx y_jogbo zhjbahglhy b ihk_e_gbx yb^hy, kih -
khxguo yu^_j‘bywlv ijh^he‘bl_evgmx awkmom y k_j_^bg_ e_lw.
>wevg_crwy km^vxw f_klhhxblwgby jwaebqgw y awybkbfhklb hl fhsghklb kehy gwdhi -
e_gghzh lhjnw. ?keb fhsghklv g_xhevrwy, lh y ikbojhnbevguo mkehybyo ihk_eyxlky ^j_ -
y_kgu_ ihjh^u (khkgw, _ev, x_j_aw). Bo dhjgb ^hklbzwxl fbg_jwevghzh kmxkljwlw b ^j_gb -
jmxl ihqym. ?keb ‘_ kehc lhjnw baf_jy_lky f_ljwfb, lh ^_j_yvy, _keb b ihk_eyxlky a^_kv,
g_ kihkhxgu ^hlygmlvky dhjgyfb ^h fbg_jwevghzh eh‘w. Bo dhjg_ywy kbkl_fw hoywluyw_l
ebrv y_jogb_ — wwjbjhywggu_ — zhjbahglu lhjnw. iwd dwd y kewxhjwaeh‘byr_fky lhjn_
iblwl_evguo y_s_kly, g_hxoh^bfuo ^_j_yvyf ^ey ‘bag_^_yl_evghklb, g_^hklwlhqgh, ^j_ -
y_kguc yjmk g_ ihemqw_l kdhevdh-gbxm^v agwqbl_evghzh jwayblby. fjbqbgw wlhzh, dhg_qgh,
Схема 1. Динамика уровня грунтовых вод по мере нарастания торфа в различных условиях увлаж-
нения исходного субстрата:
1 — минеральный горизонт; 2 — поверхность торфяника; 3 — уровень грунтовых вод; А — сухо-
дольное заболачивание, грунтовые воды у поверхности; Б — заболачивание водоемов; В — сухо-
дольное заболачивание, грунтовые воды в толще минерального горизонта
28
g_ lhevdh y myew‘g_gbb, gh b y yukhdhc dbkehlghklb b
wgwwjhxghklb gwkus_gguo yh^hc gb‘gbo zhjbahglhy
lhjnw, w lwd‘_ gbadbo l_fi_jwlmj. iwdbf hxjwahf,
^j_yhklhc gw xhehlwo k fhsguf keh_f lhjnw gwoh^bl
xewzhijbylgu_ mkehyby lhevdh y y_jogbo lhjnyguo
zhjbahglwo. nwklh wlh ^hyhevgh g_xhevrhc ih fhs -
ghklb kehc — 5—10 kf. < j_amevlwl_ ^_j_yvy g_ fhzml
hdwawlv kdhevdh-gbxm^v kms_kly_gghzh ^j_gbjmxs_zh
^_cklyby gw f_klhhxblwgb_, b w^bnbdwlhjgwy nmg -
dpby y j_zmebjhywgbb yh^ghzh j_‘bfw (dwd b ^jmzbo
iwjwf_ljhy f_klhhxblwgby) hklw_lky aw knwzghyufb
fowfb. >jmzbfb kehywfb, ^_j_yvy gw xhehl_ yugm‘ -
^_gu kms_klyhywlv y mkehybyo, dhlhju_ kdhj__ ih^ -
oh^yl ^ey ljwyygh-dmklwjgbqdhyhc jwklbl_evghklb, b
l_jyxl kyhb w^bnbdwlhjgu_ kyhcklyw, w bo yg_rgbc
hxebd k mom^r_gb_f mkehybc yk_ xhevr_ gwihfbgw_l
dmklwjgbqdb. < j_amevlwl_ xhehlh dwd f_klhhxblwgb_
klwxbebabjm_lky. ?zh mklhcqbyhklv ih^^_j‘byw_lky
xewzh^wjy pbdebq_kdhc kf_g_ yb^hy knwzghyuo fohy,
ih-jwaghfm lj_xhywl_evguo d yewz_. egh fh‘_l xulv
yuy_^_gh ba wlhzh khklhygby lhevdh iml_f ^j_gw‘w.
?keb jwaf_ju xhehlw g_xhevrb_, ^j_gw‘ fh‘gh hkm -
s_klyblv f_lh^wfb f_ebhjwpbb. ekmr_gb_ djmiguo
lhjnygbdhy yhafh‘gh lhevdh y j_amevlwl_ ihgb‘_gby
mjhygy zjmglhyuo yh^, ih^^_j‘byw_fhzh j_dwfb, y
xwkk_cg_ dhlhjuo jwkiheh‘_gh xhehlh.
iwdbf hxjwahf, awxhewqbywgb_, yuaywggh_ ih^t -
_fhf zjmglhyuo yh^ dwdbf-lh yg_rgbf nwdlhjhf,
owjwdl_jbam_lky gwdhie_gb_f lhjnw y j_amevlwl_
kf_gu zbzjhnbevguo yb^hy gw zb^jhnbevgu_. hljh -
zh zhyhjy, _zh xu ke_^hyweh gwaywlv g_ awxhewqbyw -
gb_f, w ih^lhie_gb_f. Awxhewqbywgb_ ‘_, g_ kyy -
awggh_ k wdahz_gguf ih^gylb_f yh^u, ij_^klwyey_l
khxhc kf_gm zb^jhnbevguo yb^hy gw zbzjhnbevgu_
xewzh^wjy ih^t_fm ihy_joghklb f_klhhxblwgby
gw^ mjhyg_f yh^u y j_amevlwl_ hleh‘_gby lhjnw
(ko_fw 1, W, ;). egh ijhbkoh^bl, _keb mjhy_gv yh^u
bagwqwevgh gwoh^beky xebadh d ihy_joghklb, lwd
qlh dwibeeyjgwy kbkl_fw knwzghyhzh dhyjw fhzew
yklmiblv k gbf y dhglwdl. ?keb ‘_ y i_jyhgwqwevgh
kbevgh myew‘g_gghf f_klhhxblwgbb mjhy_gv yh^u
gwoh^beky y ihqy_gghc lhes_, knwzgu g_ fhzml gw -
jwsbywlv xhevrhc kehc lhjnw, lwd dwd ihy_joghklv
f_klhhxblwgby kebrdhf kmow (ko_fw 1, <). exuqgh
wlh ijhbkoh^bl y e_kwo beb, ih djwcg_c f_j_, y f_k -
lhhxblwgbyo k ^j_y_kguf yjmkhf (wlh fh‘_l xulv b
fheh^gyd), yhae_ jh^gbdhy, xhehlbg beb ijhklh gw
kmoh^he_.
Виды заболачивания и типы болот
exjwahywgb_ xhehl ijhbkoh^bl y kwfuo jwaguo
f_klhhxblwgbyo. < awybkbfhklb hl bkoh^guo mkehybc
yu^_eyxl g_kdhevdh yb^hy awxhewqbywgby.
Низинное болото
Переходное болото
Верховое болото