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1. Суходольное заболачивание
< zmfb^ghc ahg_, z^_ hkw^db ij_hxew^wxl gw^ bkiwj_gb_f, ihqyw ihkl_i_ggh ijhfu -
yw_lky, yus_ewqbyw_lky, klwghyykv g_ieh^hjh^ghc b i_j_gwkus_gghc yh^hc. >ey fghzbo
yb^hy knwzghyuo fohy hgw yyey_lky b^_wevguf kmxkljwlhf ^ey ijhbajwklwgby, lwd dwd
hgb g_ lj_xhywl_evgu d ihqy_gghfm iblwgbx b bkdexqbl_evgh yewzhexxbyu. fhkl_i_ggh
knwzghyuc dhy_j awlyzbyw_l fbg_jwevguc zjmgl, qlh ijbyh^bl d dwj^bgwevguf baf_g_gbyf
ewg^rwnlw b mkehybc kj_^u.
iwgkeb (Tansley, 1939) lwd ibr_l hx wlhf kihkhx_ awxhewqbywgby: «...lwf, z^_ yuiw^w_l
fghzh hkw^dhy, w yha^mo ihklhyggh gwklhevdh yew‘_g, qlh xhehlw yyeyxlky debfwlbq_kdb
hxmkehye_ggufb, hgb g_ hxyawl_evgh nhjfbjmxlky y awxhewqbyw_fuo yiw^bgwo, gh ihd -
juywxl f_klghklv p_ebdhf aw bkdexq_gb_f djmluo kdehghy b yuoh^hy dhj_gguo ihjh^...
iwdb_ xhehlw fh‘gh gwaywlv ihdjhygufb, ihkdhevdm hgb ihdjuywxl ykx ihy_joghklv a_feb
ih^hxgh ihdjhym beb h^_yem... hms_klyhywgb_ lwdhzh xhehlw g_ awybkbl hl f_klguo bklhq -
gbdhy yh^u, hgh yuaywgh hxbevgufb hkw^dwfb b hq_gv yukhdbfb kj_^gbfb agwq_gbyfb
wlfhkn_jghc yew‘ghklb».
2. Озерное заболачивание
ahz^w 8–10 luk. e_l gwaw^ hlklmibe e_^gbd, ihykx^m ihke_ k_xy hg hklwybe ihehzhyhe -
gbklmx jwygbgm, yuklewggmx zebgbklhc yh^hmihjghc fhj_ghc. < ihgb‘_gguo f_klwo lw -
dhzh ewg^rwnlw ihgwqwem hxjwahywebkv ha_jw jwaebqghzh jwaf_jw. cghzb_ ba lwdbo ha_j,
hkhx_ggh f_edb_, klweb awjwklwlv ljhklgbdhf, kwx_evgbdhf, hkhdwfb (ko_fw 2, w). fhkl_ -
i_ggh wlb jwkl_gby nhjfbjhyweb x_j_zhymx kiewybgm – iewywxsbc fwl ba i_j_ie_l_g -
guo dhjg_ybs jwkl_gbc, gw ihy_joghklb dhlhjhzh kdwiebyweky lhjn (ko_fw 2, x). dw wlhc
klw^bb xhehlh bf__l xex^p_hxjwagmx ihy_joghklv (_zh djwy yhayurwxlky gw^ k_j_^b -
ghc) b ihwlhfm gwauyw_lky gbabgguf. hh yj_f_g_f lwdwy kiewybgw iheghklvx awlyzbywew
yh^h_f (ko_fw 2, y). i_i_jv dhjgb jwkl_gbc m‘_ g_ fhzeb dhglwdlbjhywlv k fbg_jwevguf
zjmglhf b ihemqwlv hl g_zh iblwgb_. fhwlhfm gw kf_gm ljhklgbdm b hkhd_ – jwkl_gbyf,
lj_xhywl_evguf d fbg_jwevghfm iblwgbx, ijbreb f_g__ lj_xhywl_evgu_ – knwzghyu_
fob. Bo ihk_e_gb_ hxuqgh gwqbgw -
_lky k p_gljwevghc, gwbxhe__ x_^ -
ghc, qwklb kiewybgu (ko_fw 2, z).
i_i_jv gw kf_gm gbabgghfm ijbreh
i_j_oh^gh_ xhehlh. fhklhyggh_ hl -
eh‘_gb_ b gwjwklwgb_ lhjnw ihkl_ -
i_ggh ijby_eh d hxjwahywgbx knwz -
ghyhzh lhjnygbdw, p_glj dhlhjhzh
bf__l agwqbl_evgh_ ij_yur_gb_
gw^ hdjwcdwfb. tlh b _klv y_johyh_
xhehlh. egh gwdwiebyw_l y k_x_, dwd
zmxdw, yk_ wlfhkn_jgu_ hkw^db b
ih^lyzbyw_l dy_jom yh^m xuyr_zh, w
gug_ ihzj_x_gghzh, yh^h_fw (ko_fw
2, ^). iwd dwd knwzghyu_ fob kha^w -
xl djwcg_ g_xewzhijbylgu_ mkehyby
^ey ‘bagb ^jmzbo hjzwgbafhy, y lhf
qbke_ b j_^mp_glhy, jwaeh‘_gb_ hl -
f_jrbo hklwldhy gw lwdhf xhehl_
djwcg_ awf_^e_ggh. tlh kihkhxk -
lym_l ihklhygghfm hleh‘_gbx lhj -
nw b jhklm lhjnygbdw yy_jo. ahz^w
hg ijbgbfw_l ohefhhxjwagmx nhj -
fm, lhjn k y_jrbgu, ih^ ^_cklyb_f
kbeu ly‘_klb, gwqbgw_l kdwluywlv -
ky ywebdwfb. c_‘^m ywebdwfb hxjw -
Схема 2. Стадии формирования верхового болота
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amxlky zemxhdb_ fhqw‘bgu beb ha_jpw, kwfb ywebdb nhjfbjmxl xhe__ beb f_g__ ijbih^ -
gylu_ zjy^u (ko_fw 2, _).
<ijhq_f, jwkkfhlj_gguc ijhp_kk kyhckly_g g_ lhevdh ihke_e_^gbdhyuf ha_jwf. eg fh -
‘_l yhagbdwlv b yhagbdw_l b y gwr_ yj_fy. ekhx_ggh _fm ih^y_j‘_gu fghzhqbke_ggu_ ha_j -
pw e_khkl_ighc ahgu, z^_ xmdywevgh gw zewawo m mq_guo (aw ihke_^gb_ g_kdhevdh ^_kylbe_ -
lbc) ijhbkoh^bl ijhp_kk xhehlhhxjwahywgby.
Blwd, ijb ha_jghf awxhewqbywgbb ijhbkoh^bl ij_yjws_gb_ gbabgghzh xhehlw y y_joh -
yh_, w ijb kmoh^hevghf – i_j_oh^ghzh y y_johyh_.
3. aexq_yh_ awxhewqbywgb_
tlhl lbi awxhewqbywgby lwd ‘_, dwd b ha_jguc, owjwdl_jbam_lky wyhexpb_c gbabgghzh
xhehlw y y_johyh_. fjwy^w, y hlebqb_ hl ij_^u^ms_zh, gbabggwy klw^by ij_^klwye_gw g_
kiewybghc, w hkhdhyh-zbighyuf xhehlhf ih yuoh^wf dexq_c, e_kguf jmqvyf b g_xhevrbf
j_qdwf.
Немного о растениях болот
ahg_qgh ‘_, kwfufb «zewygufb» jwkl_gbyfb xhehl yyeyxlky knwzghyu_ fob. ex hk -
ghyguo bo hkhx_gghklyo xueh kdwawgh yur_. A^_kv fh‘gh lhevdh ^hxwyblv g_fgh‘dh hx
wdhehzbq_kdbo kyhcklywo wlbo jwkl_gbc.
fhklhyggh hxf_gbywykv k ihqy_gguf jwklyhjhf dbkehlwfb, knwzgu kbevgh ih^dbkeyxl
kmxkljwl. < lwdbo mkehybyo fhzml ‘blv hq_gv g_fghzb_ jwkl_gby. gwkl_gbyf, ihk_eyxsbf -
ky gw knwzghyhf dhyj_, g_hxoh^bfh hxew^wlv ijbkihkhxe_gbyfb d ijhbajwklwgbx y dbkehc
b x_^ghc kj_^_, gwkus_gghc yh^hc, b ihklhyggh xhjhlvky ijhlby ihzj_x_gby ‘byuo qwkl_c
ih^ gwjwklwxsbf keh_f lhjnw.
fh‘wemc, gwbxhe__ yjdbf b bay_klguf ijbkihkhxe_gb_f yyey_lky iehlhy^ghklv m jwk -
l_gbc. d_kdhevdh yb^hy ijbkihkhxbebkv ihihegylv lwd kyhc kdm^guc xhehlguc iw_d, ih -
emqw_fuc wylhljhnguf kihkhxhf. >_ewxl hgb wlh, mewyebywy b i_j_ywjbywy gwk_dhfuo.
tlb jwkl_gby gwauywxlky jhkygdwfb (Drosera). bbklvy, k ihfhsvx dhlhjuo hgb ijhbayh^yl
«hlehy», g_y_ebdb – ijbf_jgh k ghzhlv, ihwlhfm jwpbhg wlbo jwkl_gbc khklhbl ij_bfms_k -
ly_ggh ba f_edbo gwk_dhfuo. e^gwdh baj_^dw ihiw^wxlky jy^hf k jhkygdwfb b hklwldb
g_xhevrbo klj_dha.
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fjbylgh iwogms__ xhehlgh_ jwkl_gb_ yhkdhygbpw hxudghy_ggwy (Myrica gale) yklmiw_l y
kbfxbha k xwdl_jbyfb, dhlhju_ kdwiebywxlky gw __ dhjgyo, ih^dwjfebywy ohaycdm ^hihe -
gbl_evguf wahlhf.
hwfh_ hxuqgh_ jwkl_gb_ xhehl imrbpw fghzhdhehkdhywy (Eriophorum angustifolium), klw -
jwykv yu‘blv y hx_^g_gghc dbkehjh^hf kj_^_ y_jog_zh kehy lhjnw b hq_kw, z^_ awe_zwxl
__ dhjg_ybsw, hxjwahywew y dhjgyo b hkghywgbyo ebklv_y xhevrb_ yha^mohghkgu_ de_ldb.
dwdhg_p, yk_ ij_^klwybl_eb k_f_cklyw y_j_kdhyuo (Ericaceae), d dhlhjuf hlghkylky
lwdb_ yb^u, dwd dexdyw (Oxyccocus palustris), y_j_kd (Calluna vulgaris), xwzmevgbd (Ledum
palustre), xjmkgbdw (Vaccinium vitis-vitis), ih^x_e (Andromeda polifolia), zhemxbdw (Vaccinium
myrtillus) b ^j., bf_xl dk_jhfhjngu_ q_jlu kljh_gby, ihayheyxsb_ bf kms_klyhywlv y mk -
ehybyo «nbabhehzbq_kdhc kmohklb», b jwayblu_ dhjg_ybsw, k ihfhsvx dhlhjuo hgb fhzml
yughkblv kyhb ‘byu_ qwklb gw ihy_joghklv knwzghyhzh dhyjw.
Кладовая, но не только солнца...
;hehlw yyeyxlky ^ey gwk ihbklbg_ _s_ g_hldjulhc khdjhybsgbp_c, hldm^w fu fh‘_f
q_jiwlv ky_^_gby g_ lhevdh h ijhreuo ewg^rwnlwo, gh b magwywlv gwrm bklhjbx. tlm bk -
lhjbq_kdmx dgbzm fh‘gh qblwlv x_kdhg_qgh, kljwgbpw aw kljwgbp_c, ^_ewy yk_ ghyu_ hl -
djulby.
ih, qlh khojwgbehkv y lhjn_, ^hoh^bl ^h gw -
rbo ^g_c y i_jyha^wgghf yb^_. dh lhjnygbdb
kyb^_l_evklymxl g_ lhevdh hx baf_g_gbyo xh -
ehlghc jwklbl_evghklb. h hdjm‘wyrbo xhehlh
e_khy y_l_j awghkbe kihju ijhbajwklwyrbo
lwf jwkl_gbc, b hgb lwd‘_ ij_djwkgh khojwgb -
ebkv y lhjn_. h ihfhsvx kihjhyh-iuevp_yh -
zh wgwebaw fh‘gh yhkklwghyblv dwjlbgm yk_c
jwklbl_evghklb. fj_djwkgh khojwgbyrb_ky
yb^u-bg^bdwlhju ihfhzwxl yhkkha^wlv dwj -
lbgm baf_g_gby debfwlw aw ihke_^gb_ 10 luk.
e_l.
fhfbfh hklwldhy jwkl_gbc xhehlw qwklh
ojwgyl b ihzj_x_ggu_ y bo lhes_ hjm^by ljm -
^w b yhcgu ijhrehzh b ^w‘_ hklwgdb ohay_y
wlbo hjm^bc. ekhx_ggh fghzh jwkkdwauywxl hx
wlhf xhehlw ?yjhiu, z^_ q_ehy_d ihk_ebeky k
g_awiwfylguo yj_f_g. iwd, xhehlw ohlewg^bb
ojwgyl y k_x_ hklwldb dmevlmju i_jyhxulguo
ex^_c, w y ;jblwgbb xue ^w‘_ gwc^_g jupwjv
y iheguo ^hki_owo.
Схематический профиль приатлантического
верхового болота
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BEEXKLJBJH<:GGUC D HGKI?DL >EY MQBL?EY
IH L?F? «FOB»
dw l_fm «cob» y rdhevghc ijhzjwff_ hly_^_gh 2 qwkw. ext_f bgnhjfwpbb gw aw^wg -
gmx l_fm y ^wgghc klwlv_ agwqbl_evgh ij_yurw_l lhl fbgbfmf, dhlhjuc mqbl_ev fh‘_l
yu^wlv mq_gbdwf aw 2 wdw^_fbq_kdbo qwkw. i_f g_ f_g__, wylhj yk_-lwdb ij_^ewzw_l __
ywf, ^hjhzb_ mqbl_ey. h h^ghc klhjhgu, wlh, dhg_qgh, ijhzjwffw mgby_jkbl_lkdhzh dmjkw,
ijbq_f khklwye_ggwy fbjhyufb ky_lbewfb xjbhehzbb. dh, k ^jmzhc klhjhgu, wylhj ^mfw_l,
qlh ohjhrbc mqbl_ev – wlh lwdhc mqbl_ev, dhlhjuc agw_l xhevr_, q_f zhyhjbl. fhlhfm qlh y
rdhevgmx ijhzjwffm g_ mf_klblv yk_zh. ahavfw fjmldhy ih wlhfm ihyh^m y kyh_ yj_fy aw -
f_lbe: «?s_ jwa kdw‘m – g_evay hxtylv g_hxtylgh_». he_^my wlhfm ^_evghfm khy_lm, wylhj
yk_-lwdb h fghzhf mfheqwe, baeh‘by dmjk xjbhehzbb y dhgki_dlbyghc nhjf_ b kgwx^by _zh
fghzhqbke_ggufb beexkljwpbyfb, ^wxu hxe_zqblv yhkijbylb_...
СИСТЕМАТИКА
Отдел chohyb^gu_ (Bryophyta).
I. aewkk bbklhkl_x_evgu_ fob, beb cob, beb ;jbhikb^u (Bryopsida, beb Musci).
fh^dewkku: 1. Sphagnidae. 2. Bryopsidae. 3. Andreidae.
II. aewkk f_q_ghqgbdb, beb f_q_ghqgu_ fob (Marchantiopsida, beb Hepaticopsida).
fh^dewkku: 1. Jungermanniidae. 2. Marchantiidae.
III. aewkk Wglhp_jhlhyu_, beb Wglhp_jhlhikb^u (Anthocerotopsida).
Jbk. 1. Представители основных групп мохообразных: а – Sphagnidae; б – Bryopsidae; в – Andreidae;
г – Jungermanniidae; д – Marchantiidae; е – Anthocerotopsida.
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Jbk. 2. Формы роста мхов: а – наземные, б – эпифитные, в – водные, г – полуводные
cob – hq_gv fwe_gvdb_ jwkl_gby b hxuqgh jwklml lwf, z^_ yew‘gh. < kujuo e_kwo b x_a -
e_kguo f_klhhxblwgbyo hgb hxjwamxl kiehrgu_ dhyju. dh _klv b yb^u, kihkhxgu_ jwklb
y djwcg_ kmobo f_klhhxblwgbyo.
iwd ‘_, dwd b ^jmzb_ jwkl_gby, fob :
– yyeyxlky fghzhde_lhqgufb hjzwgbafwfb, kihkhxgufb jwafgh‘wlvky ihehyuf iml_f;
– bf_xl ki_pbwebabjhywgguc hjzwg, ygmljb dhlhjhzh jwaybyw_lky abzhlw;
– bf_xl kihju b kihjhghkgu_ hjzwgu, ihdjulu_ dmlbdmehc.
< hlebqb_ hl ^jmzbo jwkl_gbc, fob:
– g_ bf_xl ebzgbgw y de_lhqguo kl_gdwo;
– kbevgh awybkyl hl yew‘ghklb yha^mow (yj_f_ggh ij_djwswxl ‘bag_^_yl_evghklv y aw -
kmrebyuc i_jbh^);
– g_ bf_xl gwklhysbo dhjg_c.
Характеристика основных групп бриофитов
КЛАСС БРИОПСИДы (Bryopsida)
ПОДКЛАСС СфАГНОВыЕ МХИ (sphagniidae)
gwaf_ju kl_xe_c fohy baf_jyxlky y kwglbf_ljwo, bo ebklv_y – y fbeebf_ljwo, w de_lhd
– y fbdjhf_ljwo.
Морфология
hl_x_ev m knwzghy ijyfhklhyqbc, gh hl^_evgu_ jwkl_gby g_ kihkhxgu jwklb ijyfh ba-
aw hlkmlklyby f_owgbq_kdhc ldwgb. fhwlhfm knwzgmf yk_z^w jwkl_l ^_jgbgdwfb (jbk. 3), y
dhlhjuo hl^_evgu_ jwkl_gby hibjwxlky ^jmz gw ^jmzw y_lhqdwfb, jwklmsbfb ba kl_xey zh -
jbahglwevgh, ih^hxgh lhfm, dwd fhzml hibjwlvky, hxgyyrbkv, ^jmz ^jmzm gw ie_qb ex^b. dw
y_jomrd_ kl_xey gwoh^blky xhe__ beb f_g__ dhfiwdlgwy zhehydw, khklhyswy ba kdmq_gguo
yhdjmz lhqdb jhklw dhjhldbo fheh^uo y_lhq_d (jbk. 4). fh f_j_ jhklw kl_xey yy_jo y_lhqdb
yujwklwxl y ^ebgm b jwkkj_^hlhqbywxlky ih kl_xex hl^_evgufb imqdwfb, khklhysbfb ba
zhjbahglwevgh hlklhysbo b kybkwxsbo y^hev kl_xey y_lhq_d (jbk. 5). elklhysbfb y_lhqdw -
fb khk_^gb_ jwkl_gby y ^_jgbgd_ kp_ieyxlky f_‘^m khxhc. fh ihjbkluf de_ldwf ebklv_y
wlbo y_lhq_d hkms_klyey_lky zhjbahglwevguc ljwgkihjl y_s_kly y knwzghyhc ^_jgbgd_. fh
de_ldwf ebklv_y kybkwxsbo y_ly_c hkms_klyey_lky ljwgkihjl y_s_kly ih y_jlbdweb (ba
ihqy_gghzh jwklyhjw). bbklhkl_x_evgh_ jwkl_gb_ knwzgw g_ bf__l jbahb^hy.
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Jbk. 4. Головки сфагновых мхов
Jbk. 3. Растения сфагнов, объединенные
в дернинку
Jbk. 5. Пучок веточек у сфагна
Анатомия
=wf_lhnhj knwzghy khklhbl ba ^ymo lbihy de_lhd – ‘b -
yuo, oehjhnbeehghkguo, b f_jlyuo, ebr_gguo kh^_j‘b -
fhzh djmiguo yh^hghkguo, beb zbwebghyuo, de_lhd (jbk. 6).
hl_gdb ihke_^gbo mdj_ie_gu kibjwevgufb yhehdgwfb, ij_ -
^hojwgyxsbfb bo hl jwajuyw ijb ihl_j_ lmjzhjw. j fghzbo
yb^hy y kl_gdwo zbwebghyuo de_lhd bf_xlky ihju, hxe_zqw -
xsb_ ykwkuywgb_ yh^u (jbk. 6, 3). iwd dwd ebklvy, ijhbajwk -
lwxsb_ gw y_lhqd_, gwe_zwxl ^jmz gw ^jmzw, dwd q_j_ibpw gw
djur_ ^hfw (bo lwd b gwauywxl – q_j_iblqwlh-gwe_zwxsb -
fb), ihju de_lhd khk_^gbo ebklv_y gwdew^uywxlky ^jmz gw
^jmzw, lwd qlh y hebkly_gghc y_lhqd_ hxjwam_lky dwibeeyj -
gwy kbkl_fw. egw ijh^he‘w_lky f_‘^m y_lhqdwfb b khk_^ -
gbfb jwkl_gbyfb. ihesbgw ebklv_y knwzghyuo fohy – yk_zh
ebrv y h^bg kehc de_lhd (jbk. 7).
Jbk. 6. Клетки сфагна:
1 – водоносная клетка;
2 – хлорофиллоносная
клетка; 3 – пора; 4 – спи-
ральные волокна
Jbk. 7. Поперечный срез
листа сфагна
Jbk. 8. Поперечный срез стебля сфагна: 1 – гиало-
дермис; 2 – склеродермис; 3 – сердцевина
35
;he__ keh‘gh_ kljh_gb_ hxgwjm‘byw_l kl_x_ev (jbk. 8). < g_f de_ldb, ohly b ^bnn_j_g -
pbjhywggu, gh g_ hxjwamxl ki_pbwebabjhywgguo ldwg_c, dwd m khkm^bkluo jwkl_gbc. <gml -
j_ggyy qwklv kl_xey awiheg_gw lhgdhkl_ggufb de_ldwfb, hkms_klyeyxsbfb dwd ljwgkihjl
y_s_kly d lhqd_ jhklw, lwd b awiwkwxsmx nmgdpbx. hhyhdmighklv wlbo de_lhd gwauyw_l -
ky k_j^p_ybghc kl_xey. h_j^p_ybgw hdjm‘_gw madbfb lheklhkl_ggufb de_ldwfb kde_jh -
^_jfbkw, yuihegyxs_zh nmgdpbx dhju b qwklbqgh – f_owgbq_kdmx nmgdpbx. agwjm‘b hl
kde_jh^_jfbkw bf__lky kehc f_jlyuo lhgdhkl_gguo zbwebghyuo de_lhd, hxjwamxsbo zbw -
eh^_jfbk. < zbweh^_jfbk_ gwdwiebywxlky b khojwgyxlky awiwku yewzb, hkms_klyey_lky
ljwkihjl yh^u d lhqd_ jhklw.
hihjhzhg knwzghy, dwd b m ^jmzbo fohy, khklhbl ba gh‘db b dhjhxhqdb (jbk. 9), gh y hl -
ebqb_ hl dewkkw Bryopsida, gh‘dw kihjhzhgw hq_gv dhjhldwy (__ nmgdpbx yuihegy_l eh‘ -
ghgh‘dw, hxjwamxswyky ba zwiehb^guo de_lhd xjxrdw wjo_zhgby), w dhjhxhqdw g_ bf__l
i_jbklhfw.
Jbk. 9. Спорогон сфагна
Jbk. 10. Стеблевой (1) и веточные (2) листья сфагна.
Линейка – 1 мм
Jbk. 11. Онтогенез гаметофита у сфагнов: 1 – изофильные растения; 2 – гемиизофильное растение;
3 – анизофильное растение
36
bbklhkl_x_evgh_ jwkl_gb_ (zwf_lhnhj) khklhbl ba kl_xey k y_lhqdwfb beb x_a gbo. awd
gw kl_xe_, lwd b gw y_lhqdwo m xjbhnblhy bf_xlky ebklvy, dhlhju_ gwauywxlky khhly_kl -
y_ggh kl_xe_yufb b y_lhqgufb (jbk. 10). bbklvy hxjwamxlky y j_amevlwl_ ^_e_gby y lhqd_
jhklw gw y_jomrd_ kl_xey. <ke_^ aw ebklvyfb yujwklwxl ygwqwe_ dhjhl_gvdb_ y_lhqdb,
dhlhju_, m^ebgyykv, dwd xu «ijboywluywxl» k khxhc y dwq_kly_ «xwzw‘w» jwg__ hxjwah -
ywyrb_ky ebklvy. fh f_j_ jhklw wibdwevghc f_jbkl_fu yy_jo, hxhkhxey_lky kl_x_ev k y_ -
lhqdwfb. bbklvy, dhlhju_ ihiw^wxl gw kl_x_ev, ijbhxj_lwxl ^jmzmx wgwlhfbx, y hlebqb_
hl y_lhqguo, kljh_gb_ dhlhjuo g_ baf_gy_lky. j fheh^uo jwkl_gbc b jwkl_gbc, jwaybyw -
xsboky y g_xewzhijbylguo mkehybyo, qwklh kl_xe_yu_ ebklvy g_ hlebqwxlky hl y_lhqguo.
iwdb_ jwkl_gby gwauywxl jwyghebklgufb, beb bahnbevgufb. < g_xewzhijbylguo mkehybyo
kl_xe_yu_ ebklvy fhzml jwaybywlvky ebrv gwihehybgm. < wlhf kemqw_ jwkl_gby gwauywxl
ihemjwyghebklgufb, beb z_fbbahnbevgufb. dhjfwevgh jwayblu_ jwkl_gby gwauywxl g_ -
jwyghebklgufb, beb wgbahnbevgufb (jbk. 11).
Экологические особенности и распространение
cob kihkhxgu awk_eylv gwbxhe__ x_^gu_ b yew‘gu_ f_klhhxblwgby. < mf_j_gghc ahg_
b y Wjdlbd_ hgb hxjwamxl hxrbjgu_ lhjnygu_ xhehlw. ihjn – wlh g_jwaeh‘byrb_ky
kij_kkhywggu_ hklwldb knwzghyuo fohy, dhlhju_ khojwgyxlky ijwdlbq_kdb y g_baf_g -
ghf yb^_ klhe_lbyfb b lukyq_e_lbyfb. cghzb_ xhehlw lw_‘ghc ahgu bf_xl yhajwkl hl 8
000 ^h 10 000 e_l. <f_kl_ kh knwzgwfb zg_gbx g_ ih^y_jzwxlky b hklwldb ^jmzbo xhehl -
guo jwkl_gbc. fjhbkoh^bl wlh ihlhfm, qlh lhjnygu_ fob yu^_eyxl y hdjm‘wxsmx kj_^m
p_euc xmd_l hjzwgbq_kdbo dbkehl (yxehqgmx, ebfhggmx, mdkmkgmx, fmjwyvbgmx b ^j.). <
lwdhc dbkehc kj_^_ ba hjzwgbafhy, iblwxsboky jwklbl_evguf hiw^hf, kihkhxgu kms_k -
lyhywlv lhevdh g_dhlhju_ yb^u zjbxhy. dh b bo ^_yl_evghklv ih^wyey_lky hq_gv kbev -
guf nmgzbpb^hf – knwzghehf (zebdhab^hf k n_ghevghc hkghyhc, obfbq_kdwy nhjfmew
dhlhjhzh ^h kbo ihj lhqgh g_ bay_klgw), dhlhjuc lh‘_ yu^_eyxl y ihqy_gguc jwklyhj
knwzghyu_ fob. eg ‘_ hdwauyw_l b z_jxbpb^gh_ ^_cklyb_ gw ykoh^u ^j_y_kguo jwkl_gbc.
fhwlhfm gw klwjuo lhjnyguo xhehlwo qwklh g_l e_kw.
dh knwzgu kihkhxgu jwklb g_ lhevdh y f_klhhxblwgbyo k x_^guf fbg_jwevguf iblwgb -
_f. nwklh bo fh‘gh yklj_lblv b y ihcfwo e_kguo j_q_d, b gw ha_jwo, b m jh^gbdhy (yuoh^wo
Jbk. 12. Ареал сфагновых мхов
37
Jbk. 15. Каулонема (протонема с почками)
Jbk. 13. Гаметофит мха с ризоидами
Jbk. 14. Пластинчатая (1) и нитчатая (2) прото-
немы мхов
dexq_yuo yh^). < lwdbo f_klhhxblwgbyo hgb, ijwy^w, g_ hxjwamxl kiehrguo dhyjhy, w lwd -
‘_ lhjnw, lwd dwd xbhobfbq_kdbc khklwy jwkl_gbc l_o yb^hy fohy, dhlhju_ a^_kv ijhbajwk -
lwxl, g_ klhev obfbq_kdb wzj_kkby_g.
< ih^hxguo f_klhhxblwgbyo knwzgu ijhbajwklwxl ij_bfms_kly_ggh y ljhibq_kdhc b
kmxljhibq_kdhc ahgwo, aw bkdexq_gb_f lhjnyguo xhehl ;jwabebb b dhyhc A_ewg^bb. hhxk -
ly_ggh, kmxljhibdb yyeyxlky jh^bghc knwzghyuo fohy, qlh yb^gh dwd ih gwebqbx y wlhc
ahg_ ijbfblbyguo nhjf, lwd b ih jwaghhxjwabx yb^hy. iwd, yh yk_f fbj_ gwkqbluyw_lky
hdheh 300 yb^hy jh^w Sphagnum, ba dhlhjuo y mf_j_gghc ahg_ ?yjwabb b Wf_jbdb ijhba -
jwklw_l lhevdh hdheh 50 (jbk. 12). d_kfhljy gw xhe__ mijhs_ggh_ kljh_gb_, ih kjwyg_gbx
k ij_^klwybl_eyfb dewkkw Bryopsida, knwzgu wyhexpbhggh xhe__ fheh^u_.
ПОДКЛАСС НАСТОящИЕ МХИ (Bryopsidae )
Морфология
< gb‘g_c qwklb kl_xey m xjb_yuo fohy bf_xlky gblb ba ebr_gguo oehjhnbeew de_ -
lhd – jbahb^u, dhlhju_ yuihegyxl nmgdpbx awdj_ie_gby gw kmxkljwl_ b ijhy_^_gby
yh^u d kl_xex (jbk. 13). gbahb^u hxjwamxlky gw jwgg_c klw^bb ijhjwklwgby kihju,
iwjwee_evgh k ijhlhg_fhc. fjhlhg_fw fh‘_l xulv gblqwlhc (ihoh‘_c gw yh^hjhkeb) b
iewklbgqwlhc (jbk. 14). fjhlhg_fw k ihqdwfb yhahxghye_gby ebklhkl_x_evguo jwkl_gbc
(iha^gyy klw^by jwayblby ijhlhg_fu) gwauyw_lky dwmehg_fhc (jbk. 15).
38
Анатомия
hl_x_ev bf__l hlghkbl_evgh keh‘gh_ kljh_gb_ (jbk. 16, 17). <g_rgbc kehc hxjwam_l
wib^_jfbk, ba de_lhd dhlhjhzh fhzml yujwklwlv fghzhde_lhqgu_ gblb – jbahb^u. he_^mx -
sbc aw wib^_jfbkhf kehc gwauyw_lky kde_jh^_jfbk. eg khklhbl ba madbo b ^ebgguo lhek -
lhkl_gguo de_lhd, yuihegyxsbo ijhyh^ysmx b f_owgbq_kdmx nmgdpbb. hwfuc ygmlj_ggbc
kehc de_lhd gwauyw_lky p_gljwevguf imqdhf, hg khklhbl ba khkm^hy, hq_gv gwihfbgwxsbo
khkm^u ^jmzbo yukrbo jwkl_gbc. gwaebqwxl ^yw lbiw de_lhd khkm^hy – e_ilhb^u (ihoh‘b_
gw de_ldb nehwfu) b zb^jhb^u (ih^hxgu_ de_ldwf dkbe_fu). hhyhdmighklv e_ilhb^hy y
kl_xe_ gwauywxl e_ilhf, w zb^jhb^hy – zb^jhf (jbk. 18). fhfbfh e_ilhb^hy b zb^jhb^hy
y p_gljwevghf imqd_ bf_xlky kl_j_b^u, koh^gu_ k yhehdgwfb kde_j_gobfu khkm^bkluo
jwkl_gbc. < f_kl_ ijbdj_ie_gby kl_xe_yhzh ebklw d kl_xex hl p_gljwevghzh pbebg^jw hl -
y_lyey_lky imqhd e_ilhb^hy b zb^jhb^hy, hxjwamxsbo ebklhymx yklwydm (wgwehzbqgmx ebk -
lhyhfm ke_^m m khkm^bkluo). Wgwlhfby kl_xey kbevgh ywjvbjm_l m jwaguo ij_^klwybl_e_c
xjbhnblhy, m dhgdj_lguo yb^hy y khklwy kl_xey fhzml yoh^blv g_ yk_ i_j_qbke_ggu_ dhf -
ihg_glu beb hgb fhzml ih-jwaghfm dhfxbgbjhywlvky.
Jbk. 19. Транспорт воды гидроидами: 1 – цент-
ральный пучок; 2 – листовая вставка
Jbk. 16. Схематическое строение стебля Bryidae Jbk. 17. Поперечный срез стебля кукуш-
кина льна: 1 – лист; 2 – центральный пу-
чок; 3 – эпидермис
Jbk. 18. Трехмерная диаграмма строения стебля
мха