Pavlac B.A. A Concise Survey of Western Civilization: Supremacies and Diversities throughout History

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

446

INDEX

Syracuse, 62

Syria, 46, 356

tabula rasa, 205

Taiwan. See Nationalist China

Taliban, 386, 389

Tamerlane. See Timur the Lame

tanks, 293, 318, 322, 327, 328d, 329d,

350–51, 361, 406t

Tartars. See Mongols

taxes/taxation: and barbarians, 26, 120;

British, 220–21; on clergy, 159, 348;

and democracy, 52, 57, 249, 254;

and education, 231, 259; and Islam,

105, 169; and media, 301; medieval,

125, 130, 134; and monarchy, 166,

168, 210–11, 225; origins of, 26,

398t; Roman, 74, 81–82, 86, 100

technology: Asian, 125, 274; Bronze

Age, 30; and exploration, 191, 220;

and imperialism, 268–69, 274, 277;

industrial, 153, 237, 239–247, 314;

inequality of, 51, 189, 213, 223,

268–69, 282, 341, 351; military, 53,

122, 132, 167–68, 191, 221, 269,

340, 360, 366, 377, 388; origins of,

4, 5, 7; Paleolithic, 30, 274; resis-

tance against, 240–41; and science,

204, 208

Tell, Wilhelm, 217

Templars, 140, 150

Ten Commandments, 44tb, 177, 399t

Tennis Court Oath, 227

Tenochtitlan. See Mexico City

Terror, the. See Reign of Terror, the

terrorism, 375–78; in Algeria, 353;

anarchist, 253; Balkan, 289–90, 318,

378; in Cyprus, 375; in Germany and

Italy, 361; Irish, 313, 375–76;

Islamist, 355–56, 385n1, 386–88,

394; in Kenya, 354; Latin American,

359, 367, 379; origins of, 252–53,

404t; about Palestine, 355–56, 386

Teutonic Knights, 141, 214, 402t

textual criticism, 173, 264, 403t

Thailand, 275, 362–63

Thanksgiving, 220

Thatcher, Margaret, 366, 280, 403t

theater, 52, 68, 68f, 75, 89, 175, 280,

401t

theocracy, 45, 181

Theodoric, 102

theology: Arian, 98n2; the Great

Schism and, 138, 161; by Hildegard

of Bingen, 136; liberation, 358; by

Gregory I, 117; Protestant, 178;

Scholastic, 146; study of, 145

Thermidorian Reaction, 231, 404t

Thermopylae, Battle of, 59

thetes, 53, 401t

Third Balkan War, 290. See also First

Balkan War; Second Balkan War;

World War I

Third Carnatic War. See Seven Years

War

Third Estate, 152–53, 226, 227d. See

PAGE 446

also bourgeoisie; Estates-General;

peasants

Third Reich, 321–24, 326–32

Third World, 338

Thirty Years War, 187, 211, 213, 402t,

404t

three-ﬁeld planting, 125, 152–53, 402t

Three Mile Island, 347

Thucydides, 60–61, 89, 101

Tiananmen Square, 382

Tiberius,83

Timur the Lame, 169

Tito (Josip Broz), 376–77

Toledo, 140, 145, 402t

toleration, 97, 187, 206–7, 222, 337tb

tools, 4–5, 14–17, 30, 203–4, 398t. See

also technology

Tories. See Conservative Party of Great

Britain

torture: attempts to end, 206–7, 214,

384; political use of, 166f, 173, 215f,

358, 369, 388; religious use of, 156,

180, 192, 202; use of under colo-

nialism, 353–54

totalitarianism: Chinese, 349, 382; by

Khmer Rouge, 363; Nazi, 323–24;

origins of, 304–5; Soviet, 309–311,

336, 366, 337tb. See also authoritari-

anism

tournaments, 123, 402t

town council, 154, 181

towns, 18, 85, 145, 152–57, 358, 398t

trade. See commerce

trade unionism. See labor unions

Trafalgar, Battle of, 233

Trajan,83

transcendental meditation, 347–48

Treaty of: Augsburg, 180; Brest-Litovsk,

307; Paris, 223, 225; Rome, 361;

Tordesillas, 196; Troyes, 167;

Verdun, 120, 299; Versailles, 299,

322, 326. See also Maastricht Treaty;

Paris Peace Treaties; Peace of Lodi;

Peace of Westphalia

trench warfare, 293, 305, 385

Trent, Council of, 183–84, 403t, 405t

trial by ordeal, 112, 132, 403t

Tridentine Reform. See Trent, Council

Trier, 158

‘‘Trinity’’ device. See atomic bomb

Triple Alliance, 292, 294

Triple Entente, 292

triremes, 53, 59, 398t

trivium. See seven liberal arts

Trojan War, 50, 52, 65–66, 89

Trotsky, Leon, 305, 307–9, 319

‘‘Troubles.’’ See Northern Ireland

Truce of God, 124, 403t

Truman, Harry, 338–39

trusts. See cartels

Truth and Reconciliation Commission,

369

udor

dynasty, 168, 182, 186, 219

Turkey: and Cold War, 350, 360; and

Cyprus, 375; and Greece, 336, 339,

340, 371; origins of, 319, 406t; and

westernization, 319–20, 371

Turkish Empire. See Ottoman Empire

Turkmen/Turkmenistan, 308, 368

Turks: in the Balkans, 318; and Islam,

141; origins of, 212–13; Ottoman,

65n1, 169–71, 185, 190, 272f, 287,

295; and population transfers, 319,

336; post-Soviet states of, 368;

Russia and, 281, 288, 293, 308;

Seljuk, 107, 140, 161, 169; and west-

ernization, 287, 289. See also

Ottoman Empire; pan-turkism;

Turkey

Tutankhamen,33

Tutu, Desmond, 382

Twelve Tables, 76

twentieth century, 4, 406t, 407t; and

American supremacy, 279; decoloni-

zation during, 191, 313–15, 355,

390; socialism during, 261, 305, 382;

technology during, 253, 255, 301,

349, 380; and terrorism, 253, 387;

and women’s rights, 24, 54

tyranny, 65, 143, 394, 400t; Greek, 54,

56, 60, 68, 80, 376; modern, 223,

225, 251, 340; and ‘‘Oriental’’ des-

pots, 20, 64, 82, 86; Renaissance,

171; Roman, 79–80

U-boats. See submarines

U.K. See Great Britain

Ukraine, 281, 288, 307–8, 347,

368–69, 378

Ulster. See Northern Ireland

UN. See United Nations

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

(U.S.S.R.): and Afghanistan, 365–66;

and Cold War, 335–41, 337tb,

350–51, 360; end of, 365–68; and

imperialism, 313, 350; moderniza-

tion of, 310–11, 310f; and opposi-

tion to fascism, 319, 330; origins of,

308–9, 406t; sovietization by,

338–39, 341; and World War II, 327,

330–32, 336. See also Cold War;

Russia; Russian Revolution; Sta-

linism

unions. See labor unions

United East India Company (VOC),

218, 219f

United Kingdom (U.K.). See Great

Britain

United Kingdom of Great Britain and

Northern Ireland. See Great Britain

United Nations (UN): and China, 349;

and Congo Crisis, 354; and Cyprus,

375, 375f; and East Timor, 376; and

Iraq, 388; and Israel, 355; and

Korean Police Action, 350; and

Kuwait, 386; origins of, 338, 346,

391

United Provinces of the Netherlands.

See Dutch Netherlands

United States of America (U.S., U.S.A.):

and Civil War, 282; and Cold War,

.................

17897$

INDX 10-08-10 09:45:19 PS

INDEX

447

336–42, 349–50, 362–64, 337tb;

and democracy, 225, 257; expansion

of, 233, 276–77; and Great Depres-

sion, 303, 323, 325; and imperi-

alism, 275, 278–79; and Iranian

Revolution, 385; and isolationism,

299; and Latin America, 359–60; ori-

gins of, 223–24, 404t; as part of the

West, 224, 248, 299, 300; Prohibi-

tion in, 302; and slavery, 273, 277,

282; social change in, 344–48; and

terrorism, 253, 387; welfare state in,

380; and World War I, 294; and

World War II, 330–32. See also

American exceptionalism; Cold War

Universal Declaration of Human

Rights, 346

universalism, 10, 83, 175

universities: early modern, 175, 177,

205; medieval, 132, 154; modern, 2,

147; origins of, 145–47, 403t; selec-

tivity in, 238, 285, 343; and status,

259; and student protests, 361, 389

urbanization, 243, 301, 383, 405t

Uruguay, 281

U.S. See United States of America

U.S.A. See United States of America

U.S.S.R. See Union of Soviet Socialist

Republics

Ustashe, 318, 377

Uzbeks/Uzbekistan, 308, 368

Valde

s, Pierre, 155

‘‘Valley of the Fallen,’’ 320f

Valmy, Battle of, 230

Valois dynasty, 167, 179, 180, 186–87

vandalism, 101, 254

Vandals, 101, 103, 111

vassalage, 123, 128, 130, 136, 168. See

also feudal politics

Vatican, Renaissance and, 174f, 178

Velvet Revolution, 367

vendettas. See feuds

Venice, 65n1, 152, 171–72, 283–85,

283tb

Verdun, Battle of, 293, 305

Vergil, 89, 147

vernacular, 111, 147, 173

Versailles: as capital of France, 211,

213; and culture, 213, 214; and

French Revolution, 226–28; and

proclamation of the German

Empire, 285; Treaty of, 299, 322, 326

Vesuvius, 87, 88f

Victor Emmanuel II, 282, 283tb

Vienna: as capital of Austria, 179, 216f,

265, 321; Congress of, 247–48, 251,

281, 299, 404t; postwar division of,

340; Turkish sieges of, 179, 287

Vietnam, 275, 362–64, 366

Vietnam War, 362–64

Vikings, 116–17, 120–23, 128–30, 132,

192, 391

PAGE 447

Vindication of the Rights of Woman, A

(Wollstonecraft), 208

Visigoths, 100–101, 111, 113, 115,

117, 319

VOC. See United East India Company

Voltaire, 206, 405t

Vranitzky, Franz, 380

Wafd Party, 312, 406t

Waldensians, 155, 218

Waldo, Peter. See Valde

s, Pierre

Wales, 116, 159, 181, 221, 238

Wałesa, Lech, 366–67

Wallace, Alfred Russel, 263. See also

natural selection, theory of

Wallace, William, 159, 167

Wall Street Crash, 302, 406t. See also

Great Depression

war communism, 307–8. See also com-

munism; Leninism

warfare: aerial, 289, 293, 314, 319,

327d, 363–64, 378; atomic, 332;

early modern, 221; Greek, 53; guer-

rilla, 252; medieval, 122, 167; ori-

gins of, 5, 21, 25, 27–28, 398t;

Roman, 74; tank, 327; trench, 293

‘‘War on Terrorism,’’ 387

Warsaw Pact, 341, 350–51, 368–69,

377, 406t

Washington, George, 11, 223–24

Waterloo, Battle of, 234, 404t

Watt, James, 240

Wat Tyler Revolt, 158. See also peasant

revolts

Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 205

weapons of mass destruction (WMD),

388

Weimar Republic, 322–23

welfare state, 343–44, 356, 358, 366,

379–80. See also socialism

Welf dynasty, 144

Western civilization/West, the: deﬁni-

tion of, 6–7, 389–95; diversity of,

388; origins of, 107, 110, 127; ques-

tioning of, 252, 302, 385, 390, 395;

supremacy of, 171, 198, 265, 389

westernization, 213, 374, 405t; in the

Americas, 358; in Asia, 275, 278–79,

315, 325, 362; in Eastern Europe,

394; reactions against, 385; in

Russia, 213; among Turks, 289, 319

West Germany. See Germany, Federal

Republic of

‘‘White Man’s Burden’’ (Kipling), 267

Wilhelm I, 283tb, 285

Wilhelm II, 292

William III, 222

William ‘‘the Conqueror,’’ 130, 131f,

134, 402t

Wilson, Edith

, 299, 309

Wilson,

oodrow, 298–99, 309

witch hunts, 175–76, 192, 207, 214,

403t

WMD. See weapons of mass destruc-

tion

Wollstonecraft, Mary, 208

Women’s Liberation, 346, 407t. See

also feminism; sexism

working class: decline of, 344–45; in

England, 238, 255; in Marxism, 256;

origins of, 26, 244; in Rome, 79; and

status, 245, 254. See also commu-

nism; proletariat; socialism

World Trade Center, 387

World War I: fascism after, 317; fronts

in, 293, 327; genocide in, 293; impe-

rialism weakened by, 314; origins of,

289–292, 406t; propaganda in, 295;

reactions against, 299–300, 304,

311, 325; and the Russian Revolu-

tion, 304–7; Turkey after, 319; as

turning point, 7, 299; war socialism

in, 294–95. See also Paris Peace Trea-

ties; Treaty of Versailles

World War II; aerial warfare in, 330;

American role in, 331–32, 343, 391;

in the Balkans, 377; Blitzkrieg in,

327, 328d, 329d; and computers

380; genocide in, 330, 355; origins

of, 325–27, 406t; peace settlements

of, 364

World War III, risk of, 340–41, 349–51,

360, 362–63, 366, 376

World Wide Web. See Internet

Worms: Concordat of, 143; Diet of, 178

Wright brothers, 246

writing: Carolingian, 119; and com-

puters, 382; by historians, 2–4, 7,

9–10, 59–60, 309, 394; origins of,

20, 31f, 32f, 51, 399t; and printing,

174. See also alphabet

WWI. See World War I

WWII. See World War II

Xerxes,59

Yalta Conference, 238–39

Yellow Peril, 312, 407t

Yeshua of Nazareth, 91–92, 400t. See

also Christianity; Jesus Christ

Yom Kippur War, 357

‘‘Young Turks,’’ 289

Yugoslavia: breakup of, 377–78; diver-

sity in, 377; fascist Kingdom of, 318,

377, 406t; socialist state of, 377. See

also Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and

Slovenes

yugo-slavism, 289, 318, 404t

Zaı

re. See Congo.

zairianization, 354

Zapatistas, 379

Zimmermann Telegram, 294

Zionism, 286, 355, 404t

Zoroastrianism, 104–5

Zwinglism, 218

.................

17897$

INDX 10-08-10 09:45:20 PS

PAGE 448.................

17897$

INDX 10-08-10 09:45:20 PS

About the Author

Brian A. Pavlac is the Herve A. LeBlanc Distinguished Service Professor and chair

of the Department of History at King’s College in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. He is

the author of Witch Hunts in the Western World: Persecution and Punishment from

the Inquisition through the Salem Trials and articles on Nicholas of Cusa and

excommunication as well as the translator of Balderich’s Warrior Bishop of the

Twelfth Century: The Deeds of Albero of Trier.

PAGE 449.................

17897$

ATHR 10-08-10 09:45:27 PS

PAGE 450.................

17897$

ATHR 10-08-10 09:45:27 PS