Pavlac B.A. A Concise Survey of Western Civilization: Supremacies and Diversities throughout History

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436

INDEX

philosophy, 151, 156, 257d; and the

Reformation, 178–83, 187; reuniﬁ-

cation of, 367, 372; and Russia, 218,

305–7; as the Second German

Empire, 285–86, 292, 404t; and

socialism, 359; and World War I,

292–95, 299, 305; and World War II,

326–332, 336, 338; uniﬁcation of,

283tb, 284–86, 288. See also

German Confederation; Holy Roman

Empire; Investiture Struggle; Third

Reich

germ theory of disease, 265, 298, 404t

ghettoes, 101, 285, 330, 345, 373, 375,

386. See also anti-Semitism; racism

Gibbon, Edward, 85, 100

Gilgamesh/Gilgamesh, 21, 30, 399t

glasnost, 367, 406t

global climate change, 16, 383

global debt, 355, 406t

globalization, 380, 382, 383–84, 393,

406t

Glorious Revolution, 205, 222, 404t

GMD. See Nationalist Party of China

Gnosticism, 95

God: American, 279; and Cathars, 156;

Christian, 44tb, 92–98, 100; and the

Crusades, 139–40, 176; and the

Enlightenment, 206, 210; Germanic,

112, 115; Jewish, 40–47, 44tb, 155,

393; and knights, 124; and Marxism,

256; and monarchy, 220, 230, 393;

Muslim, 104–6, 115, 156, 177; mysti-

cism with, 177; and nationalism,

292; predestination by, 181; science

against, 261–63; and television, 348

gods/goddesses, 9, 19–21, 19tb,

30–32, 40. See also deiﬁcation; poly-

theism

Goffrin, Madame, 205

Golden Age (of Greek culture and of

Roman culture), 59–60, 64, 69, 401t

Golden Bull, 158, 168

Goliards, 147, 403t

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 367–68, 406t

gospels, 11, 92–93, 99, 150, 401t

Gothic art and architecture, 110, 148,

150f, 250f, 403t

Goths. See Germans

Gracchus, Tiberius and Gaius, 79,

400t

Græco-Roman culture. See classical

culture, inﬂuence of

‘‘Great Awakening,’’ 206, 405t

Great Britain (United Kingdom; U.K.):

and ancient Rome, 80, 84, 102, 111;

and Cold War, 340, 343, 356, 362,

366; and culture wars, 65f, 345, 369,

373; and Cyprus, 375; and decoloni-

zation in Africa, 353–54; democracy

in, 220–23, 225, 234, 238, 250, 250f,

279, 303, 366, 380; and European

rivalries, 212, 216, 230–33, 239,

247, 248, 268, 271, 288, 307, 338;

and European uniﬁcation, 362; and

globalization, 301, 371, 382; and

PAGE 436

imperialism, 183, 220–23, 238,

268–76, 272f, 313–15, 359, 375,

382, 386; and India, 272, 274, 315,

353; industrialization of, 238–41,

258; and Ireland, 313, 375–76, 387;

island of, 51, 74, 80, 392; and Israel,

355–56; medieval invasions of, 114,

118; and the Netherlands, 219; ori-

gins of, 219, 222, 281, 404t; and the

United States, 223–24, 233, 238,

277, 299, 388; and World War I,

292–94, 298, 319; and World War II,

325–27, 330–31, 338. See also

British Commonwealth; British

Empire; England; Ireland; Scotland;

Wales

Great Depression, 302, 314, 318, 323,

325, 379, 406t

Great Leap Forward, 349, 406t

Great Northern War, 213

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution,

350, 406t

Great Terror, 309

Great Trek, 270

Great War. See World War I

Greece (ancient), 49; classical age of,

57; and colonialism, 50, 77; ‘‘Dark

Ages’’ of, 50; and democracy, 55–57,

73, 217; and Hellenism, 46, 61–64,

392; military of, 53, 74, 101, 221,

252; and mythology, 9, 19tb, 63,

65–66, 72, 86–89; and oligarchy,

55–58; and panhellenism, 52; Pelo-

ponnesian Wars of, 60–62; and

Persia, 35, 58–59, 392; philosophy

of, 67–69, 201d, 265; and Rome, 78,

81, 96, 102; and sexuality, 51; and

theater, 68–69, 68f; tyranny in,

54–55, 79, 82, 171. See also Athens;

Sparta

Greece (medieval). See Byzantine

Empire

Greece (modern): and authoritari-

anism, 321, 361; during the Cold

War, 339–40; and Cyprus, 375;

ethnic conﬂict in, 288, 319–20, 336,

377; expansion of, 289–90; and

Greek Revolt, 287, 404t

Greenpeace, 382

Greens, 347, 373

Gregorian calendar, 200–201, 230,

404t

Gregorian chant, 148, 403t

Gregorian Reform, 138, 142, 403t. See

also Investiture Struggle

Gregory I ‘‘the Great,’’ 117, 403t

Gregory VII (Hildebrand), 138, 143,

403t

Gregory XIII. See Gregorian calendar

Grey, Lady Jane, 183

Guatemala, 359

Guernica, 319

guerrilla warfare, 252–53, 273, 279,

349, 359, 362, 366, 387, 404t

Guevara, Che

, 359

guilds, 156, 165, 402t

gulags, 309

Gulf of Tonkin Incident, 362

gunpowder, 168, 402t

Guzman, Jacobo Arbenz, 359

Gypsies. See Roma/Romany

Habsburg dynasty, 253; and abso-

lutism, 214, 247, 251; in Austria,

187, 213–14; and the Dutch Nether-

lands, 218; fall of, 283–85, 290, 295,

318, 320; and France, 186, 211–12,

226, 232; and Hitler, 321; as Holy

Roman Emperors, 168–69, 213–14,

233; and imperialism, 170, 289; and

the Ottoman Empire, 287; rise of,

168–69, 178–80, 184, 402t;in

Spain, 179, 184, 218; in Switzerland,

217. See also Austria-Hungary

Hadrian

,83–84

Hadrian’s

all, 84, 114

Hagia Sophia, 103, 103f

Haiti, 280–81

Hammarskjo

ld, Dag, 354

Hammurabi, 21, 26, 34, 76

Hammurabi, Law Code of, 21, 26, 398t

Hannibal, 77, 400t

Hargreaves, James, 239

Harold II, Godwinson, 130

Hastings, Battle of, 130

Hawaii, 279, 331, 404t

H-bomb. See nuclear weapons

health care, 311, 338, 343, 348, 355,

358–59

heathenism, 97, 100, 189, 269

Hebrews: and Babylon, 41, 159; and

Egypt, 41–46; Judaism of, 42–49,

44tb, 392; kingdoms of, 41, 392; lan-

guage, 33, 51, 93, 175, 330, 356; ori-

gins of, 39–42, 399t; and Persia, 42.

See also Carthage

physics, 202, 265, 298, 332, 347, 404t

Piedmont. See Sardinia-Savoy-Pied-

mont, Kingdom of

Pietism, 206, 405t

pikes, 167, 221, 402t

pilgrimage, 94, 106, 139, 177

Pilgrims, 220

‘‘the Pill,’’ 345

Pinochet, Augusto, 359

Pippin ‘‘the Short,’’ 116–18, 171,

402t

Pisa, 152, 160, 171

Pizarro, Francisco, 193

plague, 25, 30; in the Americas, 194; in

Athens, 63; blaming Jews for, 99,

155; and industrialization, 243–44;

in the Roman Empire, 87, 100. See

also Black Death; epidemics; inﬂu-

enza pandemic

Plains Indian Wars, 277, 279, 404t

Plantagenet dynasty, 132, 134, 167

plantations, 56, 78, 195, 269

Plataea, Battle of, 59–60

Plato, 67, 99, 145–46, 174f, 175, 401t

plebians, 73–74, 76, 78–79, 401t. See

also class; patricians; peasants

plebiscites, 231–32, 256, 304

PLO. See Palestine Liberation Organiza-

tion

plows, 20, 125, 153

plumbing, 106, 243, 244

Plutarch,89

plutocracy, 218

Plymouth Colony, 220

poetry: of Christine de Pisan, 175;

epic, 32, 390, 399t; Goliardic, 147;

imperialist, 267, 288; lyric, 68, 401t;

of Petrarch, 173; Romantic, 147, 289

pogroms, 285. See also anti-Semitism

Poitiers, Battle of (1356), 167

Poitiers/Tours, Battle of (732), 115–16

Poland: and Cold War, 338, 341,

366–67, 369; and European uniﬁca-

tion, 371; medieval, 134, 201; and

pan-slavism, 281, 288; Partitions of,

216–17, 223, 404t; restoration of,

307, 321–22; and Russia, 251, 293,

307, 336; and World War II, 327, 330

Poland-Lithuania, 307

police, 156; and brutality, 353, 361;

and Common Security and Defence

Policy, 370; and imperialism,

312–13; origins of, 243, 405t; and

Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo, 378;

secret, 290, 307–8, 336, 385; and

terrorism, 387

polis, origin of, 50, 398t. See also

Greece (ancient)

Polish Corridor, 322, 327

political

parties:

American, 55; British,

250; fascist, 321–24; Green, 247;

Irish, 313; nationalist, 281, 313; Nic-

araguan, 367; origins of, 249–50,

249tb, 406t; and the Russian Revolu-

tion, 306–8; social democratic,

257–59. See also democracy; parlia-

mentarianism; republicanism

Polo, Marco, 154, 190, 192

polytheism, 19, 19tb, 399t; Arabic,

104–5; Asiatic, 134, 348; Christian-

ity’s opposition to, 95, 99; Egyptian,

32; Greek, 66; Hebrew rejection of,

43–45; Mesopotamian, 43–45;

Roman, 87. See also Buddhism; hea-

thenism; Hinduism; paganism

Pompadour, Madame de, 226

Pompeii, 87, 88f

Pompey,80

Pope: Alexander VI, 177; Boniface

VIII, 159, 403t; Clement V, 159;

Clement VII, 160; Formosus, 121;

Gregory I ‘‘the Great,’’ 117, 403t;

Gregory VII, 138, 143, 403t;

Gregory XI, 160; Gregory XIII,

200; Innocent III, 133, 156; John

Paul II, 348, 407t; Julius II, 177;

Leo I, 102; Leo XIII, 258, 405t;

Martin V, 160; Stephen II, 117; Ste-

phen VI, 121; Urban II, 140; Urban

VI, 160. See also papacy

populares, 79, 400t

population explosion, 312, 355, 358

Portugal: and colonialism, 191, 196,

268, 271, 390; and European uniﬁ-

cation, 371; fascism and, 318, 321,

361; and immigration, 373; origins

of, 140, 190, 281, 402t; and Spain,

184. See also Iberian Peninsula

postmodernists, 373–74

Potsdam, 338–39

Praetorian Guard, 82–83, 402t

Pragmatic Sanction, 214

Prague, 187

Prague

Spring,

351, 367

Praise of Folly (Erasmus), 175

predestination, 181

prehistory, 4, 7, 36, 130, 238, 398t,

399t

prejudice, 8, 211, 346, 2tb

Premonstratensians, 136

Presbyterians, 181, 221–22. See also

Calvinism

president/presidency, 224, 259, 353,

404t

priests/priestesses/priesthood: ancient,

19–21, 30, 392; Christian, 93, 113,

138–39, 178, 180, 183, 194; as

estates, 154, 171, 227d; and the

poor, 358

prime minister, 222, 224, 404t. See

also cabinet system; parliamentari-

anism

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INDEX

443

Prince, The (Machiavelli), 173, 403t

prince-bishops, 129, 158–59, 178, 217,

220

princeps, 81, 400t

Princip, Gavrilo, 290

Principate, 81, 83, 88, 91, 82d

Principia (Newton), 202

printing press, 174, 402t

progress, 5, 205, 208–9, 213, 245, 268,

311, 373, 405t

Prohibition, 302, 407t

proletariat, 78, 244, 256, 401t. See also

class; Marxism

propaganda, 88, 144, 223, 295, 307,

309, 322

property: and the Church, 139, 179,

232, 258; and communism, 256,

359; and corporations, 259; and fas-

cism, 316; and neo-mercantilism,

269, 274, 278; origins of, 21, 24, 26;

and socialism, 254, 258, 356; and

status, 54, 57, 80, 155, 158, 223,

227–28; women’s rights to, 76, 175,

346

proscription, 79, 89, 400t

Protectorate, 221. See also Cromwell,

Oliver

protectorates, 221, 270, 273, 274, 279,

289, 325, 361

Protestantism, 180, 211–12. See also

Anabaptism; Anglicanism; Calvinism;

Lutheranism; Methodists; Pietism

Provisional Irish Republican Army/

Provos, 313

Prussia: and absolutism, 214–15, 251;

and alliances, 248; diversity in, 281;

expansion of, 214, 216–17, 222, 248,

252, 283tb, 284–85; Napoleon and,

232–34, 237; origins of, 141–42,

212, 215; as part of Germany, 293,

322. See also Germany; Holy Roman

Empire

Ptolemaic dynasty, 64

Ptolemaic theory. See scientiﬁc theory,

geocentric

Ptolemy (Hellenistic king), 64

Ptolemy (Hellenistic philosopher), 89,

200

public debt, 166, 303, 402t

Pulaski, Casimir, 223

Punic Wars, 77–78, 240, 400t

Puritan Revolution. See English Civil

War

Puritans, 183, 218, 220–21

Putin, Vladimir, 369

putsch, 323. See also coup d’e

tat

‘‘putting out.’’ See cottage industry

pyramids, 31, 272f

quadrivium. See seven liberal arts

Quadruple Alliance, 248, 251

Quakers, 206

Quebec, 197, 222

‘‘Quislings,’’ 327

Qu’ran, 104–6, 403t

PAGE 443

rabbis, 46, 175, 401t

racism, 195, 198, 208; American, 195,

325; deﬁnition of, 281; fascist, 316,

322; and imperialism, 198, 208, 263;

and science, 98n1; and slavery, 195;

South African, 346–47, 369

radar, 330, 406t

radicals, 229–231, 252

radio, 246, 406t

railroads, 240, 242f, 260, 272, 275,

404t

Rambouillet, Madame, 205

Rape of Nanking, 326

Raphael, 173, 174f, 403t

Rasputin, 305–6

rationalism: and Christianity, 99,

206–7, 209; deﬁnition of, 11, 66;

and the Enlightenment, 209–10,

214, 247, 391

reactionaries, 229–30, 252

Reagan, Ronald, 366–67, 380, 385,

406t

Reaganomics, 381d, 406t

realism, 65, 146, 252, 405t

Realpolitik, 282, 285

Reconquesta, 139, 141, 190–91

Red Army, 308–9

Red Brigades, 361

Red China. See People’s Republic of

China

Red Guards, 349

Red scare, 308, 350, 406t

Red Shirts, 283, 283tb

Reformation, 177–88, 403t

Reform Bill of 1832, 250, 404t

Reformed Churches, 181, 218, 220. See

also Calvinism

regionalism, 113, 379

Reign of Terror, the, 230– 31, 252, 309,

404t. See also French Revolution

religion: deﬁnition of, 5, 11; origins of,

14, 19. See also animism; dualism;

monotheism; philosophy; poly-

theism; supernaturalism

Religion, Wars of, 183–87, 218, 403t,

405t

Renaissance: and anti-Semitism, 285,

386; Carolingian, 120; and imperi-

alism, 190, 279; Italian, 172–74,

172f, 174f, 178, 403t; Northern, 175,

183, 403t; as period, 4, 87, 172, 287;

and witch hunts, 176. See also

humanism

reparations, 322–23

republicanism, 171, 218, 248–52, 275,

298, 325, 336, 390, 404t; in ancient

Rome, 73, 79–81, 82d; in the Dutch

Netherlands, 218; in England, 222,

250; in France, 225–32, 251–52,

353; in Germany, 285, 322, 325, 341;

in Russia, 306–8, 367; in Spain,

318–19, 320f

Republican Party of the United States,

299, 337tb

reservations, 277, 314

Revolution: of 1830, 250–51, 404t;of

1848, 251–52, 256, 282, 284, 404t

;

absence

of, in non-Western nations,

313; American, 223–25; of art during

the Amarna Period, 33; in Cambodia,

363; in China, 349, 382; Commer-

cial, 165, 190, 195, 213; with com-

puters, 380; in Czechoslovakia, 367;

deﬁnition of, 17; English, 220, 223;

English, American, and French as

political, 287; the Enlightenment as,

287, 392; French, 225–35, 234, 247;

in Germany at end of World War I,

322; Glorious, 205, 222; Industrial,

238–47, 252–55, 259, 269, 382;

intellectual, 287; Iranian, 385; in

Latin America, 358; and Macedonian

terrorism, 289; Marxist call for, 256;

Meiji Restoration as, 278; Neolithic

Agricultural, 17; in prices, 195; Ref-

ormation as religious, 177, 287; the

Renaissance as, 287, 392; Russian,

304–10; Scientiﬁc, 176, 200–204,

213, 234, 261–65, 269, 297; sexual,

345–46, 383; in Spain, 318

Rhaeto-Romansch, 217

Rhineland, 181, 231, 248, 281, 322,

326

Rhine River: as French/German border,

189, 212, 322–23, 326; as Roman

border, 84, 101, 115

Ricardo’s ‘‘iron law’’ of wages, 241,

254, 404t

Richard I ‘‘the Lion-hearted,’’ 133,

141

Richelieu, 210–11, 225

Risorgimento, 282, 404t

roads, 75, 125, 194, 239, 244, 275,

283, 301, 344

Roaring Twenties, 300, 407t

‘‘robber barons,’’ 260, 406t

Robert the Bruce, 161, 167

Robespierre, Maximilian, 230

Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 208

Rockefeller, John D., 263

rock ’n’ roll, 345, 407t

Roma/Romany, 287

Roman Catholicism, 44tb, 146, 405t;

and fascism, 324; origins in the

Counter-Reformation, 180, 183–87,

218, 405t; and science, 201, 264,

318; and secularism, 348; and

socialism, 257–58, 358

Roman Empire: borders of, 84, 101;

and Christianity, 91–92, 95, 97–98,

100, 113, 127; corruption in, 100;

and decline of Western Empire, 7,

101–4, 110, 117; defense of, 85;

Islam’s replacement of, 105, 107;

legacy for the West, 112, 118, 121,

129; origins of, 78, 80, 400t. See also

Byzantine Empire; Holy Roman

Emperor; Rome

Romanesque, 148, 148f, 149f, 406t

Roman Inquisition, 184, 202. See also

inquisition

romanization, 76–77, 87

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444

INDEX

Romano-Britons, 114

Romanov dynasty, 214, 288, 295, 306,

318

Roman Republic, 73–74, 77, 82d,

85–86, 131, 217, 231, 392, 400t

Romantic Movement; Romanticism, 9,

247, 250f, 252, 265, 282, 287, 405t

Rome: and Holy Roman Emperors,

129, 136, 143, 158, 169, 182; and

Italy, 282–84, 283tb; as a model, 75,

83, 87, 119; Mussolini’s March on,

317; and Nero, 83; origins of, 46,

71–73, 89, 102, 406t; the papacy

and, 112, 114, 116–18, 135, 160,

177; and Punic Wars, 77–78; sacking

of, 74, 100, 101–2, 182, 393; Treaty

of, 361, 406t. See also Avignon;

papacy; Roman Empire

Romulus and Remus, 74–75

Romulus Augustulus, 102, 118

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 346

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (FDR),

303, 330–31, 338, 406t

Roosevelt, Theodore, 281

Roses, Wars of, 168

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 405t

Rumania, 288–90, 321, 338, 341, 367,

369, 371, 376, 404t

Russia: and absolutism, 213, 253; and

culture wars, 213; diversity in, 281,

313; and imperialism, 213, 217,

247–48, 276, 288, 369, 390; and

Napoleon, 232–33, 330; and Ortho-

doxy, 201, 288; and Poland, 216–17,

251, 327; origins of, 147, 212, 404t;

and global politics, 326, 377,

381–82; restoration of, 368–69;

westernization of 213, 310f, 394;

and World War I, 292–95, 299,

305–7. See also Russian Revolution;

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Russian Revolution, 304–9, 313, 317,

406t

russiﬁcation, 313

Russo-Japanese War, 305

Rwanda, 312, 354, 376

Sabbath (Jewish/Christian) , 44tb,94

sacraments, 94, 139, 144, 177–78,

182–83, 401t

Saint-Simon, Henry de, 255

saints, 97–99, 139, 181

Saladin, 141

Salamis, Battle of, 59–60

salons, 205

Sandinistas, 366

sanitation, 244, 405t

San Martı

n, Jose

de, 281

Santiago de Compostela, 139

sapphism. See lesbianism

Sappho,70

Saracens, 120–22, 128, 142, 379. See

also Muslims

Sardinia-Savoy-Piedmont, Kingdom of,

248, 282, 283, 283tb. See also Italy

Sargon,34

PAGE 444

Sassanian dynasty, 85

satellites, 351

satellite states, 339, 341, 364, 367, 369,

371, 376

Saudi Arabia, 355, 357

Saul (king of Israel), 41, 43, 45

Saul of Tarsus. See Paul of Tarsus

Savoy, 284. See also Sardinia-Savoy-

Piedmont, Kingdom of

Saxon dynasty, 129

Saxons, 102, 111, 114, 118, 120. See

also Anglo-Saxons

Saxony, 129, 158, 177–79

Scandinavia/Scandinavians, 116, 122,

130, 179, 380, 392

Schism, 391; ‘‘Great’’ between Cath-

olic and Orthodox, 138, 140, 160,

161, 180, 403t; ‘‘Great Western’’

among rival popes, 160, 177, 403t

Schlieffen Plan, 292

Scholasticism, 148, 200– 201, 403t

Scho

nbrunn, 214, 216f, 251

School of Athens, 174f

schools: colonial, 275, 268f; and cul-

tural conﬂict, 373; in early civiliza-

tion, 20, 36, 398t; Greek, 68–69; for

lower classes, 214, 255, f260, 283;

medieval monastic and cathedral,

120, 145–46; military, 214; and

nationalism, 280; philosophical, 68,

95, 99; and prayer, 248; secondary,

175; seminary, 183; and women,

146, 214, 259

Schumpeter, Joseph, 379

science, 5; in ancient Greece, 66–67

89; climate change and, 383; the

Cold War and, 341, 351–52, 363; dis-

agreements about, 261–64, 298,

316; genetics and, 383; Muslim, 106;

revolution in, 176, 199–204; World

War II and, 332, 336. See also Scien-

tiﬁc Revolution; scientiﬁc theory;

technology

science ﬁction, 366

scientiﬁc academies, 204–5, 404t

Scientiﬁc Agricultural Revolution, 238,

404t

scientiﬁc method, 2, 13, 202, 404t

Scientiﬁc Revolution, 176, 199–204,

213, 234, 261–63, 269, 278, 287,

297, 313, 392, 404t

‘‘scientiﬁc’’ socialism, 255–57, 404t.