Pavlac B.A. A Concise Survey of Western Civilization: Supremacies and Diversities throughout History

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SUGGESTED READINGS

427

13. REJECTIONS OF DEMOCRACY: THE INTERWAR

YEARS AND WORLD WAR II, 1918 TO 1945

Winston Churchill, While England Slept (1938): Churchill’s warning against appease-

ment policies toward Nazi Germany; also, his multivolume History of the Second

World War (1948–1954) offers his unique voice and perspectives on the conﬂict.

Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents/Das Unbehagen in der Kultur (1930):

The psychiatrist analyzes the value of civilization, applying his theories of guilt.

Adolf Hitler, My Struggle/Mein Kampf (1925/1926): The Nazi leader’s manifesto outlines

his racial views, which more of his contemporaries should have read more carefully

and taken more seriously.

George Orwell, Animal Farm (1945): A fantasy novel about farm animals who create

their own totalitarian society reﬂects contemporary developments.

John Reed, Ten Days That Shook the World (1919): The journalist offers his eyewitness

account of the Russian Revolution.

William L. Shirer, Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934–1941

(1941): An American reporter presents a ﬁrsthand account of Nazi Germany.

Elie Wiesel, Night/La Nuit (1958): A survivor of the Nazi ‘‘Final Solution’’ relates his

experiences.

14. A WORLD DIVIDED: THE EARLY

COLD WAR, 1945 TO 1980

Aime

saire, Discourse on Colonialism/Discours sur le colonialisme (1950): The

author, raised under French colonial rule, indicts imperialism.

Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (1963): The housewife-turned-scholar dissects

American consumerism to understand women’s issues.

clav Havel, The Power of the Powerless (1978): The Czech playwright and future

president explains how people can live under communist regimes.

George F. Kennan [‘‘X’’], The Sources of Soviet Conduct (1947): This article inﬂuenced

the subsequent policy of containment by the United States toward the U.S.S.R.

Robert S. McNamara, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam (1996): One

of the key planners of the war gives his view of what went wrong.

Alvin Tofﬂer, Future Shock (1970): The author reviews how modern technological soci-

ety seems to be accelerating out of control.

15. INTO THE FUTURE: THE CONTEMPORARY ERA,

1980 TO THE PRESENT

Timothy Garton Ash, History of the Present: Essays, Sketches, and Dispatches from

Europe in the 1990s (1999): Essays by the author of The Magic Lantern: The Revo-

lution of ’89 Witnessed in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin and Prague (1990) further

illuminate postcommunist Europe.

Tony Judt, Postwar: History of Europe since 1945 (2005): A contemporary historian

pulls together a masterly analysis of recent decades.

Tina Rosenberg, This Haunted Land (1995): Interviews reﬂect on the fall of commu-

nism in Czechoslovakia, Poland, and East Germany.

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Index

Note: Pag e number s in italics followed by a letter indicat e the followin g: d  diagr am ; f  ﬁgure; n  note;

t  time li ne; tb  table. Terms in boldface designate a person.

9/11, 387–88, 406t

95 Theses, 178

1812, War of, 233, 276

1905 Revolution. See Russian Revolu-

tion

1968 protests, 361

Aachen, 119

abbeys, 115, 123, 135, 147, 148f, 150f,

184–85

ABC. See atomic, biological, and chem-

ical weapons

Abelard, Peter, 146, 403t

Aborigines/Aboriginal (Australia), 314,

379

Abraham, 40, 42, 45–46, 104

absolute monarchy. See absolutism

absolutism: ancient, 20, 52, 64, 80–81,

398t; Austrian, 214, 216–17, 216f;

contemporary, 354, 385; early

modern, 20n1, 205, 209–10, 209n1,

217, 404t; English, 220–21, 224–25;

French, 210–12, 225–29, 232; nine-

teenth-century, 234, 247–51, 249tb,

282, 287, 390; Ottoman, 287; Per-

sian, 58; Prussian, 214, 216–17; Rus-

sian, 212–13, 216–17, 304, 309. See

also divine right; enlightened despo-

tism

Abyssinia. See Ethiopia

acculturation, 10, 22, 343

Acquired Immune Deﬁciency Syn-

drome (AIDS), 345–46, 407t

Acropolis, 64, 65f

Acton, Lord, 209n1

Acts of the Apostles, 93–94

Adam, 40, 45, 158

Adelaide, 129

adoption and designation, 85 –86, 400t

Adrianople, Battle of, 101

advertising, 245, 301, 337, 407t

Aeneid (Vergil), 89, 401t

PAGE 429

Afghanistan, 353; Alexander’s invasion

of, 63; NATO invasion of, 386–88;

Soviet invasion of, 365, 386

Africa: colonialism in, 191, 196–97,

238, 268–75, 288, 312, 317–18, 390,

404t; decolonization, 319, 338,

352–56; exploration of, 51, 189, 190,

196; human origins in, 13–16, 258,

281, 346; interaction with Europe,

69, 77, 107, 124f, 153, 276, 291, 300,

384, 394; Islam in, 106, 122, 138,

192; North, 29, 101, 103, 105, 113,

332; and Ottoman Empire, 170, 289;

slavery and, 84, 195; sub-Saharan,

198, 282, 391. See also South Africa,

Union of

Afrikaaners, 270–73, 313–14, 394,

404t. See also apartheid; South

Africa, Union of

Agnes, Saint,98

agnosticism, 206, 405t

agriculture: ancient Greek, 50; ancient

Middle Eastern, 27, 31, 37; and capi-

talism, 165–66, 354; and collectiviza-

tion, 311, 363; early medieval, 111,

127; and industrialization, 253, 277,

302, 336, 349, 372; origins of,

17–19, 22, 24, 27, 238–39, 390,

t398; prehistoric, 193; scientiﬁc,

204, 239; and three-ﬁeld system,

125, 152. See also Neolithic Agricul-

tural Revolution; peasants; Scientiﬁc

Agricultural Revolution

Agrippina,83

Ahab,45

Ahkenaton (pharaoh), 32–33

AIDS. See Acquired Immune Deﬁciency

Syndrome (AIDS)

airplanes, 246, 289, 293, 301, 314, 340,

404t, 406t

Albania/Albanians, 107, 287, 290, 318,

321, 327, 377–78, 406t

Albigensians. See Catharism

Alcuin Albinus, 119

Alemanni, 101, 111, 120

Alexander (king of Yugoslavia), 318

Alexander VI (pope), 177

Alexander ‘‘the Great’’ (king of

Macedon), 46, 62–64, 69, 78, 82, 85,

106, 278, 377, 392

Alexandria, 69, 116, 401t

Alfred ‘‘the Great,’’ 114–15, 125, 402t

Algeria, 271, 253

Al-Khawarizmi, 106

Alkibiades,62

Allende, Salvador, 359, 406t

Alliance system, 292, 341, 406t

Allied Powers (WWI), 294–95, 298–99,

306–8, 312, 322, 325

Allies, the (WWII), 331–32, 335–36,

338, 340, 380

alphabet, 51, 106, 231, 325n3, 398t

Al-Qaida, 293, 387–88

Alsace-Lorraine, 120, 129, 281, 293,

322. See also Lorraine

Amarna period, 32–33

Amenhotep IV. See Ahkenaton

America.

See United

States

America,

South, 191–92, 263, 286, 291

American Civil War, 3, 282, 404t

American Revolution, 223–24, 287,

313, 392, 404t

American War of Independence, 223

Americas: aboriginal settlers, 15, 22,

51; European discovery of, 172, 184,

192–97, 222; Portuguese coloniza-

tion of, 191; Spanish colonization of,

184, 193–95

Amish, 180, 245. See also Anabaptism

Amnesty International, 382

Amorites. See Babylonians

Anabaptism, 180–81, 183–84, 403t

anarchism, 253, 256, 265, 290, 317–18,

363, 404t

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430

INDEX

ancien re

gime, 225, 228, 230–31, 404t

Andalusia, 120, 122, 140, 145

Angevin dynasty. See Plantagenet

dynasty

Angevin Empire, 134

Angles, 102, 111, 114–15. See also

Anglo-Saxons

Anglicanism, 182–84, 220–21, 384. See

also England, Church of

Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, 114, 402t

Anglo-Saxons, 114–15, 118, 130

animism, 14, 19, 399t

Anschluß, 326

anthropology, 264, 405t

anthropomorphism, 65, 399t

anti-Semitism, 47, 401t; ancient, 47,

98; French, 285–86; medieval, 285;

Nazi, 324, 330

Antoninus Pius,83

apartheid, 346, 369, 406t

apostles, 92, 95, 99

apostolic poverty, 155

apostolic succession, 93, 401t

appeasement, 327

aqueducts, 75, 75f,81

Aquinas, Thomas, 146, 200, 403t

Arab-Israeli War, 356

arabization, 104–5, 145

Arab League, 356

Arabs/Arabia, 104–6, 130, 141, 171,

385–86; and European colonialism,

191, 314–15; in the Iberian Penin-

sula, 115, 145; and Israel, 315,

355–57; and the Ottoman Empire,

169, 294. See also Islamic civilization

Aragon, 140, 172, 182, 191

archaeology, 16–17, 33, 36, 77

architecture, 399t; Greek, 64;

medieval, 110, 120, 148, 167;

modern, 246, 250; origins of, 18, 36,

43; Renaissance, 173; Roman, 75, 88

Argentina, 281, 358–59

Arthur, King, 102, 114

Arianism, 98, 98n1, 100–102, 112, 115,

155

aristocracy, 25–26, 209, 244, 248, 280,

284, 286, 399t; and absolutism, 211,

229–30; ancient, 52–55, 72–73,

78–79; decline of, 244, 248–49,

249tb, 305, 318; early modern, 173,

186, 194; medieval, 116, 120–21,

128–29, 135–36, 154, 167–68, 209,

217–18

Aristotle, 67, 99, 145–46, 200–202,

257d, 400t, 401t. See also dialectic

logic; Scholasticism

Arkwright, Richard, 239–40

Armenia/Armenians, 168, 368

Armenian Massacres, 293. See also

genocide

armor, 53, 122, 124f, 125, 143,

167–68, 293

Armstrong, Neil, 352

art: Amarna, 33; deﬁnition of, 5, 15;

Greek, 56, 65, 69, 88; and icono-

clasm, 117; imperialism, 276;

PAGE 430

medieval, 110, 120; Renaissance,

173; Roman, 87; Romantic, 247

artillery, 293, 322, 329d

artisans, 25, 56, 153–54, 166, 171, 186,

241, 244, 403t. See also bourgeoisie

Aryans, 98n2, 323, 327, 330

asceticism, 179, 315

Asia: ancient civilizations in, 4, 6,

29–30, 36; Christianity in, 98; Euro-

pean colonialism in, 179, 191, 197,

218; horse riders from the steppes

of, 34, 101, 120, 134; independence

movements in, 312, 314, 352–53,

356; Japanese imperialism in, 305,

325; and neo-imperialism, 268–70,

273–76, 278; Russian domination of,

212–13; technology from, 122, 125;

trade with, 155, 157, 189–90; and

World War II, 326, 331, 326. See also

East Asia

Asia Minor, 29, 35, 39, 51, 72; Chris-

tianity in, 95; Greeks in, 50, 58, 62,

64, 80, 106, 140, 319; Turks in,

106–7, 140, 169, 319. See also Ionia

assassination, 62, 81, 83, 85, 102, 106,

141, 173, 186, 210, 253, 290–91,

309, 313, 318, 322, 326, 340, 346,

353, 358, 360, 386

Assassins, 141

assembly-line production, 255

Assyrians/Assyrian Empire, 31f, 34–35,

41–42, 53, 391, 398t

astronomy, 20, 35, 43, 69, 89, 120,

200–201, 404t

Atatu

rk (Mustapha Kemal), 319

atheism, 206, 257–58, 337, 337tb, 366,

374, 405t

Athenian Empire, 60–62, 400t

Athens, 54–59, 64–69, 77, 79, 99, 146,

174f, 287, 337, 375, 400t

Atlantic-African slave trade, 195, 402t

Atlantic Charter, 331, 406t

Atlee, Clement, 338

atomic, biological, and chemical

weapons, 340–41, 388

atomic bomb, 332, 333f, 340–41, 347,

388, 406t

atomic power. See nuclear energy

Attila, 102

Augustine of Hippo, 100–101, 117,

139, 181, 401t

Augustinian canons regular. See Austin

Friars

Augustus Caesar, 81–84, 86, 89, 91,

96, 118, 131, 231, 278, 400t

Austerlitz, Battle of, 233

Austin Friars, 377

Australia, 270, 279, 314, 376, 379, 383,

392–93

Australopithecus,14

Austria: and the Concert of Europe,

247–48, 251; diversity in, 281–82,

320, 373, 392; early modern,

212–17, 222, 233; and European

uniﬁcation, 362, 367, 371; and fas-

cism, 303, 321; and Germany, 282,

284–85; Habsburg creation of, 169,

402t; Republics of, 320–21, 338,

340, 406t; and socialism, 379–80.

See also Africa

Berlin Blockade and Airlift, 320, 342,

349, 406t

Berlin Wall, 350–51, 351n2, 351f, 368,

386, 406t

Bhopal, 382

bias, 2tb,8

Bible, 40–41, 43, 93, 113, 115, 170,

183, 220, 262, 264, 289, 391, 400t

Bill of Rights, 224, 228

bin Laden, Osama, 387–88

biology, 262, 265, 298, 404t

bishop, 93–94, 103, 112–13, 117, 119,

124, 135, 137–38, 143–44, 152–56,

160–61, 180

Bishop of Rome. See papacy

Bismarck, Otto von, 259, 284–85,

283tb, 292, 391, 404t

‘‘Black and Tans,’’ 313

Black Death, 157–58, 164–65, 194,

403t. See also plague

Blitzkrieg, 327, 328d, 329d, 406t

blockades, 296, 322, 327, 340–42, 349,

360

‘‘Bloody Mary.’’ See Mary I

Blue Mosque, 170f

Boers. See Afrikaaners

Boer War, 273, 404t

Bogomils, 169

Bohemia, 129, 158, 160, 169, 179, 187,

284

Boleyn, Anne, 182–83

Bolı

var, Simon, 281

Bolivia, 281

Bolsheviks/Bolshevism, 306–9, 311,

313, 316–19, 326. See also Russian

Revolution

Bonaparte, Napoleon. See Napoleon

Bonaparte

Boniface

VIII

, 159, 403t

Book of Civil Laws. See Justinian Code

Book of Common Prayer, 183, 220–21

Book of the Dead, The,31

PAGE 431

Bora, Katherine von, 179. See also

Luther, Martin

Borgia, Cesare, 177

Bosnians/Bosnia-Herzegovina, 169,

289–90, 318, 377–78, 406t

Boulton, Matthew, 240

Bourbon dynasty, 186– 87, 225–26,

248, 251

bourgeoisie, 179, 226, 227, 229, 231,

248, 250–251; Marxism and, 256,

306–7; origins of, 153–54, 158, 403t

bourse. See stock exchange

Bouvines, Battle of, 134

Boxer Rebellion, 275, 406t

Brandenburg, 158, 214. See also

Prussia

Brazil, 191, 269, 281–82

Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 307

Brezhnev, Leonid, 351, 363

Brezhnev Doctrine, 351

British Commonwealth, 314, 343,

353–54, 362

British Empire. See Great Britain

Bronze Age, 30, 36, 398t

Brussels, 362, 370–73, 372f

Buddhism, Buddhists, 374

Bulgaria: and authoritarianism, 321;

and European uniﬁcation, 376; fall

of communism in, 367; and NATO

membership, 371; origins of,

288–90, 404t; and population trans-

fers, 319, 336; and sovietization,

338, 341; and World War I, 294–95,

330

Bulgars/Bulgarians, 107, 147, 287–88,

294, 318–19, 391

bureaucracy: American, 224; anar-

chism against, 253; computerized,

380; and conservatism, 249; Euro-

pean Union’s, 371; and French abso-

lutism, 210–12, 225; Habsburg, 214;

medieval revival of, 132–34;

Ottoman, 169, 287; papal, 139; and

parliamentarianism, 222; Roman,

82, 85; Spanish, 185; totalitarian,

305, 308–9, 310, 369; and war

socialism, 294

Burgundy, 111, 115, 129, 135, 144,

169, 179, 284

Burundi, 312, 376

Bush, George H. W., 386

Bush, George W., 387–88

Byron, Lord, 287

Byzantines/Byzantine Empire/Byzan-

tium, 102–7, 103f, 129, 391–93,

400t; fall of, 161, 170, 213; Muslims

and, 107, 138, 140–41, 169; rela-

tions with the West, 104, 107, 112,

117–18, 138, 152, 171, 190, 213

Byzantion, 96, 102. See also Constanti-

nople; Istanbul

cabinet system, 211, 222, 404t

Caesar, Augustus. See Augustus

Caesar, Julius, 80–83, 200

caesaro-papism, 113, 403t

cafe

s, 239, 386

calendar: Christian, 6–7, 94; Grego-

rian, 201, 230; Hebrew, 261–62;

Julian, 81, 199–200, 306n1, 307n2,

400t; Mesopotamian origins of, 20,

398t; Muslim, 105

Caligula,83

caliphate, 106, 141, 169

Calvin, Jean, 181, 403t

Calvinism, 181–86, 217–18, 220–22,

238. See also Protestantism

Cambodia, 277, 362–64

Cambridge, 132, 145, 152

Camp David Accords, 386

Canaan. See Palestine

Canada:

British colony, 238, 270,

279; as dominion, 314, 341, 379,

382; and the United States, 223,

276–77, 395

canals, 20, 239–40, 262, 314, 404t

Canary Islands, 194, 319

cannons, 168, 170, 219f, 274, 288,

402t. See also artillery

canon law, 138, 142, 149, 160, 178,

403t

canons regular, 137, 142, 177

Canossa, 143

Canterbury, 133, 151f

Canute, 115, 129

Capetian dynasty, 133

capitalism, 381d; and the Cold War,

337, 337n1, 337tb, 344, 362–63; and

communism, 310–13, 344, 345,

349–50, 375, 377; and fascism, 316;

and globalization, 379–80, 382, 384,

387–88; and imperialism, 195–96,

277; and the industrial revolution,

240–45, 254; and Latin America,

359–60; and liberalism, 249–50; in

the Netherlands, 185; origins of,

164–67, 402t; and post–Cold War,

369, 372, 374–75, 380; risk as part

of, 195, 239, 384; transformation of

the West by, 190; and unions,

254–55, 259, 342. See also Commer-

cial Revolution; economic theory;

socialism

capital punishment, 21, 57, 166f, 229

cardinals, 138–39, 159

Carolingian dynasty, 116–21, 129, 133,

142, 209–10, 370

Carolingian Empire, 118, 120–21, 125,

135, 145, 389, 402t

Carolingian minuscule, 119, 403t

Carolingian Renaissance, 120, 403t

cartels, 260–61, 382, 404t, 406t. See

also monopolies

Carter, Jimmy, 385

Carthage, 77–78, 100–101

Castile, 140, 190–91

castles, 121–25, 122f, 128–32, 131f,

143, 150, 152–54, 167–68, 402t

Castro, Fidel, 359–60, 369, 406t

Catharism, 156, 169, 403t

cathedrals, 93, 120, 124f, 137f, 142,

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432

INDEX

145, 147–48, 150f, 151f, 152, 160,

172f, 183

Catherine II ‘‘the Great,’’ 216

Catherine de Medici, 186

Catherine of Aragon, 182

Catherine of Siena, 160

Caucasian, 270

causation, 2, 10, 391

cavalry, 34, 53, 62, 74, 78, 86, 121–22,

167, 221

Cavour, Camillo di, 282–85, 283tb,

404t

Ceaus

escu, Nicolae, 367

Celestine V, 159

Celts, 51, 74, 80, 84, 100, 114–15, 130,

147, 400t

Central African Republic, 354

Central America, 193, 196, 278, 281,

366, 393

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 340

Central Middle Ages. See High Middle

Ages

central planning, 310, 336, 337tb. See

also communism

Central Powers, 293–95, 299, 312

Chad, 354

Chaeronea, Battle of, 62

Chaldeans. See Neo-Babylonians

Champagne, 152

chancellor. See prime minister

Channel. See English Channel, The

Chanson de Roland, 403t

‘‘Charge of the Light Brigade, The’’

(Tennyson), 288

Charlemagne, 118–21, 129, 135, 142,

209, 233, 361, 392, 402t

Charles I, 220–21

Charles II, 221

Charles IV, 158

Charles V, 178–80, 182–84, 402t

Charles VII, 168

Charles VIII, 172

Charles X, 251

Charles Martel, 115–17, 125

Charles ‘‘the Rash,’’ 169

Chartist movement, 250

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 403t

Chechens/Chechnya, 288, 369, 379

Checkpoint Charlie, 351f

checks and balances, 73–74, 79

Chernobyl, 347, 406t

Chetniks, 377

Chiang Kai-shek. See Jiang Jei-shei

Chiapas, 379

child labor, 260f

Chile, 281, 359, 380

China: as a civilization, 6, 29, 51, 153,

392; and the Cold War, 349–50, 363;

Communists in, 326, 338, 349;

Imperial, 196, 274; and Japan, 326;

Nationalists

in,

325–26; and nuclear

weapons, 341; Opium Wars with,

274–75; People’s Republic of, 349;

post–Cold War, 382, 394; Republic

of, 325; trade with the West, 153–54,

164, 195–96, 269, 274; and Western

PAGE 432

imperialism, 191, 275, 312; and

World War I, 294; and World War II,

326, 336, 338. See also Nationalist

China

chivalry, 123–24, 214, 403t

chocolate, 1, 239, 354

Christendom, 126, 129, 134–35, 147,

169, 175; breakup of, 160, 162,

170–71, 177–78, 187, 197; Crusades

and, 139–43, 155–56; formation of,

112, 121–22, 392

Christianity: and the Byzantine

Empire, 102–3, 103f, 107, 117; early

medieval, 9, 112–19, 121, 122, 124f,

125, 126, 129, 392; and heresy, 93,

101, 115, 155–56; and Islam, 104–7,

139–41, 169–70, 185, 288, 293, 314,

377; and Judaism, 42–43, 95–96,

98–99, 155, 165, 192, 285; medieval,

134–35, 146, 148–50; modern, 173,

175–76, 206–9, 252, 255, 257–58,

262–64, 275, 279, 348, 384; origins

of, 7, 91–94, 400t; persecution by,

68, 139–41, 145, 156, 176, 192–95;

and politics, 128, 189, 209, 216, 248,

269, 288, 337, 337tb, 339, 343, 374;

and the Roman Empire, 86, 89, 91,

93, 95–102, 110, 393; and secu-

larism, 385; schisms in, 117, 138,

160–61, 179–84, 188, 197, 230, 265,

391. See also Anglicanism; Cal-

vinism; Crusades; fundamentalism;

inquisition; Lutheranism; Method-

ists; modernism; Orthodox Chris-

tianity; papacy; Pietism;

Protestantism; Roman Catholicism;

witch hunts

Christian socialism. See socialism

Christine de Pisan, 175, 403t

Christmas, 95, 120, 130, 246, 291

Christmas Carol, A (Dickens), 255

Chulalongkorn, 275

church and state, 7, 45, 100, 143, 193,

249

Church Fathers, 93, 113, 117, 175

Churchill, Winston, 327, 330, 338,

339

Church of England. See Anglicanism

CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency

Cicero,89

Cistercian Reform, 136, 142, 150, 403t

cities: abandonment of, 105, 363; and

barbarians, 22, 26, 84, 111; and civi-

lization, 5, 18, 21–23, 27, 47, 100;

early modern, 174–75, 180, 187,

191, 211, 213, 221, 227–228, 249;

Hellenistic, 69; and industrializa-

tion, 238, 243–47, 251–52, 301, 311;

and Islam, 104–5, 140, 145, 373;

Jews in, 41, 46–47, 98, 114, 287;

medieval, 119, 127, 132, 134, 145,

152–57, 160, 165, 170, 217, 398;

modern, 319, 328d, 332, 340–41,

344–46, 344f, 355, 358, 361, 373;

origins of, 18, 398t; in pre-Colum-

bian Americas, 193; Roman, 75, 78,

84–85, 87–88, 95–96, 102. See also

city-states; suburbanization; urban-

ization

citizenship; American, 282; early

modern, 171, 218; and the French

Revolution, 227–28, 232; Greek,

54–57, 66–67, 400t; and immigra-

tion to the West, 379; Israeli, 356;

and military service, 321; in nine-

teenth century, 247–50, 249tb, 259,

261, 265; Roman, 73–74, 76, 79–82,

82d, 84, 86, 89, 90; and totalitari-

anism, 304, 311, 324; in West Ger-

many, 350, 367; and women, 54, 76,

89, 228, 298

City of God, The (Augustine), 100, 391,

401t

city-states, 18, 21–22, 28, 30, 34, 317,

322; Greek, 50–64, 66–67, 68f, 72;

Italian, 141, 152, 170, 172–73, 172f;

Rome as, 71–77, 80, 86, 282

civic cults.

See cults

civilization,

deﬁnition

of, 5, 22–28

Civil Rights movement, 346–47

Civil War. See American Civil War;

English Civil War; Roman Civil War;

Russia, Civil War and; Spanish Civil

War

class, 24–26, 224, 225, 257d, 399t,

405t; conﬂict between, 26, 61–62,

154, 158n1, 171, 257, 263, 316, 358,

394; distinctions among, 26, 57, 73,

76, 79, 95, 263, 304, 337, 337tb,

343–44, 358, 379; lower, 25, 57, 60,

78, 180, 244–45, 248–49; middle,

186, 249tb, 250, 259, 301, 344–46;

upper, 20, 78, 123, 132, 168, 197,

218, 221, 244, 249tb, 281; working,

166, 238, 243–44, 250, 253–256. See

also aristocracy; bourgeoisie;

Marxism; peasants

Classical Age (of Greece), 57, 62

classical antiquity, 87, 89, 99; inﬂuence

of, 105, 109–10, 113, 119–20, 145,

148, 165, 173–76, 174f, 192, 199–

200, 393, 400t

Cleisthenes,57

Clemenceau, George, 298

Cleopatra,80

clergy: estate of, 152, 226, 227d, 405t;

regular (see monasticism); secular,

93, 113, 136. See also bishop;

canons regular; papacy; Pope;

priests

cloisters. See abbeys

clothing, 14, 18, 26, 398t

Clovis, 115, 402t

Cluniac Reform, 135–37, 148, 150,

403t

coal, 240, 241f, 243, 246, 258f, 260f,

274, 343, 347, 361

Coal and Steel Authority, 361

Coalitions, Wars of the, 229–34, 284,

337–39, 404t; ‘‘Coalition of the

Willing,’’ 388

‘‘Coca-colanization,’’ 355, 407t

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INDEX

433

cocoa. See chocolate

Cold War: crises of, 349–52, 362; and

tente, 361–64; end of, 365–69;

and human rights, 346–47, 364; and

ideology, 337, 337tb, 348; and Latin

America, 359–61; origins of,

335–42, 406t; and South Africa, 346,

369

collective security, 250, 298, 338

collectivization, 311

colleges, 3–5, 145, 175, 290, 354, 403t

colonialism: American, 279, 299;

decline of, 311–16, 352–57, 373,

387; Dutch, 197, 218; English, 197,

222, 238–39; French, 197, 211;

Greek, 50–51, 55, 57; and Latin

America, 298–99; in the nineteenth-

century, 267–76; Phoenician, 77; ori-

gins of, 50, 398t; Roman, 84;

Spanish, 194; Western imperial,

189–91, 196–97. See also imperi-

alism; neoimperialism

Columbian Exchange, 193

Columbus, Christopher, 12, 192–93,

195, 402t

commerce: agreements of, 343;

ancient, 5, 16, 20, 23, 398t; barriers

to, 275, 302, 370, 389; and globaliza-

tion, 380; Greek, 50–51, 53, 56; and

imperialism, 191, 218, 219f, 277–78;

and Jews, 46; medieval, 125, 152–53,

171; Muslim, 106; networks of, 69,

79, 141, 157, 189–90, 195, 218, 380;

organizations for, 357, 361–62; Per-

sian, 35; Roman, 85, 96; for sex, 383;

in slaves, 195, 273–75; war about,

221, 338. See also balance of trade;

Commercial Revolution; economic

theory

Commercial Revolution, 165, 190, 195,

313, 392, 404t

Commodus,85

commoners. See Third Estate

Common Market. See European Union

Commons, House of, 168. See also Par-

liament

Commonwealth, 221. See also Crom-

well, Oliver

Commonwealth of Independent

States, 368

Communards. See Paris Commune

communes, 156, 217, 402t

Communion. See Eucharist

communism: central state planning as,

336, 337n1, 337tb, 367; collapse of,

366–69, 374; and cultural war, 345,

348; in European elections, 303,

318, 340, 350, 361; origins of,

255–57, 257d; Western admiration

for, 311, 358; Western fear of, 308,

330, 339, 350, 375. See also Bolshe-

vism; Communist Party; Marxism;

socialism; war communism

Communist Bloc, 362

Communist Manifesto (Marx and

Engels), 256

PAGE 433

Communist Party/Parties: Chinese,

326, 349; in the Soviet Union,

308–9, 367; under the Third Reich,

324; in twentieth-century Europe,

303, 339–40, 350, 361. See also

communism; Union of Soviet

Socialist Republics

computers, 380, 389, 406t

concentration camps, 273, 279, 324,

326, 353–54, 405t

Concert of Europe, 248, 298–99

conciliarism, 160, 177, 180

Concordat of: 1516, 180; Mussolini

[Lateran], 317; Worms, 143, 402t

condottieri, 171–72

Conference for Security and Coopera-

tion in Europe (CSCE), 364

Congo: and colonialism, 271, 312,

315; Crisis of, 338, 406t; and Euro-

pean Union, 370; zairianization of,

354

Congregationalists, 181. See also Cal-

vinism

Congress of: Berlin (1878), 288; Berlin

(1884), 271, 288; Vienna, 247–48,

251, 281, 299, 404t

conquistadors, 193–94, 281

conservatism: in the late twentieth cen-

tury, 57, 245, 345 –46, 356, 361, 366,

380, 387; in the nineteenth century,

249–54, 249tb, 258–59, 281–82,

287–88; origins of, 247–48, 404t;

and other ideologies, 57, 245, 265,

287, 317–19, 322–23, 339

Conservative Party of Great Britain,

250, 366

Constantine, 96–98, 97f, 102, 160,

178, 400t

Constantinople: fall of, 107, 169–70;

founding of, 96, 102–4, 400t; and

patriarchs, 117, 213. See also Byzan-

tion; Istanbul

constitutionalism, 57, 73, 79, 218, 224,

227, 249–52, 322, 336, 404t. See

also constitutional monarchy;

republicanism

constitutional monarchy, 222, 228, 278

Constitution of the United States, 224

consuls, 73, 79, 81, 231

consumer economy/consumerism,

245–46, 261, 265, 295, 301–2, 344,

355, 383, 404t

containment, 339

Continental System, 233

Copernicus, Nicolaus, 201–2, 262,

404t

Corinthian columns, 88, 110

corporate state, 316, 385n1. See also

fascism

corporations, 218, 259–61, 277, 279,

343, 360, 380, 382, 391, 404t

Corsica/Corsicans, 131, 247, 376

Corte

s, Herna

n, 193

cottage industry, 153, 240, 402t

Council of: 500, 57; Basel, 161; Con-

stance, 160; Nicaea, 98, 401t; Trent,

183; Whitby, 114. See also Second

Vatican Council

Counter-Reformation. See Reforma-

tion, Roman Catholic

coups d’e

tat: in Argentina, 358; in

France, 231; in the Ottoman Empire,

289; in Rumania, 367; in Russia, 307,

368. See

also putsch

courtesy

, 123, 403t

courts: and civil rights, 345–46; divine,

31; ecclesiastical, 133, 145, 159;

feudal, 123–24; international, 336,

359; judicial, 111–12, 132, 226, 240,

277, 323, 324, 370; manorial, 154;

papal (Curia), 139; princely, 20, 103,

185, 190, 211–13, 221; tennis, 227

Crassus,80

Creoles, 21, 358

Crimean War, 288, 293, 404t

Croatia/Croatians, 147, 281, 287, 318,

320, 377, 406t

Cromwell, Oliver, 221, 232, 404t

Crusades, 139–41, 402t; Albigensian,

156; First, 140, 152; Fourth, 153;

and Henry II, 132; and papacy, 144,

159; and Portugal, 190

Cuba, 260, 279, 359, 366, 369

Cuban Missile Crisis, 260

cults: civic, 66, 399t; fertility, 43;

modern, 347–8; mystery, 88, 93, 95

cuneiform, 30, 51, 31f

Curia, the, 139, 159. See also papacy

Curie, Pierre, and Marie Skło-

dowska, 265

cynicism, 66

Cyprus, 338, 371, 375, 375f, 406t

Cyrus ‘‘the Great,’’ 35, 42

Czecho-slovakia, 320, 326–27

Czechoslovakia, 336, 338, 341, 351,

363, 367

Czech Republic, the, 369, 371

Czechs, 214, 281, 320, 351

Dachau, 324. See also concentration

camps

Danegeld, 132

Dante, 147, 403t

Danzig, 324, 327

Darius,58

Dark Ages, 111–12, 402t, 403t

‘‘Dark Ages’’ [Greek], 50, 398t

‘‘Dark Continent.’’ See Africa

Darwin, Charles, 262, 298, 383, 404t.

See also natural selection, theory of

David, 41, 43, 45–46, 209

Dawes Plan, 323

Dayton Accords, 379

D-Day, 332

Declaration of Independence, 223

Declaration of the Rights of Man and

the Citizen, 228, 405t

Declaration of the Rights of Woman

and the Citizeness (Gouges), 228

decolonization 354–59, 406t

deiﬁcation, 63–64, 82, 86, 193, 401t

deism, 206, 210, 405t

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434

INDEX

Delian League, 60–61, 400t

democracy: Algerian, 353; American,

224–25, 303; British, 205, 220–21,

250; and Calvinism, 181; and the

Cold War, 337tb, 339, 341, 361, 371,

385, 390; Dutch, 185, 218; and fas-

cism, 316–19, 323, 325; French,

229–34, 251; Greek, 52–62, 64, 67,

69, 219, 400t; Latin American, 358,

367; medieval urban, 154, 171, 219;

modern European, 249; post–World

War I, 297–99, 303–4; Roman, 73,

79–80, 219; and socialism, 257–59,

306–7, 322, 343; Swiss, 217. See also

constitutionalism; republicanism

Democratic Party of the United States,

303, 337tb

denaziﬁcation, 340

Denmark, 114–15, 122, 129, 134, 187,

322, 383

department stores, 245, 406t

Derrida, Jacques, 373

Descartes, Rene

, 202, 206

Descent of Man (Darwin), 263

despotism, enlightened. See enlight-

ened despotism

despots. See tyranny

destalinization, 350

tente, 363–65, 406t

determinism, 181

devil, the, 156, 176

dialectic: logic, 67, 145–46, 400t;

materialism, 10, 256, 257d

Dialogue on the Chief World Systems

(Galileo), 202

Diaspora, 46, 95, 401t

Dias, Bartolomeu, 191

Dickens, Charles, 255, 405t

dictators: fascist, 318–19, 323, 361,

375; Islamic, 385, 386; Latin Amer-

ican, 278, 358–59, 366; modern,

221, 303–4, 322, 325, 349, 353–55,

369; Napoleonic, 232, 248; Roman

79–80, 82d; Soviet, 307, 309, 336,

367, 377. See also tyranny

Diderot, Denis, 208

Diet of the Holy Roman Empire, 176,

178, 180

Diet of Worms, 180

dinosaurs, 262, 264

Diocletian, 85, 400t

‘‘Dirty War,’’ 358–59

diversity, deﬁnition of, xv-xvi, 10

Divine Comedy (Dante), 147, 403t

divine right, 209, 220, 404t

division of labor, 24–26, 399t. See also

class

doctrine of ideas. See idealism

dollar diplomacy, 277

Domesday Book, 130, 402t

domestication, 17, 34, 36

Dominicans, 155–56

Dominate, 86, 82d, 400t

Domitian,83

Donation of Pippin, 118

ner kebabs, 373

PAGE 434

‘‘do-nothing’’ kings, 116, 402t

Draco,56

Drake, Sir Francis, 186, 196

Dreyfus, Alfred/Dreyfus Affair,

285–86

dualism, 93, 104, 156, 169, 403t

Dutch East India Company. See United

East India Company

Dutch Netherlands: and capitalism,

164, 218–19; colonialism by,

196–97, 218–19, 219f, 268, 270,

278, 315, 331, 346, 369; democracy

in, 218, 225; as the Dutch Republic,

185–87, 218, 404t; and European

rivalries, 212–13, 219, 221, 223;

European uniﬁcation and, 361,

373–74, 390; as the Kingdom of the

Netherlands, 120, 152, 248, 251; ori-

gins of, 185–87, 218, 404t; tolera-

tion in 212, 220, 345

dynasty, deﬁnition of, 6, 20

Early Middle Ages, 109–21, 127, 147,

152, 155, 392, 402t, 403t

Early Modern Period, 161, 172, 404t ,

405t

East Asia: civilization in, 4, 29, 36, 196;

Dutch trade with, 218; Jews in, 47;

medieval trade with, 153, 155;

Western imperialism in, 274, 325;

and World War II, 325–26, 338

Easter, 94, 200, 246

‘‘Eastern bloc.’’ See Communist Bloc

Eastern Orthodox Churches. See

Orthodox Christianity

Easter Rising, 313

East Germany (German Democratic

Republic), 340–41, 350, 362,

367–69, 372. See also Germany

East Timor, 376

economics, deﬁnition of, 5

economic theory: classical liberal eco-

nomics/laissez-faire, 205, 249, 249tb,

255, 261, 269, 303, 337tb, 358–59,

380, 381d; Keynesian, 303, 380, 384,

381d; mercantilism, 196, 205–6,

211, 249, 249tb, 269, 381d, 404t;

neo-mercantilism, 269, 274, 404t;

Reaganomics, 381d

Edict: of Milan, 97, 401t; of Nantes,

187, 211–12; of Toleration, 97

Edward I, 133

Edward III, 167

Edward VI, 182

egalitarianism, 56, 84, 338

Egypt: and absolutism, 30–31, 45, 52;

ancient, 30–34, 391–92; and Great

Britain, 238, 271–72, 272f, 312; and

Greeks, 46, 62, 64; and Hebrews,

40–41, 43, 44tb; and Islam, 141; and

Israel, 356–57; modern indepen-

dence of, 314; and Napoleon, 231;

Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms, 34,

398t; and Ottoman Empire, 272f;

and Persia, 35, 62; and Rome,

80–81, 106

Einstein, Albert, 300, 332, 406t

Eleanor of Aquitaine

, 130, 133

electricity

246, 343, 347, 404t

Elgin, Lord, 65n1

Elizabeth I, 182–84, 186, 219, 404t

embargoes, 233, 318, 357, 379

empiricism, 11, 99, 205–6, 208, 404t

Engels, Friedrich, 256, 368f

England: Calvinism in, 181, 218, 220;

Church of, 182–83, 201, 206, 220,

238; Civil War in, 221; Enlighten-

ment in, 205, 213, 238; and the for-

mation of the West, 121, 125, 134,

392; and France, 143–44, 167–68,

175, 197; government of, 129– 33,

131f, 143, 158, 159, 168, 176; and

imperialism, 197; Norman Conquest

of, 130, 134; origins of, 115, 121;

and the papacy, 133, 143–44, 159;

and the Reformation, 182–86, 196;

and Scotland, 159, 222. See also

Great Britain

English Channel, 130, 132

English Civil War, 221, 402t

English Revolution, 220–22, 287, 313,

392

enlightened despotism, 210–14, 216,

225, 232, 259, 404t

Enlightenment, 87, 176, 204–17, 215f,

225, 228, 230, 234, 247, 285, 287,

373, 391–92, 405t

empire, deﬁnition of, 22, 28

empiricism, 99, 205, 208

encyclopedias/Encyclopedia, 3, 208,

404t

environmentalism, 347, 379

Epicureanism, 71, 401t

epidemics, 23, 157. See also plague

Erasmus, 175, 184, 403t

Escorial, El, 184, 185f

estates, 152–53, 191, 227d, 405t

Estates-General, 134, 159, 168, 212,

226, 227d, 402t

Estonia, 321, 367–69, 371

Ethiopia, 275, 317–18, 358

ethnic cleansing, 377, 406t

ethnicity: American, 282; in the Amer-

icas, 193; in the Balkans, 287–91,

318, 376–78; and the Church,

knighthood, 124f; deﬁnition of, 16;

and empires, 21; in England, 115;

and fascism, 316–24; Germanic,

111, 113, 123; Greek, 50, 54, 103;

and Habsburgs, 214, 321; and impe-

rialism, 270, 354, 387; Jewish, 95,

324; in Latin America, 281–82, 358;

and maintenance of identity, 28,

394; Muslim, 106, 141, 170; and

nationalism, 280–86, 369, 373–79;

and population transfers, 336;

Roman, 76, 84, 102, 123; in Russia,

212, 307–8; in South Africa, 314,

347, 369; stereotypes of, 197; See

also genocide; nationalism; racism

Etruscans, 74–75, 82

Eucharist, 96, 140, 148, 181, 358

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435

European Coal and Steel Community,

361

European Commission, 371

European Community. See European

Union

European Economic Community. See

European Union

European Free Trade Association, 362

European Union, 370, 372f, 406t;as

Common Market, 361; diversity in,

391; as European Community, 118,

361–62, 370; as European Economic

Community, 361, 406t; expansion

of, 374, 375; interventions of, 378

Euzkadi, 319. See also Basques

evolution, 15, 262–64, 391, 404t. See

also natural selection, theory of

exceptionalism: American, 279, 387;

Western, 189

excommunication, 96, 138, 143–44,

178, 188, 401t

Exodus, the, 41, 398t

extraterritoriality, 277–78, 312, 325–26

factionalism, 62

factory/mill system, 238, 240–41,

254–55, 404t

facts, 9, 73, 263, 330. See also myths;

opinions

fairs, 152, 164, 372f

Falklands War, 359, 406t

family, 4, 15–16, 52, 56, 112–13, 123,

165–66, 312, 399t

‘‘family values,’’ 245, 405t

Far East. See East Asia

fascism: in Argentina, 358; in Cuba,

359; deﬁnition of, 316–17; in

Eastern Europe, 321; in Germany,

321–22; in Greece, 361; in Italy,

317–18; in Japan, 326; in Norway,

32; origins of, 316–17, 406t; in Por-

tugal, 318, 361; in Spain, 318–19,

320f, 361; in Yugoslavia, 318, 377

Fashoda Incident, 272

federalism, 224, 404t

feminism, 346. See also Women’s Lib-

eration

Ferdinand (of Aragon and Spain), 184,

191, 402t

Ferdinand I (emperor of Austria), 251

Ferdinand I (Holy Roman Emperor),

184

Fertile Crescent, 35–36

fertility rituals, 30, 45, 66

feudal politics, 123–25, 128–29, 133,

135, 152, 402t

feuds, 112, 123n1, 403t

ﬁefs, 123–24, 128–29, 132

ﬁfth columnists, 327

Final Solution. See Holocaust

ﬁnance, 24, 164–66, 171, 190, 238–39,

295, 300, 302, 384, 390

Finland, 307, 327, 330, 362, 364, 371

ﬁrearms, 278, 402t

First Balkan War, 289. See also Second

PAGE 435

Balkan War; Third Balkan War;

World War I

First Estate, 152, 226, 227d. See also

Estates-General

First Peloponnesian War, 61

First Persian Gulf War, 386, 406t

First Triumvirate, 80

‘‘First World,’’ 338

Five Good Emperors, 83, 400t

Five-Year Plans, 310–11, 406t

Flanders, 133, 167, 179, 184, 251. See

also Belgium

Flavian dynasty, 83

FLN. See National Liberation Front

(FLN)

Florence, 172–73, 172f, 201, 283tb

Ford, Henry, 255

Formosa. See Nationalist China

Fortuyn, Pim, 373

Foucault, Michel, 373

Fourteen Points, 298, 312

France: and absolutism, 210–13; and

the Cold War, 338, 340, 356, 362;

and culture wars, 373, 376; and

decolonization, 353–54; diversity in,

281; and England, 130, 133, 159,

167–68, 175; and European alli-

ances, 247–48, 288, 292; and Euro-

pean uniﬁcation, 361; Fourth and

Fifth Republics of, 353; and Ger-

many, 285, 292, 322–23, 326; and

Great Britain, 222, 225, 241, 271,

288, 299; and Habsburgs, 179, 187,

211, 214; medieval, 122f, 125–26,

133–34, 152; nationalism in, 282,

284–86; and neoimperialism, 268,

271, 315; origins of, 74, 120–21,

402t; and the papacy, 134, 143, 156,

159, 180; and the Reformation, 181,

183–87; and the Revolution,

227–35; Revolutions of 1830, 1848,

1870, 251–52, 256; Second Republic

of, 251; Third Republic of, 254;

witch hunts in, 176; and World War

I, 292–95, 298, 322; and World War

II, 327, 332

Francis I, 179

Francis-Joseph I, 251, 289

Francis of Assisi, 155, 391, 403t

Francis of Habsburg-Lorraine. See

Maria Theresa

Franco-Prussian War, 252, 283tb,

284–85

Frankfurt Parliament, 251, 284

Frankish Kingdoms, 115–16

Frankish-Papal alliance, 118, 142, 403t

Franklin, Benjamin, 26, 224

Franks: as name for crusaders in Pales-

tine, 141; early medieval, 102, 111,

114–21, 125, 130, 400t, 402t. See

also East Franks

Franz Ferdinand, 290–91, 332

Frederick II ‘‘the Great,’’ 214–16,

222

Frederick III, 168–69

French and Indian War. See Seven

ears War

French Community, 352–54

French Revolution, 225–235, 237,

247–48, 309; origins of, 225–228;

and Napoleon, 231–34; and war,

229–34

Freud, Sigmund, 264–65, 298, 404t

fundamentalism, 264, 384–85, 385n1,

405t

G7/G8, 382, 406t

Galilei, Galileo, 201–2, 404t

Gallic War/Gallic War, The (Caesar),

80, 401t

Gama, Vasco da, 191, 196, 402t

Gandhi, Mohandas K. (Mahatma),

317, 355, 406t

Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 283–84, 283tb,

404t

Gastarbeiter, 342–43

gas warfare, 289, 293, 385

GATT. See General Agreement on Tar-

iffs and Trade (GATT)

Gaul, 80, 101–2, 115

Gaulle, Charles de, 353, 362

Gauls. See Celts

gender, 5, 23–24. See also sex

General Agreement on Tariffs and

Trade (GATT), 343

Genesis, 40, 261–62, 264

genetics, 14, 23, 305, 383

Genghis Khan, 134

genocide, 293, 330, 336, 363, 406t

geocentric theory, 200–201, 201d, 206

geology, 16, 261–62, 385, 404t

German Confederation, 248, 284–85

Germania, 111, 115. See also Germany

Germanic barbarian kingdoms, 102,

109–16, 118–19, 125

Germanic barbarian migrations,

101–2, 123, 155, 400t

germanization, 114

‘‘German problem,’’ 325, 341

Germans: Early (barbaric), 9, 80, 84,

89, 98, 392–93; as rivals to Rome,

85, 100–102, 105, 107, 110; in

South-Tyrol, 317; stereotype of, 197;

in Sudetenland, 320; in Yugoslavia,

318. See also Anglo-Saxons; Franks;

Germanic barbarian kingdoms; Holy

Roman Empire; Ostrogoths; Visi-

goths

Germany: and Austria, 214, 281, 290,

326; and the Balkans, 287; and cul-

ture wars, 373; and divided East Ger-

many, 350, 362, 368; and

domination in Italy, 129, 174; and

European uniﬁcation, 362, 370; and

fascism, 319, 321–24; Federal

Republic of, 343, 350, 361, 382; and

the Holy Roman Empire, 129–30,

136, 138, 142, 144, 159; and

humanism, 175; and imperialism,

267, 268f, 273, 312, 390; medieval,

117–18, 125–26, 129, 134, 141; and

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