Painting in the Dutch Golden Age

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slide 13 (p. 123)

Rembrandt van Rijn

Dutch, 1606–1669

Lucretia, 1664

oil on canvas

120=101 (47¼=39¼)

National Gallery of Art, Washington,

Andrew W. Mellon Collection

slide 14 and reproduction (p. 13)

Rembrandt van Rijn

Dutch, 1606–1669

The Mill, 1645/1648

oil on canvas

87.6=105.6 (34½=415⁄8)

National Gallery of Art, Washington,

Widener Collection

slide 15 and reproduction (p. 113)

Rembrandt van Rijn

Dutch, 1606–1669

Self-Portrait, 1659

oil on canvas

84.5=66 (33¼=26)

National Gallery of Art, Washington,

Andrew W. Mellon Collection

slide 16 and reproduction (pp. 60–61)

Jan Steen

Dutch, 1625/1626–1679

The Dancing Couple, 1663

oil on canvas

102.5=142.5 (403⁄8=561⁄8)

National Gallery of Art, Washington,

Widener Collection

slide 17 and reproduction (p. 85)

Johannes Vermeer

Dutch, 1632–1675

A Lady Writing, c. 1665

oil on canvas

45=39.9 (17¾=15¾)

National Gallery of Art, Washington,

Gift of Harry Waldron Havemeyer and Horace

Havemeyer, Jr., in memory of their father,

Horace Havemeyer

slide 18 (p. 37)

Johannes Vermeer

Dutch, 1632–1675

Woman Holding a Balance, c. 1664

oil on canvas

39.7=35.5 (157⁄8=14)

National Gallery of Art, Washington,

Widener Collection

slide 19 (p. 56)

Johannes Cornelisz Verspronck

Dutch, 1606/1609–1662

Andries Stilte as a Standard Bearer, 1640

oil on canvas

101.6=76.2 (40=30)

National Gallery of Art, Washington,

Patrons’ Permanent Fund

slide 20 (p. 49)

Emanuel de Witte

Dutch, c. 1617–1691/1692

The Interior of the Oude Kerk, Amsterdam,

c. 1660

oil on canvas

80.5=100 (3111⁄16=393⁄8)

National Gallery of Art, Washington,

Patrons’ Permanent Fund

160

Glossary

Allegory: an extended metaphor in

art or literature in which what

is represented carries meaning

beyond its literal interpretation

Arcadia: a region of Greece cele-

brated by poets and artists for its

pastoral simplicity

Burgher: a member of the urban

upper or middle class

Calvinism: strict Protestant denomi-

nation based on the teachings of

John Calvin (1509–1564). Ofcial

religion of the Dutch Republic,

practiced by approximately one-

third of the population. Calvin-

ists abjured devotional images in

their churches and emphasized

personal faith and close reading of

the Bible.

Camera obscura: an optical device

that enabled artists to project

an image of the scene or setting

before them onto a canvas or at

surface. Certain characteristics of

Dutch painting, such as a blurring

or softening of edges and com-

pressed space, can be linked to the

use of the camera obscura.

Caravaggisti: followers of the Italian

painter Michelangelo Merisi da

Caravaggio (1573–1610), known

for his realism and dramatic con-

trasts of light and dark

Civic guard (schutterijn): a voluntary

local militia that assumed civic

and religious responsibilities in its

community

Classicism: refers to an overall

impression of beauty, order, and

balance in a work of art. The term

comes from ancient Greek and

Roman art, which favored physi-

cal perfection and idealized forms.

Eighty Years’ War: Dutch war for

independence from Spanish rule,

1568–1648

Emblem Books: moral guidebooks.

Each page featured a proverb

accompanied by an explanatory

illustration and a poem.

Engraving: a printmaking process in

which a drawing is incised on a

metal plate that is then covered

in ink, wiped clean, and printed,

creating a sharp and precise

impression

Etching: a printmaking process in

which acid is used to cut an image

into a plate, which is then inked

and wiped clean. Ink remaining

in the etched lines produces a

fuzzy, more expressive image than

engraving.

Flemish: describing the territory of

the southern Netherlands (Flan-

ders, now Belgium) that remained

under Spanish rule following

Dutch independence

Guild of Saint Luke: association of art-

ists that oversaw the training of

new artists, regulated quality

standards, controlled and pro-

tected local commercial markets,

and provided social support

Guilder: Dutch currency until 2002,

when replaced by the Euro

House of Orange: Dutch aristocratic

family associated with the quest

for independence. William I

(1533–1584) initiated the Dutch

rebellion against Hapsburg Span-

ish rule. He held the title of stad-

holder and was succeeded by his

sons and their heirs, including

Maurits (1567–1625) and Fredrick

Henry (1584–1647)

161

Stadholder: title of the Dutch

Republic’s elected military leader,

traditionally reserved for a mem-

ber of the House of Orange, the

descendants of William of Orange

States-General: national legislative

assembly controlled by regents

Treaty of Münster (1648): the formal

end of the Eighty Years’ War and

Spain’s ofcial recognition of an

independent Dutch Republic

Twelve-Year Truce (1609–1621): a negoti-

ated suspension of hostilities

between the United Provinces

and Spain, during which Spain

recognized Dutch autonomy in

Europe and abroad

United Provinces: name by which the

seven northern Netherlands prov-

inces were known from 1579 until

Dutch independence in 1648

Iconoclasm: “image smashing.” Prot-

estant destruction of religious

imagery, primarily in Catholic

churches and monasteries.

Mannerism: sometimes called the

“stylish style,” mannerism is

marked by strong and unnatural

colors, collapsed space, awkward

poses, and exaggerated proportions

Polder: drained land reclaimed for

agriculture

Regents: Dutch governing elite

who were members of the wealthy

middle class. Regents controlled

civic and provincial governments

and institutions as well as the

national assembly (see states-

general).

VOC, Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (East

India Company):

founded in 1602 to

develop international trade for the

Dutch. The VOC held a monopoly

on the world’s major trade routes

in Asia and established posts in

Indonesia, India, Ceylon, and Sri

Lanka. Goods traded included

pepper, nutmeg, mace, coffee, and

cinnamon. The scope of the VOC

expanded over time from shipping

to shipbuilding, processing of

goods, and missionary activities.

WIC, Westindische Compagnie (West India

Company):

formed in 1621 to serve

Dutch commercial and political

interests in the western hemi-

sphere. The

WIC’s post in Bever-

wijck (today upstate New York)

was the rst Dutch settlement on

the East Coast of North America;

with other settlements, it became

New Netherland.

162

Dutch words and phrases

Banketje:

“banquet piece” or still

life featuring foods for special

occasions

Fijnschilderachtig: descriptive of

smoothly painted surfaces that

appear to be almost without

brushstrokes

Fluyts: large Dutch merchant

ships with massive cargo holds

that aided long-distance trade

Gracht: canal

Kermis: village fair

Koekje: cookie

Landschap: landscape

Ontbijtje: “breakfast piece” or

category of still-life painting

featuring breakfast or ordinary

food items

Pleyt: a at-bottomed Dutch

ship commonly used as a ferry

because it could sail shallow

inland waterways

Pronkstileven: still-life style fea-

turing lavish goods and bright

colors

Stilleven: still life

Terms used to describe the source of

an artist’s inspiration

Naar het leven: from life

Poetische gheest: from the

imagination

Uyt den gheest: from the mind

163

Painting in the Dutch Golden Age A Prole of the Seventeenth Century

n At i o n A l G A l l e r y o f A r t, w A S h i n G to n

N at i o N al G al l e r y o f a r t

Di v i s io N of e Du c at i oN

D epa r tm e N t o f e D u c at io N p u b li c at i oN s

Painting in the

Dutch Golden Age

a prole of the seventeenth century

N at io N a l G a l l e r y o f ar t

Wa s h i N G t o N