Овчинников В.П. Технологии и технологические средства бурения искривлённых скважин

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

110

Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ M

ɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɦ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬ-

ɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ Ⱥȼ ɨɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ Ⱥ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɋ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ

ɬɨɱɤɨɣ Ɉ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɟɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥ 4

ɢ ɚɡɢɦɭɬ D

ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɟ

ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ.

5.2 ɇɟɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɤɪɢɜɥɟɧɢ-

ɟɦ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ

ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɤɪɢɜɥɹɬɶ

ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ

ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ

ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ-

ɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɤɪɢɜ-

ɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɄɇȻɄ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɛɭɪɢɬɶ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɜ

ɧɭɠɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɡɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɬɚɤɢɯ

ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɨɤ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ, ɩɪɹɦɨɥɢɧɟɣ-

ɧɵɯ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɦɚɥɨɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɟɧɢɬ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɯɨɬɶ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɬɟɧ-

ɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɢɫɤɪɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɜ

ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ

ɦɟɫɬɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɫɤɪɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ

ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɨɪɨɞɨɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɡɚɛɨɣɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟ-

ɥɟɣ, ɞɥɢɧɵ ɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɍȻɌ, ɦɟɫɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɨɤ ɞɚɟɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɪɟ-

ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ

ɢɫɤɪɢɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɭ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɷɮ-

ɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɄɇȻɄ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ

ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ.

ɋɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɟɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ ɧɚɤɥɨɧ-

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨ

71 – Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ

ɟɧɢɹ ɡɟɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ

ɚɡɢɦɭɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ

111

ɧɨ- ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɜ ɄɇȻɄ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ

ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɪɰɚ ɞɨɥɨɬɚ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 69 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɬɟɨ-

ɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɤɪɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ

ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɞɨɥɨɬ, ɬɭɪɛɨɛɭɪɨɜ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɢɜɟ-

ɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɢɫɤɪɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ

ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢ ɦɚɥɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɞɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ

ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɤɪɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɤ 0, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɞɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ

ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ

ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ. ɉɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚ 2 ɦɦ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ

ɢɫɤɪɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ.

ȼ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɘɄɈɋ ɩɪɢ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ

ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɡɟɧɢɬɧɨɦɭ ɭɝɥɭ ɢ ɚɡɢɦɭɬɭ ɩɨɞ 245 ɦɦ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɨɪ ɢɫɩɨɥɶ-

ɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɥɨɬɨ, ɤɚɥɢɛɪɚɬɨɪ, ɡɚɛɨɣɧɵɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ

Ɍ 12ɊɌ – 240 ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɚɬɨɪ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɥɨɬɨ, ɤɚɥɢɛɪɚɬɨɪ, ɡɚɛɨɣɧɵɣ ɞɜɢ-

ɝɚɬɟɥɶ Ɍ 12ɊɌ – 240 ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɧɚɜɚɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɞɢɚ-

ɦɟɬɪɨɦ 282 ɦɦ.

ɗɬɚ ɠɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɚ, ɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɟ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢ-

ɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɡɟɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ 1 – 5

ɧɚ 100 ɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧ-

ɧɨɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɚɡɢɦɭɬɚ ɧɚ 1 – 5

ɧɚ 100 ɦ.

ɉɪɢ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɨɧɭ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɪɚ-

ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢɫɤɪɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɞɨɥɨɬɚ, ɤɚ-

ɥɢɛɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɡɚɛɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ 3Ɍɋɒ1 – 195 ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɲɟɫɬɢɩɥɚɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ

ɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 213 ɦɦ ɧɚ ɲɩɢɧɞɟɥɟ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɚ, ɧɨ ɫ ɨɞ-

ɧɢɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɟɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟ-

ɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɡɢɦɭɬɚ ɧɚ 1 – 3

ɧɚ 100 ɦ.

ɉɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɟɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟ-

ɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɢ: ɞɨɥɨɬɨ, ɤɚɥɢɛɪɚɬɨɪ, ɬɭɪɛɨɛɭɪ 3Ɍɋɒ1 – 195, ɧɚ

ɲɩɢɧɞɟɥɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɚ ɋɌɄ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ

214 ɦɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɥɨɬɨ, ɞɜɚ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɢɩɩɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢ-

ɤɨɦ, ɬɭɪɛɨɛɭɪ 3Ɍɋɒ1 – 195. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɨɤ ɡɟɧɢɬɧɵɣ

ɭɝɨɥ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ 1 – 3

ɧɚ 100 ɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ

ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ 1 – 3

ɧɚ 100 ɦ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɦɚɥɨɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɟɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ ɧɚ 1 – 3

ɧɚ 100 ɦ

ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɞɨɥɨɬɚ, ɤɚɥɢɛɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɬɭɪɛɨɛɭɪɚ

3Ɍɋɒ1 – 195. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɚɡɢɦɭɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ 1 – 3

ɧɚ 100 ɦ. ɉɪɢ

ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɟɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ 3 – 15

ɧɚ

100 ɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɥɨɬɨ, ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɧɢɤ ɦɭɮɬɨ-

ɜɵɣ, ɜɢɧɬɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɣɧɵɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ Ⱦ – 2 – 195, ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɧɢɤ, ɅȻɌ 147ɯ11

ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 12 ɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɥɨɬɨ, ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɧɢɤ, ɬɪɭɛɚ ɌȻɉɄ 127ɯ11 ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 6 - 8 ɦ,

ɤɚɥɢɛɪɚɬɨɪ, ɬɭɪɛɨɛɭɪ 3Ɍɋɒ1 – 195. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɨ-

ɧɨɜɤɢ ɚɡɢɦɭɬ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ 3 – 5

ɧɚ 100 ɦ.

111

112

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 72 – Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɤɪɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ

ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ: ɚ – ɬɭɪɛɨɛɭɪ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 172 ɦɦ, ɞɨɥɨɬɨ

ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 215,9 ɦɦ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ 1-214 ɦɦ, 2-212 ɦɦ, 3-240 ɦɦ; ɛ

– ɬɭɪɛɨɛɭɪ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 195 ɦɦ, ɞɨɥɨɬɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 215,9 ɦɦ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɰɟɧ-

ɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ 1-214 ɦɦ, 2-212 ɦɦ; ɜ – ɬɭɪɛɨɛɭɪ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 240 ɦɦ, ɞɨɥɨɬɨ ɞɢɚ-

ɦɟɬɪɨɦ 295,3 ɦɦ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ 1- 290 ɦɦ, 2-285 ɦɦ, 3-280 ɦɦ

112

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 72 – Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɤɪɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ

ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ: ɚ – ɬɭɪɛɨɛɭɪ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 172 ɦɦ, ɞɨɥɨɬɨ

ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 215,9 ɦɦ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ 1-214 ɦɦ, 2-212 ɦɦ, 3-240 ɦɦ; ɛ

– ɬɭɪɛɨɛɭɪ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 195 ɦɦ, ɞɨɥɨɬɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 215,9 ɦɦ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɰɟɧ-

ɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ 1-214 ɦɦ, 2-212 ɦɦ; ɜ – ɬɭɪɛɨɛɭɪ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 240 ɦɦ, ɞɨɥɨɬɨ ɞɢɚ-

ɦɟɬɪɨɦ 295,3 ɦɦ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ 1- 290 ɦɦ, 2-285 ɦɦ, 3-280 ɦɦ

113

ɊȺɁȾȿɅ 6

ȻɍɊɈȼɕȿ ɉɊɈɆɕȼɈɑɇɕȿ ɀɂȾɄɈɋɌɂ

ɉɪɢ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɢ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɰɢɪɤɭ-

ɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬ-

ɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ (ɲɥɚɦɚ). ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɧɚ

ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤ-

ɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ.

ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɛɭɪɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɟ ɠɢɞ-

ɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ – ɛɭɪɨɜɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨ-

ɫɬɶɸ (Drilling mud, drilling fluid).

Ȼɭɪɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɲɥɚɦɚ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ,

ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ, ɷɤɨɧɨ-

ɦɢɱɧɨɟ ɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ

ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɛɭɪɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɫɹ ɬɟɦɨɣ

ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ.

ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɪɨɫ-

ɬɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡ-

ɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɭɠɟ-

ɫɬɨɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤ-

ɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɫɜɨɣ-

ɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɥɢ ɛɵ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɡ

ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɥ-

ɥɟɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ.

6.1 ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɭɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɵɯ

ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɫɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɟɧ-

ɤɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ. ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ

ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɯɚ-

ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɡ-

ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ ɢ

ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɚɝɟɧɬɭ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ – ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤ-

ɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɨɧɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ

ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɤɟɪɧɚ.

ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɚ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝ-

ɪɚɟɬ ɝɨɪɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɩɪɢɫɬɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɤɚɤ ɜ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. Ȼɨɤɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟ-

ɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟ-

ɧɢɹ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɩɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɫɭɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɢ ɨɛɜɚɥɨɨɛɪɚ-

ɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɝɨɪɧɨɝɨ

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ.

113

114

ȼ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɪɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ

ɫɬɨɥɛɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ

ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɢ-

ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɚ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɤɜɚɠɢ-

ɧɵ, ɝɞɟ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ

ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɥ ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɪɨɞɟ

ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨ-ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɢ

ɟɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-

ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ.

Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɧɭɸ ɩɨɪɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɹɜ-

ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ:

1) ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɞɢɫ-

ɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ, ɢɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ;

2) ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ;

3) ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɱ-

ɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤ-

ɬɭɪɟ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ

ɞɢɫɩɟɪɝɚɰɢɟɣ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɟɦ, ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɦ

ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɫɤɥɢɧɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ. ɇɚ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɨ

ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ, ɜɵɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ,

ɝɢɞɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɛɭɪɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ.

ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨ-

ɪɨɞ ɩɪɢ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɨɣ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ

ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ (ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ, ɬɪɟɳɢɧɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ). ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ

ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɧɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱ-

ɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɟɟ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɸ. ȼ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢ-

ɠɟɬɫɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɧɚɥɢ-

ɱɢɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɤɢ ɢɡ

ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ

ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ.

ȼɚɠɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ – ɟɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ

ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɢɯ ɭɫ-

ɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɢ

ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɝɥɢɧ ɢ ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɥɚɧɰɟɜ, ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 2 –

10 ɪɚɡ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɢ ɮɢɡɢ-

ɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɧɚɫɵɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɭ.

ɉɥɚɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɧɭɸ

ɩɨɪɨɞɭ, ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ, ɨɧɚ ɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥ-

ɤɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɢ ɨɫɦɨɫɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ

ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ, ɱɟɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɫɦɨɫɚ ɧɟ ɩɨ-

114

115

ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ

ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɨɪɚɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ.

ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ

ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɚ

ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ ɩɪɨ-

ɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɜɚɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟ-

ɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬ ɢɥɢ ɟɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-

ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɩɪɨɱɧɹɸɳɟɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɭ. ȼ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɯ (ɩɨɥɡɭɱɢɯ)

ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚ-

ɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɜɨɥɚɛ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-

ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ, ɫɥɚ-

ɝɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ.

ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɤɜɚ-

ɠɢɧ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɝɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ-

ɪɨɞɚɦɢ: ɨɛɜɚɥɵ (ɨɫɵɩɢ); ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɟ; ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ (ɩɨɥɡɭɱɟɫɬɶ); ɯɢ-

ɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ; ɪɚɡɦɵɜ.

ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟ-

ɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ

ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜ ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ. ɑɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ

ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ

ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɧɨɫɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɚɦɢ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ

ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɹ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ.

ɉɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɭɞɨɪɨɠɚɟɬ, ɚ ɩɨɞɱɚɫ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɧɟ-

ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ. ȼɨɞɨɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɟɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨ-

ɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ

ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ

ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɸ. ɇɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɹ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬ ɬɟɯɧɨ-

ɥɨɝɢɸ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɟɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.

ɉɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɟ. ɉɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ

ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɧɢ-

ɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɡɨɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ

ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦɢ, ɬɨɧɤɨɬɪɟɳɢɧɨɜɚɬɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ, ɢɡɨɥɢ-

ɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɛɭɪɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ. ɉɨɬɟɪɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ, ɨɬ-

ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɜɲɟɦɭɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɤɢ.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ

ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɟ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɨɟ, ɬɨ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚ-

ɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬɫɹ.

ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ

(ɩɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɟ,

ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ, ɧɨ

115

116

ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚɯ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭ-

ɦɟɧɬɚ.

6.2. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ

ɉɪɢ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ

ɩɨ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɦɭ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɭ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɝɢɞɪɚɜ-

ɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɜɫɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ

ɝɪɭɩɩɵ:

1) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɤ ɫ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ;

2) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɤ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɨɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ.

ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ

ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɦɭ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɭ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɚ ɫ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɟɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-

ɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 73 ɫɯɟɦ.

Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ

ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ (ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ) ɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɧɭɸ

(ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɭɸ). Ɉɛɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɩɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ, ɬɚɤ

ɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ ɧɚ-

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 73 – ɋɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ ɫ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-

ɧɨɫɬɶ: ɚ – ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɚ, ɛ – ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɚ, ɜ – ɨɛ-

ɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɜɨɣɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɨɜɭɸ ɬɪɭɛɭ (ɫ ɝɢɞɪɨ-

ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɤɟɪɧɚ, ɝ – ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɚ)

116

ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚɯ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭ-

ɦɟɧɬɚ.

6.2. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ

ɉɪɢ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ

ɩɨ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɦɭ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɭ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɝɢɞɪɚɜ-

ɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɜɫɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ

ɝɪɭɩɩɵ:

1) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɤ ɫ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ;

2) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɤ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɧɨɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ.

ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ

ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɦɭ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɭ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɚ ɫ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɟɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-

ɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 73 ɫɯɟɦ.

Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ

ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ (ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ) ɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɧɭɸ

(ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɭɸ). Ɉɛɚ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɩɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ, ɬɚɤ

ɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ ɧɚ-

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 73 – ɋɯɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ ɫ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ-

ɧɨɫɬɶ: ɚ – ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɚ, ɛ – ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɚ, ɜ – ɨɛ-

ɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɜɨɣɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɨɜɭɸ ɬɪɭɛɭ (ɫ ɝɢɞɪɨ-

ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɤɟɪɧɚ, ɝ – ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɚ)

117

ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɛ-

ɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ. ɇɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤ ɡɚɛɨɸ

ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɨɛɜɹɡɤɟ ɧɚɫɨ-

ɫɚ ɢ ɭɫɬɶɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ.

6.3 Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ

ɍɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ.

ȼɫɹ ɜɵɛɭɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɡɚɛɨɹ ɢ ɢɡ

ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɜɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɹ ɲɥɚɦɚ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɧɨɫɚ

ɩɨɪɨɞɨɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɛɭɪɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ. Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ

ɡɚɛɨɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɡɚɛɨɣɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ. ɑɟɦ

ɨɧɚ ɜɵɲɟ, ɬɟɦ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɨɱɢɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɛɨɣ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɨɬ ɜɵɛɭɪɟɧɧɨɣ

ɩɨɪɨɞɵ. ɇɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɡɚɛɨɣɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɫɭ-

ɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɧɚɪɹɞɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤ-

ɰɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɨɤɨɧ ɜ ɩɨɪɨɞɨɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɟɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭ-

ɦɟɧɬɟ.

ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶ ɲɥɚɦ ɢɡ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɜ ɨɬ-

ɫɬɨɣɧɢɤ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɬ ɫɤɨɪɨ-

ɫɬɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɭɪɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɣ ɢ

ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ

ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨ-

ɪɚ, ɞɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɲɥɚɦɚ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨ-

ɪɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ, ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɸ ɭɫɥɨ-

ɜɢɣ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹ-

ɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ.

Ɉɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɨɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɛɭɪɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ

ɩɨɪɨɞɨɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɫɬ-

ɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ȼɭɪɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫ-

ɬɜɨɪ, ɨɦɵɜɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɨɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɰɢɨɧ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬ ɬɟɩɥɨ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɯɨ-

ɞɚ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɟɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-

ɬɭɪɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɨɪɚɡɪɭ-

ɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ

ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ.

Ȼɭɪɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬ ɛɭɪɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ

ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ.

Ȼɭɪɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ,

ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɯɨ-

ɞɚɯ.

ɍɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜɵɛɭɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɜɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ

ɍɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜɵɛɭɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɭɬɹɠɟɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɜɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧ-

ɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɟ, ɧɟɨɛ-

ɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɨɜ ɛɭɪɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟ-

117

118

ɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ

ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɬɢɤɫɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟ-

ɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɡɨɥɹ ɜ ɝɟɥɶ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɭɤ-

ɬɭɪɵ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ. ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ

ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ

Ɉɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɟ

Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɣ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ,

ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɝɨ

ɫɧɚɪɹɞɚ.

ɗɮɮɟɤɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɨɞɛɨ-

ɪɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɫɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɠɢɞ-

ɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɣ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ. ɗɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ

ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɜ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɪɵɯɥɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ.

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɟ

ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ. ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ

ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ:

ɝɨɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɚɛɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜ

ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ, ɩɪɨɧɢɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɪɢ-

ɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦ.

ɀɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢ-

ɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɹ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ

ɬɟɥɚ – ɜ ɡɨɧɭ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ

ɫɥɨɢ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶɸ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ

ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦɢ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟ-

ɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɯ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɢɡɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ. ȼɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ

ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɢ

ɮɢ-

ɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ-

ɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ

ɩɨɪɨɞɵ. Ⱦɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɧɢɡɢ-

ɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɹ ɜ ɡɨɧɭ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹɫɶ ɩɨ

ɦɢɤɪɨɬɪɟɳɢɧɚɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ

ɩɥɟɧɤɢ (ɫɨɥɶɜɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɢ). ɗɬɢ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɪɚɫɤɥɢɧɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬ-

ɜɢɟ ɜ ɡɨɧɚɯ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɧɚɠɚɟɦɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨ-

ɪɨɞ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ. ɑɟɦ ɫɢɥɶ-

ɧɟɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɟɥɚ, ɬɟɦ

ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɤɥɢɧɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɫɨɥɶɜɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ.

ɇɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɨɣ ɜ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫ-

ɬɜɨɪ ɩɨɧɢɡɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɡɨɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬ-

ɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦɢ, ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲɟɜɵɟ ɳɟɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ

ɝɥɭɛɠɟ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɯ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɠɢɞ-

ɤɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɥɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ, ɛɟɡ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ.

ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɛɧɚɠɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨ-

ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɬɪɟɳɢɧ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨ-

118

119

ɫɬɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɬɟɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ

ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɛɭɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɞɵ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ

ɩɨɧɢɡɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ

(ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ), ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ

ɫɚɦɢɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-

ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ.

ɇɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɧɢɡɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ

ɦɨɝɭɬ ɚɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɧɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɢɨɧɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ.

ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɢɡɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ

ɤɚɥɶɰɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɞɚ, ɟɞɤɢɣ ɧɚɬɪ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɝɚɲɟɧɚɹ ɢ ɝɚɲɟɧɚɹ ɢ ɪɚɡ-

ɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɵɥɚ.

ɉɨɧɢɡɢɬɟɥɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɞɢɫ-

ɩɟɪɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɛɭɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɲɥɚɦɚ. ɗɬɨ

ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɨɣ ɡɚɛɨɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬ-

ɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ, ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ

ɢɡ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɟɤ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɞɢɫɩɟɪɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢ-

ɟɦ ɞɨɥɨɬɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɣ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɛɨ-

ɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ

ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɟɤ ɲɥɚɦɚ, ɨɬɤɚɥɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɬ ɡɚɛɨɹ ɭɞɚɪɚɦɢ ɡɭɛɶɟɜ

ɞɨɥɨɬɚ. Ⱥɞɫɨɪɛɢɪɭɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɪɚɫ-

ɤɥɢɧɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɷɬɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ

ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦɭ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɲɥɚɦɚ ɞɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɟɤ ɤɨɥɥɨ-

ɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ, ɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɪɚɫ-

ɬɜɨɪɚ.

ɋɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ

ɋɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ – ɧɟɩɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ

ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ

ɨɛɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ – ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ

ɝɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɪɵɯɥɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ-

ɫɟ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɨɣ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɢ,

ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɯ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ. ɑɟɦ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɫɦɚ-

ɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɟɟ ɢɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ

ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ,

ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ.

ɇɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɨɦ ɪɟ-

ɰɟɩɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɧɟɟ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ,

ɩɪɢɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɟɣ ɤɪɟɩɹɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɹɞ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɨ-

ɫɬɟɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɜɟɪɞɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɨɬɥɚɝɚɹɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɪɚɯ ɢ

ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɚɯ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɦɚɥɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɤɨɪɤɭ. Ɍɚ-

ɤɚɹ ɤɨɪɤɚ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ

ɫɥɚɛɨɫɰɟɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ

ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɨɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɜɨ-

ɤɪɭɝ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ.

119

120

ɋɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚ-

ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢ-

ɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɵɟ

ɩɨɪɨɞɵ, ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɟɳɟ ɛɨ-

ɥɟɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɪ-

ɤɢ.

Ȼɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨ-

ɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɢ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɨɜɚɬɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɢ ɦɢɧɟ-

ɪɚɥɨɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɭ ɩɨɞ

ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɝɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɥɢ: ɝɚɥɢɬ, ɤɚɪɧɚɥɥɢɬ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɋɨɡ-

ɞɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɫɨɯɪɚ-

ɧɢɬɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ.

ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ "ɫɬɜɨɥ ɫɤɜɚɠɢ-

ɧɵ - ɩɥɚɫɬ"

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚ ɢ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɩɥɚɫɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ

ɩɥɚɫɬ – ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚ. ɉɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɜɢɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ.

ɀɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɟ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɚɜɹɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ,

ɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɥɚɫɬɚ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ

ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɧɢɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ, ɩɥɚɫɬ ɢ

ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ.

ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ,

ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɭɯɨɞ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬ – ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ.

ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ

ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ:

– ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɟ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɜɚ-

ɥɵ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ;

– ɬɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɪɨɝɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ;

– ɨɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ

ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɢ;

– ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ.

ȿɫɥɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɨɜɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨ-

ɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ – ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɡ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ

ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ. ɗɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞ-

ɫɬɜɢɹɦ: ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɚɹ ɤ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ, ɪɟɡɤɨ ɭɯɭɞɲɚ-

ɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ (ɢɥɢ ɩɭɱɟ-

ɧɢɟ) ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧ.

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ: ɤ

ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ

ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ

ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɛɭɪɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɨ-

ɞɨɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɦɵ-

ɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ.

120