[3-152] Kerosuo H, Moe G, Kleven E. In vitro release of nickel and chromium
from different types of simulated orthodontic appliances. Angle Orthod
1995;65:111⫺116.
[3-153] Kimura H, Sohmura T. Improvement in corrosion resistance of Ti-Ni
shape memory alloy by oxide film coating. Jpn J Dent Mater 1988;7:
106⫺110.
[3-154] Huang H-H, Chiu Y-H, Lee T-H, Wu S-C, Yang H-W, Su K-H, Hsu C-C.
Ion release from NiTi orthodontic wires in artificial saliva with various
acidities. Biomaterials 2003;24:3585⫺3592.
[3-155] Kaaber K, Veien NK, Tjell JC. Low nickel diet in the treatment of patients
with chronic nickel dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1978;98:197⫺201.
[3-156] Schroeder HA, Balassa JJ, Tipton IH. Abnormal trace metals in man-
nickel. J Chronic Dis 1962;15:51⫺62.
[3-157] Black J. Systemic effects of biomaterials. Biomaterials 1984;5:11⫺18.
[3-158] Johansson C, Lausmaa J, Ask M, Hansson HA, Albrektsson T. Ultra-
structural differences of the interface zone between bone and Ti-6Al-4V
or commercially pure titanium. J Biomed Eng 1989;111:3⫺8.
[3-159] Wisbey A, Gregson PJ, Peter LM, Tuke M. Titanium release from TiN
coated implant materials. International Conference on Changing Role of
Engineering in Orthopedics (MEP) London, UK. 1989. pp. 9⫺14.
[3-160] Spriano S, Bosetti M, Bronzoni M, Vernè E, Maina G, Bergo V, Cannas
M. Surface properties and cell response of low metal ion release Ti-6Al-
7Nb alloy after multi-step chemical and thermal treatments. Biomaterials
2005;26;1219⫺1229.
[3-161] Wranglén G. An introduction to corroison and protection of metals. New
York: Chapman and Hill. 1985. pp. 85⫺87.
[3-162] Van Black LH. Elements of materials science and engineering. Reading,
MA: Addison-Wesley Pub. 1989. pp. 509⫺511.
[3-163] Garcia I. Galvanic corrosion of dental implant materials. Indiana
University Master Degree Thesis, 2000.
[3-164] Koh Il-W. Effects of bacteria-induced corrosion on galvanic couples of
commercially pure titanium with other dental alloys. Indiana University
Mater Degree Thesis, 2003.
[3-165] Al-Ali S, Oshida Y, Andres CJ, Barco MT, Brown DT, Hovijitra S, Ito M,
Nagasawa S, Yoshida T. Effects of coupling methods on galvanic corro-
sion behavior of commercially pure titanium with dental precious alloys.
J Biomed Mater Eng 2005;15:307⫺316.
[3-166] Fontana MG, Greene ND. Corrosion engineering. New York: McGraw-
Hill Book Co. 1967. pp. 20⫺25, and 330⫺338.
[3-167] Tomashov ND. Theory of corrosion and protection of metals. New York:
MacMillan Co. 1966. pp. 212⫺218.
[3-168] Uhlig HH, Revie RW. Corrosion and corrosion control. New York: Wiley
1985. pp. 101⫺105.
[3-169] Garcia I, Oshida Y. Surface area ratio effects on galvanic corrosion of
titanium couples. J Dent Res 2001;80(Abstract No. 798).
Chemical and Electrochemical Reactions 73
Else_BBTM-OSHIDA_ch003.qxd 9/14/2006 10:21 PM Page 73