Oshida Y. Bioscience and Bioengineering of Titanium Materials

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hence suggested that, while mechanical strain may be one of the primary factors

responsible for macrophage activation and periprosthetic osteolysis, mechanical

strain with particles load may contribute significantly to the osteolytic potential of

macrophages in vitro [7-204].

Corrosion of implant alloys releasing metal ions has the potential to cause

adverse tissue reactions and implant failure. Lin and Bumgardner [7-205]

hypothesized that macrophage cells and their released reactive chemical species

affect the corrosion property of Ti-6Al-4V. It was reported that (i) there was no

difference in the charge transfer in the presence and absence of cells, (ii) the

alloy had the lowest charge transfer and metal ion release with activated cells

was as follows: Ti ⬍10 ppb, V ⬍ 2 ppb, attributing to an enhancement of the

surface oxides by the reactive chemical species. It was concluded that

macrophage cells and reactive chemical species reduced the corrosion of Ti-6Al-

4V alloys [7-205].

Prosthetic and osteosynthetic implants from metal alloys will be indispensable in

orthopedic surgery, as long as tissue engineering and biodegradable bone substi-

tutes do not lead to products that will be applied in clinical routine for the repair of

bone, cartilage, and joint defects. Therefore, the elucidation of the interactions

between the peri-prosthetic tissues and the implant remains of clinical relevance,

and several factors are known to affect the longevity of implants. Sommer et al. [7-

206] studied the effects of metal particles and surface topography on the recruit-

ment of osteoclasts in vitro in a co-culture of osteoblasts and bone marrow cells. It

was reported that (i) the cells were grown in the presence of particles of different

sizes and chemical compositions, or on metal disks with polished or sandblasted

surfaces, respectively, (ii) at the end of the culture, newly formed osteoclasts were

counted, (iii) osteoclastogenesis was reduced when particles were added directly to

the co-culture, and (iv) in co-cultures grown on sand-blasted surfaces, osteoclasts

developed at higher rates than they did in cultures on polished surfaces. It was

therefore summarized that the wear particles and implant surfaces affect osteoclas-

togenesis, and thus may be involved in the induction of local bone resorption and

the formation of osteolytic lesions, leading eventually to the loosening of orthope-

dic implants [7-206].

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