Orton C., Tyers P., Vince A. Pottery in archaeology
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INDEX
abrasion
degree of, 32, 189, 194
resistance to, 222
Agost (Spain), 206
agricultural waste
as fuel, 116
as temper, 115
Aitchison, J., 149
Albinus, P., 5
ale marks, 187
Algeria, 119, 128
alternative materials
glass, 29, 32
leather, 30, 32
metal, 28-30, 32
wood, 30, 32
Andokides (Greek potter), 25
archaeological resource centres, 98
archaeometry, 4, 18-21
see also
individual techniques
archive report, 40
archive, pottery, 34, 98-104
art, representation of pottery in, 16-17, 218
artefacts as language, 227-8
ash, 116, 127
assemblages, pottery
archaeologically homogeneous, 168
comparison of, 168, 173-5
composition of, 167
'death', 17, 166
'life', 17, 166
size of, 166, 175
atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), 20, 145
Baif, L., 20
bar codes, 61
Baringo (Kenya), 156
basketwork, 219
Bath, Avon (England), 215
bias
in recovery, 61, 179
statistical, 169-71
binocular microscope, 12, 14, 26, 68, 136, 139,
151,231,236
Braudel, F., 31
breakage
by animals, 207
degree of, 32, 189
deliberate, 224
rates of, 17
see also
life-spans
Broken K Pueblo (USA), 33-4
brokenness statistic, 59.169-71. 178-9. 194
Brongniart. M. A., 12, 18
building materials, ceramic. 18
see also floor tiles, medieval
Buko, A., 14-15
bulk records, 52
Bureau of American Ethnology, 8
burial urns, 5
burnishing (surface treatment), 85, 126
l4
C dating, see radiocarbon dating
calcareous marl, 71
calcium phosphate, 51
carbon (in clay), 133
cassoulet, 226
catalogue, pottery, 34, 57-65
Catastrophe Theory, 25
cauldrons, 80
bronze, 28-9
cemeteries, pottery from, 5,11.192
see also burial urns, grave groups
ceramic census data, see life-spans
ceramic ecology, 4
ceramic ethnoarchaeology, see ethnoarchaeologv
ethnography
ceramic traditions, 13
charts
colour, 137-8
percentage inclusion, 139, 238
rim 172-3
sorting of inclusions, 239
sphericity, 239
Chelmsford, Essex (England), 203
chemical analysis, see compositional analysis
Childe, V. G., 9-10
classification, 8-9,17
analytic, 12
of fabric, 72-5, 132-51
of shape, 13. 77-81. 152-65
taxonomic, 12
clay, 114
matrix, 71
preparation of, 117, 146
primary, 114
secondary, 114
selection of, 18
sourcing of, 26, 144 51
CODA (statistical technique), 149
coffee drinking, as evidence of status. "
coins, as evidence of dale, 24. 187. 189
263
264 Index
collectors, 5
colour chart, 137-8
colour, of pottery, 68-9, 136-8
affecting collection rates, 212
differences caused by drying, 126
differences caused by firing, 69, 133, 223
factors affecting, 138
interpretation of, 138
recording of, 136, 231
use of as descriptor, 12, 138
combing (decorative technique), 85
common name codes, 74-5
completeness statistic, 59, 167, 169-70, 178-9
compositional analysis, 20, 144-51
comparison between techniques, 149-50
comparison with petrological analysis, 150
effects of post-depositional environment, 147
electron micro-probe, 149
statistical analysis of data, 148
techniques of, 145, 147
compositional data, statistical analysis of
(CODA), 149
computers, 62-5, 92, 103, 108, 191
bar codes, 61
database packages, 64
floppy disks, 108
indexing on, 103
long term storage of data, 103
organisation of records, 63
query languages, 65
recording of shape on, 160, 163
Concentration Principle, Petrie's, 190
conference
Burg Wartenstein (Austria), 13
Lhee (Holland), 13
constructional features
form classification by, 163-5
illustration of, 91
weak points in, 222
containers, pottery, 199, 209, 226
contents of, 20-1, 26, 187
identification of contents of, 224
context
primary, 192
secondary, 192
stratified, 58
Conyers, J., 17
cooking vessels, 217-18, 220-2, 224, 226-7
cracks in, 222
life-span of, 207
Cornwall (England), 72
craft pottery, 74, 114
cremation urns, 50
cross-dating, 9
cross-joins, see sherd-links
cultures, definition of, 9-10
dates
absolute, 9, 24
definition of, 185
inscribed, 187-8
precision of, 25
relative, 24
terminus post quem, 187, 189
dating, 59, 182-96
by association, 182, 189
rôle of quantification in, 190-2
scientific techniques of, 19
see also individual techniques
decoration, pottery, 13, 85-6
descriptive systems for, 13
illustration of, 91-2
symbolic value of, 33, 227-8
dendrochronology, 24, 182, 188
description of pottery, 59, 68-72, 79-80
colour as an aid to, 12, 138
standardisation of, 14
standards for, 231
Devil's Ditch, Chichester, Sussex (England), 179
discrimination, discriminant analysis, 20
dispersal of collections, 102
disposal of excavated pottery, 65-6, 104
distribution, 197-206
directed, 203
information content of, 197, 226
modes of, 26-8
distribution maps, 9, 197
fully quantified, 201
mapped counts, 200
of find-spots, 199
site density, 199
documentary evidence, 9, 17, 24, 26, 187-9,
198
documentation of procedures, 65
Dogon (Mali), 208
Dragendorff, H., 153
drying, 52, 126
colour differences caused by, 126
cracks caused by, 126
dung
as fuel, 116
as temper, 115
Dunning, G. C., 8
economy
place of potting in, 31-32, 226
pottery as a marker of activity, 32
electron micro-probe, 149
equipment
illustration 89
potting, 31; see also kilns, pottery; wheels,
potters
processing, 48, 67, 71
ethnoarchaeology, 4, 113
see also ethnography
ethnography, 4, 14-18, 20, 31-2, 113, 127, 130,
166,218, 220-1,228
evidence, pottery as
of date, 3, 23-5, 182-96
of function, 28-9,217-28
of status, 28-30, 77, 227
of trade, 23, 26-8, 196-9
evolution, belief in, 18, 24
experimental archaeology, 114
Index
265
fabric analysis, 67-75, 132-51
compositional analysis in, 144-51
geological basis of, 70, 132
penological analysis in, 140
rôle of, 132
visual examination in, 135
fabric coding mnemonics, 55, 63, 244
fabric reference collection, 74
fabric type, 74
fabric type-series, 72-5
fabric, pottery, 12-13, 26, 67-75, 132-51
colour of, 68-9, 136-8
description of, 231-42
feel of, 70, 235
hardness of, 68, 138, 221
recording cards for, 233
relationship to workshops, 72-3, 135
texture of, 13, 91, 235-6
fall-off curves, 226
filler, see inclusions
fire clouds, 223
firing, pottery, 126
atmosphere of, 133
classification of, 127
duration of, 127
experimental, 17
in domestic ovens, 130
in kilns, 130
open, 127, 130
process of, 17
temperature of, 18, 133
see also kilns, pottery
floor tiles, Medieval, 8
folk taxonomies, 20, 218
food and ritual, 227
foraminifera, 72
form classification, 59, 152-65
b-spline technique, 160
centroid and cyclical curve technique, 162
constructional features, 163-5
curve-fitting techniques, 159-63
envelope system, 80, 158-9
formal systems, 153
geometric shape, 158
manufacturing stages, 163-5
measurement-based, 155
purpose of, 152
sliced method, 156
swept radius method, 156
tangent-profile technique, 159
two-curve technique, 163
form type-series, 77, 153
formal classification, 153
forming techniques, 117-26
classification of form by, 163
composite, 125, 221
hand-forming, 18, 117-18
identification of, 118
moulds. 118, 120, 125
paddle and anvil, 91, 125
primary, 117
secondary, 117
wheel-throwing. 18.117. 120.125, 130
forms, pottery, 26
beakers, 32,184-5
bowls, 30.178
cauldrons. 28-9, 80
cooking-pots. 178
copying of, 25. 28, 30:
see also
type series, form
cups, 30
jars, 182-3
jugs, 30-1,178
lamps, 178
mortaria, 20, 176-7, 223
plates, 30
fracture, examination of, 70.136
Franchet, L„ 14-15.18
'French roll', the, 30
fretwork (decorative technique». 85
fuel, 116,127
agricultural waste as, 116
effects
on firing of, 116
Fulani (Cameroon), 208
function, pottery, 28-30,194,196. 217-28
classification of. 217
individual vessels. 217
literary evidence of. 218
symbolic, 227
gas chromatography. 21, 225
geological techniques. 70. 132, 139-40. 197
Gillam, J. P.. 12. 182-3
glaze. 70.83, 221
recording of, 240
variation of colour with firing, 116
glue, 56
gnomes, role in pottery manufacturing, 5
graffiti, on pottery. 218
grain-size analysis, see textural analysis
Grasshopper Pueblo (USA), 29
grave groups. 11
Greenwell, W„ 18
grooving (decorative technique). 85
Haltern (Germany), 151
handles, 30-1, 125
illustration of, 89-90
use in quantification, 172
hardness. 69. 138. 221
factors affecting, 138. 221
recording of. 138. 235
heating
efficiency.
126
heavy mineral analysis, 144
historical events. 14. 182
Hodder, I., 156
homogeneity
archaeological, 168
statistical, 174
hypothesis
archaeological. 33
validation of, 33
illustration, 87 97.136, 165
coding systems. 13
266 Index
conventions for, 12,91
cost of, 91
equipment for, 89
mechanisation of, 92
of constructional features, 91
of decoration, 89
of handles, 89-90
of
lustre,
91
of paint, 91
of Slip, 91
of spouts, 89
of
surface
texture, 91
purposes of, 34, 87-8
impressed finger-tipping (decorative technique),
85
incision (decorative technique), 85
inclusions, 12, 19, 26, 70-1, 138-40, 236-41
charcoal, 19
effect of, 115, 132, 220-1
frequency of, 139, 235, 238
identification of, 71, 139-40, 236-7
non-plastic, 115, 132
organic, 19, 115, 221
recording of, 235, 240
rice husk, 19
roundness of, 139, 239
size of, 139, 240
sorting of, 139,239-40
innovation, innovator, 25
inscriptions, on pottery, 9, 187-8, 218
investment, in potting, 31
iron compounds (in clay), 133, 135
Jamaica, 76
Kalinga (Philipines), 207
Kendall, D. G., 11, 190
keywords, use of, 63
Kidder, A. V., 9
kilns, pottery, 15, 17, 25, 31, 130
associated structures, 17
ethnographic studies of, 130
excavation of, 130-1
experimental firings, 113-14
Medieval, 130
Roman, 130
structure of, 130
see also firing, pottery
kilns, tile, 17
Kingston, Surrey (England), 188
knife-trimming (surface treatment), 86, 91
La Graufesenque (France), 17
Lachish (Palestine), 9
Lezoux (France), 9, 17
life-spans, pottery, 25, 166, 207
factors affecting, 207
see also breakage
Lime Street, London (England), 176-7
Lincoln, Lines. (England), 42
Lizard peninsula, Cornwall (England), 72
London (England), 5, 9, 17, 176, 188
Department of Urban Archaeology, 42, 54-5,
74, 84, 88, 90, 97, 231
Medieval pottery from, 84, 90
Museum of London, 187
waterfronts of, 188-9
Los Pueblos (Mexico), 17
lumpers and splitters, 73, 79
manufacturing stages, 132
manufacturing techniques, see forming techniques
marking, 53
masking tape, 56
material science, 113
matrilocal residence, pottery as evidence for, 33-4
matrix
abundance, 191
incidence, 191
of data, 190
Matson, F. R., 3-4, 18
measurement-based classification, 155
measures of quantity of pottery, 21-2, 168-71
displacement volume, 21, 168
estimated vessel-equivalent (eve), 21-2, 168,
171-3
maximum number of vessels, 172
minimum number of vessels, 22, 172
number of vessels represented, 21-2, 168-70
sherd count, 21-2, 168-9, 171
surface area, 21-2, 168
weight, 21-2, 168-9, 171
mechanical strength, 221
mechanisation of illustration, 92
Mediterranean, 71
microfiche, 108
microfossils, 72
microscope
binocular, 12, 14, 26, 68, 136, 139, 151
petrological, 133
scanning electron (SEM), 18, 67, 94-5
micro type, 108
modes
descriptive, definition of, 12
of distribution, 26
of production, 31-2
Molis' hardness scale, 138, 221, 235
Montans (France), 17
Munsell colour system, 136
Geological Society of America Rock-Color
chart, 137
Munsell Soil Color chart, 137, 231
Murphy's Law, 25
names, traditional, for pottery, 20, 218
neutron activation analysis (NAA), 20, 145
optical emission spectroscopy (OES), 20, 145
optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL), 19, 188
Oxford Research Laboratory, 19
oxidising firing atmosphere, 133
parallels, searching for, 185
Paston Letters, the, 26
Index
267
Peacock, D. P. S., 12, 132, 231, 235-7
Pecos (USA), 9
percentage inclusion charts, 139, 238
permeability, 221
Petrie, Sir W. M. Flinders, 9, 11, 190
petrological analysis, 140-4
comparison with compositional analysis, 150
petrological microscope, 133
photographs, 94
close-up, 94
groups of vessels, 96
indexing of, 97
pie-slice, technique of, 173-8, 192
Pitt-Rivers, A. H. L. F., 9
plasticity, 115
Pompeii (Italy), 224
porosity, 220
post-depositional history, 61, 168
post-firing treatments, 221
potters, 188
full-time, 31
low status of, 32
pottery assemblages, 207-16
pottery manufacturing, 113-31
pottery supports, 118
pottery types/wares
Amerindian, 17
amphoras (Graeco-Roman), 76, 165, 187-8,
199, 203, 224
amphoras (Punic), 150
Anglo-Saxon, 50, 156
Bell beakers (Bronze Age), 156
black-burnished ware (Romano-British), 25, 77
176, 182-3, 227
British, 17
Celadon, 8
Chinese, 8
colour-coated wares (Romano-British), 32, 83,
179.
Dutch, 28-9
Egyptian, 83
Etruscan, 5
Gallo-Roman, 5
German, 8
Glastonbury ware (Iron Age), 197
Greek (Classical), 4-5, 18, 25
grog-tempered wares, 177
Iron Age, 25, 85
Italian, 5
Italian oil jars, 76
Japanese, 8
Jewish, 9
Kingston ware (Medieval), 187-8
maiolica, 5, 76
Malvern Chase ware (Medieval), 81
Medieval, 8, 30-1, 81, 97, 178, 185
Mediterranean, 20
Mesoamerican, 20
mica-dusted wares (Romano-British), 83
Minoan, 20
mortaria (Roman), 20, 176-7, 223
Mosel Valley ware (Roman), 218
Mycenaean, 20
Nene Valley ware (Romano-British), 17
Neolithic, 72
Norman, 9
North African red slip (Roman), 187
Oxfordshire ware (Romano-British), 201
Phoenician, 9
Pompeian-red ware (Roman), 224
porcelain, 20, 54, 76
prehistoric, 5
Rio Grande glaze-paint, 19, 28
Roman, 5,9, 12,20
Romano-British, 41,155-6
roughcast beakers (Romano-British), 83
samian (Roman), 9, 17, 24, 29, 85,120, 125,
151, 153,180
Seleucid, 9
shell-tempered, 176
stoneware, 8, 20
Surrey whiteware (Medieval), 81
Tating ware (Medieval), 85
terra nigra
and
terra rubra
(Roman). 177
Thai, 19
prices, of
pottery,
30
primary contexts, 224
principal components analysis (PCA), 148, 157
processing, pottery, 48, 51
bulk recording, 52
cataloguing, 57
equipment, 49, 67, 71
initial, 48
marking, 53
pottery archive, 34
recording sheets, 232-3
sieving, 32,46-7, 52
spot-dating, 54,63
washing, 51
production, pottery, 30-2
centres of, 26, 185
modes of, 31-2
processes of, 18
see also
firing,
pottery; forming techniques
provenance studies, 59, 135
provenance,
see
sources
proxy cards, 103
pseudo-count transformation. 174
publication. 35, 105
audience for, 105
indexing, 107
layout, 106
minimum standards, 107
purpose of, 105
quantification, pottery. 4. 212, 33. 35,60. 166-81
on distribution maps, 201-3
pie-slice approach to. 173-8, 192
rôle in study of
chronology.
190-2
rôle in study of
function.
228
rôle in study of
site
formation. 215
sherd-links in, 210
use of handles in, 172
.vet* also
measures of quantity of pottery
268 Index
quartz, 141, 220
radiocarbon dating, 19, 24-5, 182
raw materials for pottery manufacturing, 114
reconstruction, 56
recording forms/cards
cataloguing, quantification, 232
fabric, 135, 233
recording systems, pottery, 23, 52, 231-42
cataloguing, 34, 57
colour, 136, 231, 240
computers in, 160, 163
glazes, 240
good practice in, 23
hardness, 138, 233
inclusions, 235-40
initial recording, 52
keywords, 63
minimum recording, 59
presence/absence recording, 57
sherd-by-sherd recording, 59
texture, 235
recovery bias, 61, 179
recovery methods, 46
reducing firing atmosphere, 133
remanent magnetism, use in dating, 19
residuality, 168, 192, 194,211
residues
cess, 51
lime-scale, 224
organic, 20-1,224-5
retention policy, 65
retrieval procedures, 50
re-use, evidence of, 62, 76
Rheinzabern (Germany), 17
rim chart, use of, 172-3
roller-stamping (decorative technique), 86
rouletting (decorative technique), 86
rounding, see sphericity
Rouse, I., 12
salt, 116
sample, sampling, 33, 47, 167-8
minimum size of, 175
Sandomierz (Poland), 14-15
scanning electron microscope (SEM), 18, 67,
94-5
Schnurbein, S. von, 151
Science Based Archaeology Committee (UK),
173-4
scientific techniques, 4, 14, 18-21, 188
chemical, 18
gas chromatography, 225
gravimetric, 19
physical, 14, 18, 21
see also compositional analysis; geological
techniques; petrological analysis; x-ray
spectroscopy
sea water, 116
sequences
chronological, 9-10, 176-7, 182-5
developmental, 182-5
seriation, 4, 11, 21, 24, 167-8, 189-96
battleship curve method of, 190-1
close-proximity method of, 190
seriograph, 193—4
Shepard, A. O., 13, 18, 28, 136
sherd families, 172, 180
sherd-links, 175, 180, 209-12
classification of, 210
presentation of, 211
problems with, 212
quantification of, 210
sherds
abrasion of, 32, 189, 194, 215, 222
counts of, 11, 21-2, 168-9, 171
deposits or residues on, 20-1, 51, 215, 224-5
post-burial changes, 215, 225
roundness of, 215
size of, 214
surface collections of, 11
tracers of soil movements, as, 32
shrinkage, 115
Siegburg (Germany), 185
sieving, 32, 46-7, 52
Silchester, Hants. (England), 177
site formation processes, 14, 22, 59, 179
site interpretation, 59
site-supply maps, 202
skeuomorphs, 28
skillets, 80
slip, 70
effect of, 221
illustration of, 91
recording of, 241
small finds, 22
Smith, C. Roach, 9
smudging (firing technique), 133
social context of pottery, 18, 31
social progress, pottery as indicator of, 18
sooting, 21, 61, 222
sources of pottery, 4, 18-20
identification of, 13, 203-6
Southwark, London (England), 78
souvenirs, pots as, 26
spatial analysis, 28-9, 167-8
inter-site, 168
intra-site, 29,168
specialist journals, 109
sphericity (of inclusions), 140
chart, 231
Spitalfields, London (England), 5
Spong Hill, Norfolk (England), 157
spot-dating, 54, 63
spouts, 30-1
illustration of, 89
stamps
as dating evidence, 187
potter's, 125
standardisation, 13, 41
statistical techniques
bayesian, 191
compositional data (CODA), 149
consensus analysis, 151
Index
269
correspondence analysis, 174, 176-8, 191-2
log-linear analysis, 174
multidimensional scaling, 194
principal components analysis (PCA), 148, 157
regression analysis, 201
status, pottery as evidence for, 28-30, 77
storage methods, 99-100
cardboard boxes, 100
cupboards and display cases, 100
paper bags, 99
plastic bags, 100
storage units, 100
Stow, J., 5
stratigraphy, 9-11, 20, 192, 194
percentage, 11
study of pottery
chronological, 9, 13, 19, 23, 176-7, 182-96
distributional, 4, 9, 13, 23, 197, 206; see also
sources of pottery
functional, 20-1, 23, 178
history of, 3, 22
phases of, 5-14, 24, 182-5
reasons for, 23-35
style, pottery, 4, 185
see also decoration
surface assemblages, see survey assemblages
surface treatments, 21, 126
burnishing, 85, 126
sealants, 225
slips, 70, 221
survey assemblages, 212-14
factors affecting, 212
Swan, V. G., 130
tea drinking, as evidence of status, 77
technology, 4, 14, 17-18, 31-2, 113-31
temper, see inclusions
textural analysis, 139, 141-4
texture, 71, 91
recording of, 235
thermal expansion, 18
thermal stress, 220
thermoluminescence (TL), 19, 188
thin-sections, 18-19, 71, 139-40
identification of forming techniques by, 118
trade, 23. 26-8, 196-9
turntable, 118
see
also
wheels, potters
type
concept of, 9-14, 185
definition of, 11-12
identification of, 13
variety, and, 12
type-fossil, 9, 182
type-series, 9, 153
fabric, 12, 34, 72-5
form, 9, 34, 77-9. 153
type-ware, concept of, 12
typology, 9, 12-13. 59
see also study of pottery
Tzintzuntzan (Mexico). 207
Uncertainty Principle, The, 25
use, evidence of, 61, 222-6
Van der Leeuw, S., 3-4, 18
video camera, 96
washing, 51
waster pottery, 26, 74
water, 115-16
water smoking (firing technique). 116
water storage vessels, 221
wear marks, 21, 222-3
weight, of sherds, 21-2. 168-9. 171
Westendorf (Germany), 17
wheels, potters. 120-1. 124
classification of, 120
identification of. 125
mechanics of. 124
speed of, 125
Winchester, Hants. (England), 54. 178
x-ray spectroscopy
diffraction (XRD), 20
fluorescence (XRF). 20, 145
identification of forming techniques by. 118
York Archaeological Resource Centre (ARC),
98
CAMBRIDGE MANUALS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
Series editors
Don Brothwell, University of London
Graeme Barker, University of Leicester
Dena Dincauze, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Ann Stahl, State University of New York, Binghamton
Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology are reference handbooks designed
for an international audience of professional archaeologists and
archaeological scientists in universities, museums, research
laboratories, field units, and the public service. Each book includes a
survey of current archaeological practice alongside essential reference
material on contemporary techniques and methodology.
The study of pottery in archaeology has become increasingly important
over the last century, providing the archaeologist with information on
many aspects of the past, including chronology, trade and technology.
In recent years, scientific developments and statistical techniques have
contributed still further to the analysis of pottery. 'Pottery in
archaeology' covers information obtained from over fifty years'
practical experience in the field and the latest research. As well as
detailing the routine, but essential, tasks of handling pottery, the book
examines the most recent research into the quantitative study and
comparison of ceramic assemblages. This will be essential reading for
students, field archaeologists and for anyone interested in working with
pottery.
Cover illustration: Examples of early illustrations of excavated pottery
(from Combe and Jackson 1787).
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
isbn 0-5)21 -44597-3
9