Обрезков В.И. Гидроэнергетика (2-ое изд)

L4s

$opvry,rsr

(

1 1.

l6)

c.r€!fer,

qro

3HaqeFrr.ie

peiKHMa

v.p^o(t)

no3BoJrrieT

ilo.irFiocTbro

H

OAHO3r{aqHo

onpeAerTHTb

BCe

ocHoBFrbre

BoA_

Ho3HepferHqecKHe

rroKa3aTer'IH

pex(rrNra

13c

Bo

BpeMerrH

(cHl.,rn,

)Ke

pasAeJr,

Ceq3auurrfi

c BoAoxosnftcreeHHbrMH

pacqerailli).

3ro

no3Bo"rtfler

cQoprrry,rrHpoBarb

c,TeAyroqyrc

ocHoBHyro

3aAaqy

pacrleroB

BoAilo3FIeprert{qeciioro

peii(Hilla

o4nuouuofi

pycloeofi

fOi

ArrHreJrb-

paccLrHTaTb

pell(HN{

pa6ortr

Botro_

T:tx-to

(oaHu

wnn

6o,,ree

*,.i"_

FIaqaflbFIOM

COCTOffHHII

efo

2e.60:

alre

fOC

lio

axrueHofi

Moirrirocrtr

rerrr

Li

eci*re

xa

p

a rirep

Hcrrr

Krr

'X.'fo":;::,ili;I.|'.r1?,T,tti53

-i.ili!-

BIIBUIill"lcfl,

T.

e.

rrpaBOMeplrbr

3aBHCHMO

CTH

Zs.6:zr.o(V")

rr,Jrl

Zss:

:2e.6

(V

rp^a)

IIit

r{

hro29,

^ltrr.o

(

2.0,6)

11

z,.a:Z*.a(0..;)

.

-

pacclr

ar-

pttBeerc.q

p)'cJoBan

fOC

c

orrrHaKoBbrivrlr

rr{Ap_oarperaTaNrui

rtpH

orcyrcrBlln

norepb

Hailopa

B

BoAoBoAax,

T. e.h^i_!lJai_Hr*\

:2a.6-za'6'

fIpe4nonaf

aForcfl

TaKiI(e

orlTrri\{aJIbHb,rupI qflcro

H

cocTaB

BKr'iroqe'Hbrx

fH4poafperaToB,

T.

e.

4"i:?rec

:

COItSt.

norepii

pacxona--B

^BepxHeilr

6rese

yqrerrbr

B

rpaQaxe

Q"o

(r)

;

3aAaFiHaR

orAaqa

fOC

no

axrusnofi

uou{uocrrr

lr.i.d)

;oo;;A;;uy.,

Aony_

Tat-ruHr.r

no

ycrzHoB.ilennofi

rvtorq_

Ho{

T

paa6ur

Ha pflx

HepaBr{brx

-1,

2,

k)

xaxAnrfi.

B

npe_

:r

flocroqHHbrMr{

3HaqeHHfi

1y'p36

rr

n

tnl,

n:ln:{t

cpa6orx'

BoAoxpaHIrJIH'{a

npHH'Maercs,

r{ro

Vx.c6p(//

-u.

L

yqeToM

BCeX

nptrHfTbrx.ycloenir

H

AOnyqeHHft

MolK_

Ho

nileAcraBHrb

(

I L9)

-

(

I

i. I6)

cneAyrcu{nlr

o6pa:o",

'

I

'f

I

'l

I

rf'

fre

rprr

.l.l

).l

Q*

o(l):

A"rsc

(/

)

:

g,

B

I

"5"

n^i

U)Q.,

(r

)

H

^,

(f)

,

n^i(t):I,

(Q";

(l)

,

H

ai(r));

H^,(t)

=

Hrsc

(t):

z".a(t)-z,.a|)

z".o (t)

:za.6LV.p^o

(t)

,

Q"o

(l)

,

El;

z*.0(t)

:2u.6

(Q,.0

(l)

,

z,.o

*

(l)

,

)t)

;

(1

I.e)

(11.t0)

(11.11)

(1r.t2)

(l

l.l3)

(11.14)

(i1.15)

I

'l

I

'i

:l

1

,l

;l

ri

'l

,'l

-l

go,$

Qrsc(l)

+

Q.*."rp

(t)

:

.4

e",

(/)+e.*.":p

(/)

:

e""

(r)

*

e"

(l);

I:U

e"

(l)

:

o'ffur'l

:v,p^a(t),

T.

e.

B

o6u{ent

Br:tAe

220

ly'rac

(l)

:

9,811.u.

(/)

Q.ec

(l)Hr3c

(f

),

ere c

(r)

:

/e,

(r)

:

re

(ftf!l)

4.ec

(i

)

:

ra(Q.

(l),

fl

^(t));

H

rec(l)

:

z,.a(lr"p"s(f))

-

z".o

(e".0

(/));

Q".u

(l)

-

Qno

CIJ

Q"

(4

:

Qrec

(f

;,

A/rec:

i/rsc

(Vqr^s,

V"p^G,

t).

I.Ae

T.

e.

ffr:c

(/)

(rr.17)

(il.18)

(r1.ls)

(

11.20)

(l

l.2t)

(|t.221

(

I

1.23)

221

tr'lcxoltoe

3HaqeHRe

vrp^o(t)

cBfl3arro

c

I{rec(t)

ne,i.rr.rrrefiuurr

4tt(icpepeH{H3"r'rbr{bllr-

ypaolielrireu.

nepBoro

rroprrAKa

.

tnx

fiolyt1s11""

ero

npelcraBrrt{

(l

I.l

T)

_

(

I

l.2l

)

B^

crieAyr,rl.n,

BHAe:

e-ft\

_

dV"poa?)

dt

9,8

I

tr.c

(r1

ri.r.lrl

Q,o

(l).

PasAenulr

nepel{enHbre

H

nDaeofi

qacra:

,

-

Lo

B

(11.23)

H

B03blrelr

nHrerpalrrbr

ero nesort

Mrsc (l)

9,8[1;"g

tl)Hr"C

(t)

_n

s6np

dv"pua.

(1

1.24)

\-r

(r)

)

_n \

\cnpr

l

/

rvp3g;

IKt

(

\

tA

IOM

8,J1fl

cDa6t

I'

I

J

cpa6l

ol

ni

Da(

I

Tt

r

A

L

yqe'

[oJryqHM

,

V

Al

/lLi-

v

CAeJIaHHbIX

AotlyU{eHHfi

rlo

ivrec

Lt;:S-|s

Ll Vgps6:Vcpa6

i nl

Qno

BMecTo

(1

i.24)

( l

1.26)

(tr.27)

(r

1.30)

9,811a*r.F/p34(Vcp"6,

V"p^a'

t)

-1

.tl/ /r19q\

uV

cpa6t,

\r

r.rLl/

fAe

7cpa6

i

ri

II

V.pua

i

ri

-

3aAaHHOe 3HaqeHlle Cpa6OTI{H

BOIOXpaHIt-

JIlllqa

B

Haqaile

r-ro HHTepBaJra

H

HcKor{oe

3HaqeHr.le efo

coorBeT-

CTBCHHO.

Jf

axe

npH

cAeJraHHbrx

TeIbHO

7"p.6i*

3aTpyAHeHO

Hr=c

:

Hrsc

(Vrp^a,

Vrp^a,

tirer.r

paBHoNtepHorl

cpa6oTKy

Aonyir{eHHflx

peueH}re (l1.25)

orrrocrr-

H3-3a cJlox(Hoft cBfl3II

Hrec

c

V.*6,

u6o

t).

Bne4enr

eule

oAHo

AonyqeHue

-

npr.r-

BoAoXpaHHnHilIa

B

TerIeHHe

Af;

VcpaSix

-

Vcpa1ia

:

const.

3ro

osFlarlaer nocToflHcrBo

Qr3g;

H

Q".6;,

T.

e.

Qrsci:

Qr:.or

:

Q*;*Qr,

:

coflst.

Q",

TorAa

B

(11.25)

Mox(Ho.trpHilflrb,

tlro

Fit 6yaer

3aBrrcerb roJrb-

KO OT

OAHOfi

nepeMeHHofi

l/cpa6

i

x,

H

pacqeT

ero MOX(HO rrpolr3BO-

AHTb

nO

CJ]eAyIOUIHTv{ H3BeCTHbrN.r

QOpr'rynatW

Aflq

nHHe['rHO|O HJ[r

ilapa6oflHqecKoro

xapaKTepa

3aBHCHMocrrr h.p^o(7"pro)

coorBercr-

BCHHO:

F/.*,

:V".a-V*.a:

zy.6o,- 0,5ft.p.6i*

-

z*.6(Qr.u,); ( I 1.28)

H

r*,

:iu.a-

+.u

:

Ja.6o

-0,3Sftaadiii-2".0(Q".oi),

(1 1.29)

rAe

h.p^6

t n:hcpa6; r

(

Vcpao

i

*)

-

cpa6orKa

ypoBrifl

BoAoxpaHuJInula

B

i-il.r

trFrrepBaJre

BpeMeHlr.

VqHtuteafl

cKa3aHHoe,

BMecro

(11.25)

ero)KHo 3arr{carb

ffrsc

i

il

.l

'l

t

9,Sllrtar

H

r:.c

(

/cpoorr)

Ycpn6i,.

-:=-

J

F

(V.puoi,.)

dV

"e^sr,

Ycpa6;u

222

Ltt

dV

"p^ar

:

223

rAe

F(Y.p.ci*)

:|""'

tfSt',,

'

-Q,,p,l-':

[

9,811.r"

,

Hrec(/cpuoi)

""t'_]

:

[Qrec

(Lti,

Vcpa6;*,

y'y'raci,

urocr,

Quo,)-

Q,,o,J-t

:

[Qr;

(Ltt,

V"r^ar*,

Mrec

r,

1,r?cr,

Qnr,)]-t.

(lt.3l)

rne

iy'p36

i

H

NFl*

-

3aAaHHoe

rr

o6ecneqrrBaeN{oe_

_(pacverHoe)

cpa-

6orxoii

BoroxpaHli.lttula

3Har{eHHfl

MorriHocrH

fOC'aooir.tcreeHHo.

floncx peueHriH

(l

1.32)

,

yAoB"'rerBopffrourero

(

I

l.3l

)

,

Mox{Ho

npeACTaBilrb

c"ler)'lou{HM

o6pascivr:

Tpe6yercrr

HairrH

TaKoe

3Haqe-

HHe

vcpa6

i

x

r,JIt{

3aAaHHbrx

Y:y^u,

*,

iv.rc,,

Qno,

B

;-*-irnrapBa!..re,

qro6br

)/AoBirerBopn"rocb

(

il.32)

c

yu.to*t

1ti.5r

I

o,i..'rlHo,

qro

3TO

peueHHe

MOt+ff{o

HafrTH

nyl

HaJrfiqrilr

3aBiicHi\{ocTH

F_F

(v.r^

Ettg

noJ'ryqeHnfl

rtocreAHef{

He

HHe cJ[eAyrouefi

3aAaqlr:

rpe6yeTcf

Hbrx 3HaqeHr.rfi

zs.6i:

consf (np"

y

AJIfl

1.*

i

:

COttSt

rr

Qnp,

:

COnSt.

floc-rieAoBaTe,rrbirocrb

AaHHoro

HTepar{HoHHoro

pacqeTa;

saAaeMcfl

npor{38o.,'rbHbrMri

3rraqeHr.rffMH

Qrecr;

B

AHana3oHe

oT

HyJIfi

AO

qHt',;

3aren.t

orpeAe.qrreili

za.6ii(er36r;)

rr

AaJree

Hreci'i

r.r,

cJreAoBa-

TeJIbHo,

iVF*r.

To

3HaLIeHt.te

Qrac

i;,

..

Koropo€

6_v1er

yAoBneTgop'rb

(11.32),

ffBrrrcrr perrrer{Lrelr

rccrae.neHFror'r

3aAaqri

no

noHc^y

r:F1l-*.,j

npII

Qnp,

:

CoISt.

Ha,ra.llre

sroi{

3aBHcHMocrr{

rro3BoJrfle

HafirH peuegHe

(11.30)

_

v.o^u

ix.

llo,ryqerrHoe

Arfl

i-ro

HHTepBa,la

7cpa6

i x

npHHriMaeTcff

paB-

I{bINI

7cpa6(;*r)H

I'i

onrrcaultrtfi

npouecc

noucKa

peueHr{fl

rroBTOpfleTCff

AO

nOCJ{eAHefo

ft-ro uurepBaJra.

EcrecrneuHo,

qro

ltoAo6uurfi

aJIropHTfvr

perxeHHr

r{efiecoo6pa3Ho

HCnO.r"rb30Barb

Ha

3BM

B pacqerax,

rpe6yrclltHX

rroBbrueHHofi

TOq-

*IOCTL',

HANPHMCP

B

YCJIOBH'IX 4CCPUqUTA

BOAHbIX

PECYPCOB.

B

KarrecrBe

oco6eirHocrel-I

no.qyqetiroro

peureHr.rrl

cneAyer

orMe-

Ttlrb

uelltner:rsrrfi

xapai(Tep

eannclrrvrocrei{

F:F(V.o"o

i

*l'Ans

HH3_

I(oHailopI'lblx

f3C,

tlro

rpe6yer

npt{

HX

trHC.rreurroM

ririrerpHpoBasHg

IIaJII4tlHt

IleClioJibtiH,\

ItlrTepBa,rtOB

nO

Vcpa6

i

x,

B

npe/{e.[aX

KOTOpbIX

(r

I

.32)

,(auo:

Z6.6ip1

,

zaSLk

Qnpt

;,,!p.o

(

v.pr,)

;

z,

o

(

Q

r.il,,

ilii[;

r!

iou

tlt

=

va{

(

z,

o *)i

lr{t

(,

u.ou,)

+

O6;=

u4/

(dtt)

0{.t,

=

0or}

qnr,

I

Hyjxr=0,5(zuttu+

zaou,)

-

z*(dkt)

I

aff.:

(

(,,rr)

+

Cmon

t

qnPL

\ /^ \

Zo.A

{

Va61

,z*6(Ua6).

noL

=

Za6o

-

tzaa

,tQ

oi

at'='o

^at

t=i

z

[za6=riz66-45

[2.g6=Zt]:65

d)

Pnc.

11.1. A,rropurvu

peueHHr

ocHoBHbrx BoAHo3HepferuqecKl-\

saAaq:

a

-

6asficnaq

3aAarra;

6-z

-

Bo;luogHeprerusecxHil

pacqer

pycaoeo*

f3C npa

sa.{.auHrrx rpa-

gxriax

Q*..(ll:

2,.6G)

rr

rVg.36

(l).

Mox(Ho

cqHTarb

.rynuefislni xapaKTep

xplinoft F

-F

(

Vcpro

i x)

r.r HC-

rIoJIb3oBarb

B

pacqerax

ivreroA

'rpanequfi.

Vrp^o

ix

MO)KHO HCilOJb3OBaTh'BCefO

OAUU

H\IH

ABa-

AHana3oHa

3Ha-

qeHHft

pa36HBKrr

F(7.p"0;

*).

Ecar.i

[pIiHI{]\,rarb,

qro

f

(l/.p"0

i

*)

JrHHefiHa B

AonycrHMoM

Arra-

na3oHe

sHaqeHHfi

Vrp^a

i

x;

ro

HHrerpar npaeoft

qacru

(11.30)

Molr(-

Ho

BbIr{HCJTHTb

c

Aocraro.{Hori

creneHbro

ror{Hocru

no

QopMyre

Ycpa6dx

V

cpalirc

-

Vcpa6in

dz66=0,5.d'266

d266= 2t)'266

=f/.r4t/

Cmon

i=

i+/

floAcranHs

(11.34)

B

(11.33),

rIoJIyqHM,

qro

HcKoMoe

3HaqeHHe

vrp^o

i x

AOJr)KHO

.O6eCneqHTb

pe[reHHe

cJleAyloulefo

HeffBHoro arte6-

paHqeCKOrO

ypaBHeHHfl

c

AByMfi

HeH3BeCTl{bIMH:

Q.ect*

H Vcpaoix

Qr*r

:

Onpi

*

8u,

:

Q"ot*

Ar,

(1

1.3s)

Hays/7e

4uruta

no

L

t;

.l

I

t

=/

I

t

,4aao

:

Ati

i

Nrsct

i

QupL

i

=

/,2,...,

k

;

zano

)

zrc

4i

i

Za.6

(Arr-)

Havarto

u:.fno

,o

,

f

t=/

l

I

Y

'Zofuu

=

26.60

Z0.6Lk=26,61r-t26.6

a)

+

Ycpa6r'H

-

Qnpi Qreci-_Qnpi

rAe

Qrec

i(Vcp^str.,

//reci),

BbtqHcrnercfl c y'qeTolr

.,'IItHein{oro

xapaKTepa

a3illelleHHfl

Qr:rc(y"pooi*,

l/rsc,)

no

SopMyre

Qrect(Ycpuoi*,

lVreci)

:

Gsc

i(z|.a,

iVreci)

:

0,5[Qrec,u

(y"pooin,

Nraci)

*Qrac,x

(7cpa6;x,,V.ecr)].

afi

BsrpaxeHue

(l1.35)

coorBercrByer

o6uuHorrry

ycnoBnlo

6araHca

pacxoAoB B crBope, H

peueHHe ero

Mox(eT

6urr

peanH3oBaHo

KaK

rpaQoaHa{HraqecSnM;

TqK H

IIHcJIeHHbIM

MeroAoM. flpuuer'l flepBb{fi

H3

HHX

Hcnor63yefcq

B oCHOBHOM

AJIfl

BbIflCHeHHfl

CBfl3H napaMer-

cI(a3aTL

H

O

CJIyqae, KOrAa H3BeCTI-IbIMH

fBJIflrOTcfi

peXiIrMbI

nonyc-

ioe B

nHxHHfi

6recp,

r.

e.

Q".o(r;.

Torla us

(11.35i

nox{Ho,rrarirn

Q,(i)

H

Aarree

V"p^o(t),

z,.o(V"pao(r))

H

ffrsc(l).

Af .

-

,

(

I 1.33)

(r

r .3+)

6aructan

cadava

_<co

6aeucuac

radava

,t

Peuteaue &ts

t-eo

uumqdana

i=i+/

224

l5-64 r

0

225

I,{repaqnouuuft

npoqecc

noricKa

Vcpa6

i

r

Tpe6yercfl

.rrurur,

B sa-

Aaqe,

rAe

3aAaHHbrMH

rBJtrirorcfl

3riarleHr.rq

enp;

H

l/rec;.

AuanH3

Tpex

OCI{OBHbIX

PACCN{OTPEHHbIX

3ALA{

IIO3BO.IIflCT

CAC"TIATb

BbIBOA

O TOM}

r{To

B Kax{Aofi

H3

HHX

HMeerctl

rleKoropafl

o6x{afl

6asgci{afi

qacTb -

pacqer

napaMerp?p

Bo.AHoeFreprerrir{ecKoro

pex{HMa

foc,

r.

e.

e"(l),

Qrec(l),

Hiec(/),'/Vroc(/)

rpri

H3BecrHbrx

3HaqeHHflx

e"0,,

zn.6

i

n

H

zs.6

i

n

B

KaX{AOU

l-r\{

pIHTepBaJre

BpeMeHH.

B

KaqecrBe

unnrocrpiqau

Hi

pHc.

I L

l

rpeAcraB.reHbr

6"rrox-

c;(eivibi

a.il-ropHTMoB

qerblpex

3aAaq

BoAHo3HepfeTHqecKHX

pacqeToB.

tt

nocJletrHHX

Tpex

ocHoBl-tbrx

3ar,aqa.x

B

BHAe

QyrrxuuoHaJrbHoro

pacqeTHoro

MoAyJIg

Hcnod'Ib3yercq

6a:rrcHaff

3aAaqa,

ttpeAcTaB,i,IeHltafl

r{a pHC.

11.1,a.

Ens

npHnrTorHHHbrx

H

AepHBar{HoHHbrx

f3c

ilpH

npoBeAeHurr

BOrHO3HepreTHqecKHX

pacqeroB

c/reAyer

BBOAHTb

rroTeptr

Harropa

B

AepHBaUHH

H BO.4OrrpoBoArrrrdr,rx

coopyx{eHHflx.

I-ipH yqere

nepeueH_

noro

KIIA

f3C

3To

Mo)Ker

npt{BecrH

K

rroflB.,TeHHro

AorroflHrirerbr{brx

Hrepai{HoHribrx

pacqeroB

no

Hanopy

(crvr.

r.rr.

l0).

Ha.ryaqlte

KacKaAa

He H3MeHrir

rIocJIeAoBare.rrbHocTb

DacqeroB

.qnE

orAe.,'rbHoft

f3C.

OAuaxo

nsaHilroerHnHHe

peixHMoB

f3C'B

coMK-

HyroM

KacKaAe

norpe6yer

Ilrepaquousofi

rpolreAypbl

B

pacqerax.

flper

oroivr

EJrfl

3aAaHHoro

rpaQnxa

orAaun

xax4ofi f3C

ro

hlour-

HocrH

pacr{er

cJreAyer Becru c

BepxHefi cryneur

KacKaAa,

3aAaBaffcb

HeKoropbrM

pelKHMoM

HHlKeJIex{arrrHX

fOC.

B

pa30MKHyroM

KacKaAe

pelxeHHe

HaxoAl.rrcfl

6es HTepat{HoH-

HOfO npoqecca c

HCrroJrb3oBaHHeM

o6ltqustx

6a.[aHcoe

I]o

pacxoAy

KacKaAa

(cu.

rn. 7).

4 ,, ^ -^-,,,

,.1rld./luI

nYnDIIYI

UUpCtJU$r

IttrAJ

lLn

ya.\-Y.f.rDr

Acrur\aAd

r rv rrPrr .fo-

AaHHbrx

pelKHMax

z".at(t),

V"p^ot(t) Hrtrl

Q",(f)

.

il,nn

3aAaHHbIX

rpa-

Saxoe

Q".ol

(/) pacr{er

cr'IeAyer

Har{HHarb c suxseft f 3C KacKaAa.

AonoeHHTeJrbHbte

rpyAHocrH

Bbrr{HCJrHTe"rrbHoro xapaKTepa BHocHT

yqer

BpeMeHr{

Ao6erauafl

pacxoAa

lvle}KAy

crBopaMI{.

Erqe oAHa Hre-

P3(nOUnas

npoueAypa

norpeoyercfl

npH

yqere

Ilorepb BoAbr It3

BOIOXpaHHJTHTTI.

Oco6o or\{errr\,r ueo6xoArr}rocrb

HcIIo.rIb3oBaHHfl

B

pacqerax

F.nr

pa3Hbrx

no

4illrrerbHocrH

lrnrepBarToB Ltt

(uac, cyrKu,

AeKaAa,

NIe-

cfltI, roe)

coorBercrByloulrrx

MareMaTHqecKHX

uoAe.neit 6seQon

H

BoAonpoBoAffrrIHX

coopyxeHufi

(u'r.

r.n. l3

n l4).

0zpatuveaue

Haya,qo

Hr"n

2

H

ilrsct

=

frn'

zrgc.(r^o

-rr.o

(Arrr.)

Htgci

<

H!

0zpatuvetue

no

mgpfu,re

flqqgrtl

q,urrtq

no

I

d)

:i

€(

E

?!

:"

;t'

i.::

.+:l

-t,

I

L,

ilg]1

bl

sit

E.

F.

s"1

:

3;

lf.- i

F.rl !

$i

ffi- !

E/

;8.

ki

tr.

#:tl

nrccl

-

flaao

:,vl!!

;,r!

;

htr

i

zoa

;

z,o

ft,r)

lauo

:,vl::

;

H{

;

266,,

i

zsrtir

Znp

i

zat

(

taa)

;

z*a(0,6)

I

t

a,

=

oilEa

('ua,,)

laao

t Nl:;

;

i/{

;

zoa;-x

;

zaozt'

}

ltt

iLnpt;

zm

( /at)

i

zra

(Q,a)

I

Y

o,

=

ai\'cd

(taatr)

oz=

oi'rL'

ktar^)

I

_t

Q

recr'-

q5

(01*

Qz)

I

_

_f

Qat

=

Qnp;-

Creci

'l

I

?

|Vnoon

--

d6;

'

4t;

I

'f

V,

--

Vt

(z

7,1,*)

Vz=

{o

(za6a)

tt

raFi

=

266

-^Zx6

(afff')

noed

r- \

Uz=

4

ns

(z66Lk)

I

f

Qrsc=0,5(8t*Qz)

I

t

86

-Qnp-Qrrc

I

+

Vr

=

.V6

(z

a1,rx)

v7= Va

(za1,u)

I

t

lVd=

\

-

Vz

.t

I

A+

J

dYt"

Qa

-1

€H

Peu4eaue

tadayu:

aTiir;Hriuiilig'ru

,)

Plrc.

11.2. AaropHrltu

petxenlrI

xaparirepHHx

saAaq.BoAHosHeprerrlrecKlrx

a

-

pBcqer

npe4e,rt6lrbl.x

lrouluocrefl

13C nprr

saAaHHbr.\

au.6:const;

6

_

ra4ata

pacrrcra

Bpe-

ryp6rrrte

s ret{eparopl',

a

-

38,0,4q0 npoBepKn

Bo3Mo)+(fiocrfi

ooffB.rer{Hn

e".c6p

,

Ano

anurur,"*

226

h

dv,!^r-tt!!X

ax.cdpL=

--Z{-

p

a cqeroB:

MeHH HAnOJrnCil!rs

EojlOXpA

TJHnHU(8

npH

gxa,lexxll

za.6

t

n,

?s.6

t

x,

A/1,

Qno

1

lt

15"

3A.AAHIIHX

3tlBqeHflgX 7s.6

t x,

Zs.6

I x

H

OtpSilftrteHrtH

nO

orparrtrrexull

no

rypdlrue

H

reuepaTopy

'

227

Vqer

xoJlocTbtx

c6pocoe

Ha

f3C

npHBoAHr

K

rroffBJreHgrc

Hre-

p.airnorrHbrx

rpor(e4fp

'no

pacxoAy,

a ,ii*.

K BosHHKHoBeHHro

Ao-

IIO-ilHHTe/lbHbIX

3&[39;

HaI1pHMep

3aAaqH

noHCKa

qI{CJIa

n CTeTIeHH

orKpblTl{fl

BoAocJIHBHbIX

oreepcrui?.

?ta

saAar{a

Ao.rIX{Ha

peularbcfl

c

frreTorM

pflAa

{oilo"rlHHTerbFrbrx

Qaxropon,

B

TOM

rrHC",Tg.

CKOpgCTH

MaHeBptrpoBaFrHfi

3aTtsOpaMH

BOAOCJTHBOB.

flptu,

ilpoBeAeHntt

BoAFIo3HepreTHqecKHX

pacqeroB

noMHMo

ocHoB-

Hblx 3an2q nAecMoTnpHpIT-T.rr ErLrrrla nn dD nd6and 7,

- -----

-'

r---'^-

usrl.lvr

rrv/redtnLl\,.41

Xr

Yng

J\dPdt\ltrp-

lrbtx

AorTo"rlHHTeJIbHbIX

3aAarl,

HMeloutHX

MeCTO

BO

MHO|TIX

pacqeTax,

HanpHMep

3aLaq:1.

pacrrera:

[peAeJibHbrx

lvroiqnocreft

f3c

npH

3a-

IAHHbIX

OTMCTKAX

BCPXHCI.O

6ICSA;

PE}KHMA

HANO./'IHCHHfl

BOAOXPA.

HHNHIqA^

IIPH

YC/IOBHH

MIIHHMH3AI{HH

XOJIOCTbIX

C6POCOE,

T.

C.

PA-

6orlt

fOC

c

npeAeJIbHo

AorlycraMbrrvrH

MorqHocTflMH

rro

ycd'roBHflM

orpaHu'leuufi

no ryp6nne

H I'eHeparopy;

BpeN,reHH

Hairo.rlHeHH.fi

BoAo-

xp8Flllrriur?

npH

3aAaHHbtx

3HaqeHHflx

Zs.6;

i{

H Ze.6

r x,

Qnp;

H

orpa-

HHqeHHfix

pex(Hivra

r3c

ro

ryp6axe

H

reHeparopy;

pex(HMa

f3c

no

BoAoroKy

c

yqeroM

orpaHHr{eriufi

ro ryp6raHe

}r

feHeparopy,

a

TaKlKe

3aAaqa

[poBepI(H

Bo3Mox(HocrH

nofiBJieHxg

Qx.cop;-

B

l-nr

HHTepBaJIe

BpeMeHH

Altfl

3aAaHHbIX

SHaCeHAT?

Ze.6

i

Ht

Zs"6

i

7a,

Lti,

Qop;

lt

orpaHurieHHrt

pexsua

f3C

H

pnr,

ApyrHX

xapar{repHbrx

saAaLr.

Bce

oHH

-peualorcff

Ha

ocuoBe

Hc,'o,'b3o

BaHHff.

rroryqenHbrx

Bbr[re

ypasueHnfi

BHAa

(

I

I.35),

a

raKlKe

rexHoJrorntuecxoft

MoAeJrH

(g"r.

rn.

7).

B

KaqecrBe

HJrJiFocrpar{HH

Ha

pHC.

ll.2

npeAcraB.,,reH

pflA

aJrro-

pHTMOB

pelueHHf

HeKOTOpbTX

H3

[epeqHc.i'IeHrrLilx

xapaKTepHbtx

3aAar{.

B

peaJIbHbIX

ycnoBHrx

Bo3Mox(Ho

[oflBJreHHe

caMbrx pasnoo6pa3Hbrx

3aAaq,

cBfl3aHHbIX

c BoAHo3HeprerHqecKHil.tn

pacqeTaMg.

Oanaxo

BCe

oHu

6y4yr

6asHpoBarbcff

sa

seo6xoAnMocrg

HcrroJrb3oBaHafl

MoAylt-

gbrx

(ocHoeHux)

3.aAaq,

paccMorpeHHbrx

Brd[re.

pas.ruHqsue

3aAaqg

6yayr

orrHqarbcR'4pyr

or

Apyra

roJrbxo

JrorHr{ecKHMrr

cBfl3rMH

yl{a3aHHbrx

MoAyJrbHbrx

HJrH

ocHoBHhtx

3aAaq-

tt.3.

pacqET

CPASOTKH-HAnOTIHEHI{fi

BOAOXpAHHfiHU{

rA3C

H

r3y

APyTHX

THnOB

Pacqeru

pex(HMoB

|AAC.

PaccuorpHrrr

3aAaqy pacrrera

ypoBeH-

Hofo pex(HMa

6teooe

rASC

HecoBMeuIeHHOfo

BHAa

AJrn

repHoAa

a

TaKXe

'ocHoBHbrx

noxasarereri

/^(t)

,.4iln^3aAaHHoro

rpaQuxa

pa-

f4gc

(/).

3aAaun

xapaKrepucruxH

IA

sapnAa. (nacocn*fi

pexnu)

H

TaKX(e

rroTepH

Harropa

B BoAoBO-

rqH

npeAcTaBJrfleTCfi

CJreAyrorrlHM-

Artn

sagaHgbrx

rpaSHr<oe ffFerc(l)

nr

lvFaec(f)

Ha

HgrepBaJre

BpeMe-

HH

T

-

/*

-

fo

IIpfi

H3BecrFroM

coCio"HHu

ole6oa

B

MoMeHT'lo,

,.

e.

za,6o,

Zn-60,

npl'I yCJ|OBHH,

qro

ftIr:

COflSt,

4oo:

COnSt,

k'il

-

COnSt,

rpe6yer-

cs

uatirH

zu.o(/)

ut

z*.u(t),

a

rar()fie

Qrasc(l),

Hps3,6(l),

H^(t),

228

,'

Pacqer

BeAercff

rrpH c/reAyrouiax

Ao[oJrHHTeJrbHbrx_

AonyilIeHgfix:

pexiaM

rAac ycraHoBrreuraftcg,.

r.

e.

_ lpa$axn

zr.o

(t)

u

zr.o(t)

oAHo3r-ra\rgo

coorBercrByror

v".6ft) 14

v".a(t);

.norepH

pacxo

iu'

a

6re$ax

orcyrcrByror;

saAariHbre

rpa$uxn

p'abo.sr

raec

,o

-ilo,u:

HOcrH

AorrycrHMbr;

.pacqer

npoBoAHrcfi

AIrfl

fASc

c

6no.rHoft

rHA-

paerixvecxotl,cxeltoli

c

oAHHaKoBurtaa

o6paruMbrMn

arperaraMH,

T.

e.

1":4;t=crH^i.:H^'.

ocuoeune

pacr{erFrbre

coorHorueHr.rff

r,Jrfl

3aprla

(uacocurrft

pe-

XIarvr):

rAe

rrpH

rAe

r/F^u.(/)

:

g.ft,,91J#12

:

krrQFeec'(t)

Hx(t),

QF^..

(t):

Q"(l)

:

!YE!t(o;

H

""

(f)

:2a.6(t)

-2".u(l)

*ft"oo

(

I

1.36)

(tt.37)

(

I

r.38)

(

I

l.3e)

(l

1.401

(

il.4

1)

z'.a(t):2a.6(7".0

(l)

)

;

7'*u(7"'o

(/)

V

".u(t)

:

V

".ao(.".u0)

*

V

^.a$):

7".60

(e,,.oo)

-

z".o(t)

-

k*u

QFeac

$)

H:(t),

(1r.42)

).

t,

I

)

Q,(t)dt;

lo'

)

Q,{t1at.

3o

CooreercrBeHHo

A/rfl

pa3pfiAa

,

(ryp6annsrft

pelxnur)

//lesc

Ql.o,uc

0

H:(t)'l' (t)

(f)

=

102

npH

;

' ' -,

.

,,

C

ryqeTolv{

noJIyqaeM,

qTo

CBt3aH

C

Vn.6

QF^r.

(l)

:

Q"

(l)

:

(r

r.43)

(

I

1.44)

(

i

'.451

V,

uqtl

-

I

v,i,.oo(ru.*)

-

f

e,0

dt--

I

'

.o

-t

-

i-

-(r

+

J

Q,V)dt.

to.

fAOC

HecogMeirreirHoro

,rnu

T.

e.

ootelt

V".6

oAHo3ilaqHo

rinfi

Va.6o

H

Vn.oo.

.

..,'

_

,l

..%.u

(i)

:

V*;ao(a.*)

6a.naruca

pacxoAa

Ha

f

A7".ol-

l-AVn.el,

Anfl

3aAatrHbrx

3Haqe

229

;

floAcras'r'{

(11.37)-(ll.4t)

B (lt.A6),

(ll.4B)_(l

(

I

1.42).

flo.nyunr,r

//F,q.ec

(l)

:

u-

g#g(2".0

(vu.o

(/))-

z,.a(v

^,.a(l))+

h,oo)i

l/Fesc(/)

:

k'u

dvq,,Tu)

e".a(v".a(l)).-

z,.a(v,.a(l))

-

h*^).

HanopHble

xapaKrepHcrHKH

fAOC

1.46)

B

(n.47)

(

r

l.4B)

Auanoruquo

crposrcff

'l.r

H

o"

(V

n.a)

H H

u'

(V,i.o).

.

:

*.Jl#Il:::::: Lli:i::.i1,

orn-ocnrcr

K

Klraccy

Hennuefisux

AHO_

tr.vHvrrr{rrq'rurrDrr\

Jpaoncnnn

r-I'u

flopflAKa

IIo

oTH0IIJeHHIO

K

llcKo-

MbrM

nepeMeHHbrM.

Peruesne

3THX

ypanueHafi

B

O6xlerrr

iro",

r.

e.

B

BHAe

aHa"rlHTHqecxoft

3aBtrctrMocrH

Va.a

or

Nrnsc

u

/, Henoslvto)KHo.

Torrxo

B

HeKoropbrx

qacrHbrx

crryqarx

cBr3b

i"i""wri;;

I

uoxuo

Hafiut

H

B

aHaJrHrHqecKoN{

BHAe,

HarrpHMep

ruiuro=tT.onrt

H

H3_

BecrHbrx

a*ajrr.rr'qecK'X

3aBHcr,rMocre

fi

z,.o(vJd

w'i.rtv;;i

B

qacr-

HOCTH,

3TO

OTHOCHTCfl

K

TA3C

HCCOBMCUICHHO|O

THfiA,

IIMEIOII{HM

HcKyccrBeHHbre

-

eo,Ioxp1lrri1Hua,

c xapaHTeprrcrHKaN,rH,

6,rrrsx6rvli

K

3aB

IiCHlvtOCTfl

ilI

hgpa6:

fiVz

rp^o.

Aas

noHcKa

.ygr.ora

pe.u.nrr

saAarr'

B

o6urervr

cryqae

np'-

BeAerr

(11.47)

H

(ll.4g)

K

BHAy

l/flnac

(t)dt

_

kit

H2(V".u)dV".ui

(

I

r.4e)

(l

1.50)

SFeec

(V,.a.)

:

o,S1u',:

+

Hn

LVu"ni

7iH

367

-

103

v".*n=

l/Xii+

XaY",nl,

i:l

m

Jf,nsc

(v*.*,):

F

o,s

(Hi

+

r/l)

avcp,6i

LJ

r L'1,r367.10t

/:l

v",a^:

Yil:f'-

)

Al/"ou6i

'

i:l

Jl^q.

(v^.*):

9l

0,s(Hi

+

Hn

A/*roni1'

(ft.soy

H

'

' tt

36z.10l

/:l

m

npn

V*.&n:yffi+

)AZ""ui.

i:l

3Aecn

L'Vcpa6i

H LV'naai-:{ey:Hr.apHbre

o6reuu

cpa6orxH

Hrrr{

Ha-

TIOJII{CH[iE

BOAOXPAHHJIHU{

IA3C,

COOTBCTCTBYIOIqHC

YPOBHffM

ZEA.6i

H

ZKa.6i

HilIt ztu..6i

L|zK'i.6i.

Hanopu

arperaroB

|AOC^ffrn

H

Hi;'-co-

OTBCTCTBYIOT

YKA3AHHbIIVI

3HAqEHHflM

YPOEHCft

HA

UANOPruOfi

XAPAK.

repncrHKe

fA3C

(crvr.

pnc.

10.10).

Ha

ocrroBa'r.r' yxasauuux_

pacqeToB

Mox(Ho

nocrpo'rb

sHepre-

Ti:.:.nT? ;\uplrt:ql:11*n

I-AOC

Arrn

BepxHero

H rrHlKHero

dretpoe

(pHc'

-l

l.J).

u noMolrlblo

HaftAeurlbrx

xapaKrepr-rcrr{K

AJtfl

nro6ux

3aAAHlrblx

sua,restfi

/".00

(es.oo)

,

I/s.60

(zn.uo)

n

esrpa60TKe_ilorpe6ne.

t.rHH

3Heprr{H

|ASC

Ailn

Ka}KAoro

MoMerira

I

rrro>xuo

onp*l*n"ro

cocrofll{l{e

BoAoxpaHllnl{II{,

T.

€- 2a.6,

zrt.6,

Vn.6,

vu.o,

H

3areM'no

Qop,

'

23r

^f .1r ,"

rinec

(v".o.n)

:

Il

o,s

(ai

+

nil

Ll"

i:l

tl r /XaKC

Y

s.&n:

v

4.6

LV

"p^af

rrpfi

npH

COOTBCTCTBEHHO

npH

(1153)

m

s

L)

E

l:l

(l r.54)

(1

1.55)

.i

va.6

f

vs.60

9Feec

(l)

:

I

'l

J

ro

I

g|nec(/):

f

lrl^r.

J

/e

7s'6

(t)dt

-

k'N

I

rl(v".u)

dvu.a,

J

v-

B,OO

Hs (i

1.49)

H (11.50)

crreAyer,

.rro

JFrcc

u

JFasc

3aBHcnr

rorrbKo

or

oAHOfo

napaMerpa

-

Hcnonb3yeMoro

o6reui

-

BOAOXpaT{HJTHUT

fA3C

B

HacocHor"r

u

ryp6r{Hnor{

pexrfirax,

r.e-

gFnEc(V".u)

H

J|esc(y".0),

HJJH

c yrreroM

oAHo3nar{Hoft

ceqs

fi

Vo.a

v

Vr.a_

Jfleac (L.u)

u

gfffs(V,,.r),

3ra

gaBHcHMocTH

orrHqarcTcfl

--o-T

3He_preTHqecKHX

xapaKTepH.THK

BoAoxpaHHnHrrla

Ha

3HarreHge

I(nA

fAdc

a ryp6au"or'"

-nacocgoM

pelKHMaX,

'

Ha'n''{fie

[oAo6swx'

xapaKTepHcrHK

3'arr'Te"rrbHo

ynpoulaeT

pe-

ruelrHe

nocraBJreHnofi

3aAaqH.

fi-eficrnirreJrbHo, 3aAaHHOMy

rpaQnxy

i/rnsc(l)

rvrox$ro

nocTaBHTb

B

coorBeTcrBHe

saBHcHMocrr

'Jprc,s(i)

H

AaJ(ee

no

sHeprerHsecKntur

xapaKrepucTnKa$r

Jr,cac

:

Jror"iF_.1'

;

31nec (%.u)

A"rtn

HacocHoro

u

ryp6uuio.o

p.*n

ou

HerpyA'o

paccq'-

TaTb ypoBeHllbrfi

pexmt

|ASC

H

cBtl3aHubre

c

H'-r.rr

ero

sueprergqecK6e

noria3areru,

r.

e

. zt.6{t),

,*,0

(/),

e.esc

(f),

ffre:c

(/)

;

E;iii.

B

o6uterr

Br{Ae

3aBncrln{ocru

Jtcac(Vo.u)

H

Jfeecg"l.i,-

a raKxe

Stnac(4.0)

Moryr

6rrrr,

nocrpoeHbr

np'

roMorq*

HaropHbrx

xapaKrep'c_

rHr

lA3C,

onpeAeJlsejvibly

cooTHol.xeHHstyrrr:

H^"(V,.0):2".0(l/".0)

-2n.6(V".u)

*hooxi

(ll.bl)

H,'

(Vr.o):2".0

(

Vn.o)

-

zn.6(V,,.0)

-'hooa.

230

(r

t.52)

'a.)

3

PHc.

I i.3.

SxepreruuecKHe

fA?q

Arrn

r'epxnero

(a)

6leSon

d)3

xapaKrepHcrHKH

u HHx<Hero

(6)

7r

-

H.t

nns

|AOC, TaK

)Ke KaK

H

AJrfl

fOC,

MolKHo

yqecrb

nprepx

soAtr

H3 BoAoxpaHHJrHrrra.

vcnoxHeHHe pacqeroB

Arrtr

|ASC

cb-

BMeuIeHHoro rHIIa

6y4er

SaKfiIoqaTbcfl

B

HcrioJrbsoBaHHH

coorBer-

gl.ByryurHx

xapaKrepHcrnx

6re+oe,

-B

qacrHocrH,

ecJrH

Hu>rnufi

6nes

fA3C

sBJrflercr

BoAoxpaHHJrHrqeM

fOC

AJrHreJrbHoro

peryJrHpoBa-

HHfl, TO B reqeHHe

cyroK

orMe'rKa HHX(Hefo

6le$a

rASC

MOXer

cqHTarbcff

IIpaKTHqecKH

nocroqHHofi.

HeHsNaeFIHbtMH

B Ter{eHHe

KpaT-

KOCDOqHbIX HHTCDBAfiOR BDEMEHI{ MOTVT CtII,ITzTKNCT N'T'MA'TT'Lr I' LI''.

I

- - -r--'----

-r-_--__"

"-'J'

vf rrrv^rrrl

rl arq-

Iopbr

Ha

f3C-fA3C

B

KacKaAe

ArrHreJibHoro

peryJrHpoBalrHfl.

Pexsu

pa6orlr

6re0on

noAo6Horo

KacKaAa

B

AJrHreJrbHoM

HHrep-

Ba/te

BpervreHH

He3HaqHTe",'IbHO

3aBr.rcHT

OT

HaCOCHO|O

pex{HMa

fA3c

rrII.T.D

lv

n3c-

-

o[.T:P Hn,

r:P

rF.T.P

Yn3C

"

n3C

',{n3c

(r

I.5i)

(11.58)

102

i/Tr5C

-

z6ac.-

zn_frhl

o

zw

-

z"

(l);

26^":

zau.(Va^")

n h*l'p

:

ftl;l'o

(eftftp);

(Qtb'co

(l)

+

Qx,*o

(t)J

rtt

;

Psc,

i1.4.

O6urnfr

sRA

usMeHeHHr

Bo

BpeMe-

&m:c

Hfi

ocHoBnhrx

3HepreTHqecKnx

noragareleri

rA3C

232,

-t

Trln.T.p rr f

Y6ac'

:

Y.-.)

a

I

rAe

npH

/-rF,

?.

D t

qrec'

t

V*.c6p

-

(

r

1.5e)

(

il.60)

Q[;J

o

:

Q[;

o

(rvfi;l

o,

ag;I.o).

xo"rocrue

c6pocsr

HMeror

Mecro

_npH

ueo6xoAaruocrrr

6srcrpeii-

uero

onopolKHerrrirr

6accerlna,

a

e

o6parHorrr

ryp6i,n,,on.t

tpex{Htuie

*

npH ero

}ranoirrreHHr{.

, ,MTKC

fls

Hr(*)

933

t /

n-H.p

IY

N3C

:

r r n.H.D

11 d^;

-

'-

l

r,:u

-

1Oorn

H'P

r

"4..f13C

r r

fl.fl-

D.

Z6^.-Zut

ftfl?C,

no,{yqaeM

cJIe-

(1r.61)

(1 i.62)

(

i

r.63)

HACOCHbIX

(1

1.64)

(

I 1.65)

(

I

1.66)

( r

r.67)

(r

1.68)

(r

r.6e)

I

A"rs

o6parHoro

rypduHHoro.

pex(HMa

(za^"12*)

AyIOqee

Bbrpax(eFrlie:

.

'

r /O.

T.

iil

/l/ ,,^ ^_

-

ITIIJL

aftJco

aftJ.o

lft#

rrO.T.O

r1

nac

:

'

r02

r

O.T.D.

Zrr-

26^"- flnor'

,

npu

QftJao

:

QlJcp(/V?6C,

HftJco)

vr

Qx.cop

:

Q.x.c6p

(H?jJi).

Aga,rornqHbre

Bbrpax(eHHtI Mox(Ho

3artHcarb

H

niln

pelKHMoB

o6parHMofo

o6opyloe a]Hvrfl,

n3c.

Ha uexoropbrx n3C

Nrox(er

6rrru

pearr.r3oBaH

HacocHbIp'I

pex(HM

-

nprMofi HJr!r o6parHsril.

ts

nprMot!{

HacocHoNI

pex(HMe

BoAa

riepe-

KaqtrBaercfl

Hs

Mopfl

s

6acceftu, B o6paruou

-

Hao6opor.

flpu eront

frpffMoii HacocHbrft.

pexuvt MolKeT

HaqllHaTbcfl

npH zulz6ac,

a

3a-

KaHqHBaTbCfl

npH

zn1z6ac.

Enn

o6parHoro

HacocHofo

pex(HMa

cHariafl.lla

zu1z6ac,

a B KoHIde

z*):,6^r.

flpaxrrauecKH

3To oSHaqaeT

Bo3Mox(Hocrb H3MeHeHHfl

3riaKa

HaflopoB

n3C B

ttacocuoM

pex{HMe.

Pac,{erHtte

ypaBHeHHfl

A,'Ir

npffMoro

HacocHofo

pex(HMa HIrleFor

BHA:

nn.H.P sn.H.P

YTI3C

"

TI3C

npoBeAeHHH BOAHO3HepfeT

HqeCKHX p,aCqer0B

f

3y

srHX

rHrroB,

6yt

Ayr

6asupoeartcr Ha

paccMorpeHHbrx

B

AaHHoii

rJraBe

ocHoBHbrx

3aAatlax

A"r-lfl

f3C

H

fA3C.

C

qgvelrlbio

HX ],{ox(Ho pe[rarb

H

Jrro-

6nre HoBbre

Bi-rAbr

3aAaq,

Koropbre Moryr

BcrpeTHTbcfi

B

rrpoeKTHbrx

HJIpr sKcniryaTar{HoHHbrx

pacqeTax.

rIAEA

i2

PEX{HMb|

pAEOTbt

THflPOSHEpTETHT|ECKHX

yCTAHOSOK

B

pA3Jlt'trtHbtx

ycnoBhf;x

Bo,4HocTH

H PETYNHPOBAH'Ig CTOKA

12.r. oEu{HE

nono}KEHHrl

B coBpeMeHHbrx 3Hepro-Bo.1o\03flricrseHrrbrr.

cHCTeeiax

pa6orar.or

f3y pa3Horo

rHna,

or.rrurqarcu-(i{ecfl lo er.rAy

peryJrr'rpoBaHHfi

croKa,

cnoco6y co3AaHr.rf Hanopa,,vc"ioBiiflNl pa6oTbr

B

pa3flHqrrbre

nepHo-

Abr

roAa B

cooTBeTcTBHH c TpedoBaHHfl.MH

OTpaCJreft

HapOAHOTO

XO-

ssficrna.

Kopperrrruni

yqeT

BCex

rexHo.TorprqecKHX

H

pex(HMHbrx

oco6eFIHocret'I f3y B 3Haqnre"itbuoir

i\{epe

BJ'rHfler

Ha

HX TexHHKo-

SKOHOI{liqecKIie

lloKa3aTe.r-lH 17,

CJ'IeAOBaTeI

bl{O,

Ha IIepCneKTHBbI

IiC-

no.rb3oBaHltfl rHf,po3FleprHl{

B

IIapoAFioNl

Xo3RficTee.

C 3Tofi

r{e.,'rbro

B

AaHHoli

r.r{aBe

paccMarptiBarc-icfi

o6utue 3r{epreTHqecKtie

H

pex(Htv{-

libre

oco6er{r{ocrri, xaparirepHbre

AJrr

riaxiAoro

BriAa

f3y.

Vqer

3THX

oco6euHocrefr

B

pacqerax

I{parKocporrHbrx

H

Arr{Te,'Ib-

IIblx

pelKllMoB

3Hepro-Bo.1'oxo3fllicrBeHHbrX

cl{creM

6yeer

pacc}ror-

peri

HHX(e B

f,'r.

13 u 14.

I?.?.

T3C

EE3 PETYTHPOBAHHg

CTOHA H T3C

c

BolqoxpAHr{n.t!u{AA,{H

KpATKocpor{Horo

pEfyJtHpoBAHHfi

13c

6es

perynHpoBaHflq

croKa

pa6oraror

rro pex(HMy

BoAoroKa,

r. e. nplt za.6(/)

:FitlY-coflst.

PIx

pelliHM

nolHocrbro

H

oAHo3HaqFro

onpeAe.Ttrercfl

npr{ro_riHgcrbro

K

CTBopy

f3C, raii

Kar{

Qr.o

(l)-

:Q"p

(/)

H

Q,

if;

-9.

Kar<

rpaBr.rr'ro,

3ro

'HH3Kor{anopHbre,

He6orb-

lxHe no

MouIHocrH

fOC. Ouri

Bbt3biBarcT

HaHMeHbLurie

H3MeHeHHfl

B npHpOAe

AaHI{O|O

perHOtla

H

He

I\'leHfflOT

eCTeCTBeFIHOTO

peX(HMa

BOAOTOKa,

ec,rrH

B KaCKaAe

OrcyrcrByior

13c

c

peryJrHpoBaHHeM

CTOI(4.

,

fi.run

peK

cFreroBoro

rrHraHH-q

r-paOHK. pa6orbr

foc

6es

peryl

JIupoBaHHrt,

KaK IIpaBHJIo,

orrrocHTeJrbno

paBI{ot\{epr-tbIfi

Bo

BpeMeHH

r'{

coorBercrByer

6asucFiofi

3oHe rpaoHxa

Hafpy3KH.

Anq

peft

Aoxi-

AeBol'o

nHTaHHH

pelKHM

orAaqH fOC

Bo BpeNIeHr{

Mox(eT

-6mrs'

ue.

paBrroMepr'rbri\l,

Ho

r{

olr coortsercrByeT

6asHciroN.{y

pex(HMy.

Huraxue

BI-IAL,I pe3epBa

cl'IcTeMbI I'Ia

raKl.tx

fOC

ue

ycraHaBJrHBarorcs.

Ocrros-

uoflt

eaAaqetl

ct{creMbt

peryrHpoBaH_rrn

fOC rrBrrrercfl

noAAepxiaFrr{e

za.o(l):tlflV.

PexHu

pa6olsr

f3C

Mox(Ho

cr{rirarb

ycrar{oBHB-

lul{Mctl.

Bogittox<ua

onrur\.III3aq}rfi

Blryrpr{crarir{Hor{Horo

pe}KgMa

f3C

L

r,ro.T.p t/ ,

("^o.T.p

/l\ | A

VZo'"u

-

V

o*

.)

tqnti

l,

lt

Vx.c.6p

(t)) dt

U

npH

CooreercTBeHHo

I/n.fl.P

v

n3c

Qffi'Co

:

Qh#P

(/vff#', ffff5i).

A"nn

oopaTHoro

HacocHofo

pex(HI!'Ia:

,r lo

.

H.P

lv

n3c

:

aft5co

riftsC

,YftJeo

-

z*i

Vft5.0

--

V

,

I

-

v

o+

J

OniA

tilar

o

:'')

102Tfi&e

I Lo'H'P.

-

a&c

-f.

trfl3C

I

-

jarr'i*

0

npH

Qft5.0

=

efij'Co

(NftSo, f/ftftp).

B

gacrofliqee

BpeMfi

cyu{ecTByer

6o.ruruoe MHoroo6pa3He

rHnOB

f$y.

Hanpuntep,

f3C-llA3C

yBeJIHqeulioro Hanopa;

ruuoro6accefi-

lloBbre

cxeMbI

B

3FIeprernqecKHX

KoMnJlel(cax;

KacKaAbI f3C

c Konrp-

peryJrHpoBaFIHeM

I'I

T.

A.

OAttaxo

Bce 3aAaqll,

BOSIIHKaIotr1ue

npH

234

235

6ee peryJrupoBaHuff-

B

qe,rrorlr

c

yqeroM

H

on

pex(HM

3THX

onHcarb

cJreAyroilluu

o6p

a3oM:

fOC

MolKHo

-1

''i

&rN

rw[

Pric.

12.1.

Pcxurrrr

pa-

6oru

f3C

6es

pery.napo-

BAHHfl

CTOKA

B TCqCHHC

foAa

zr.aU):

HflY

:

consti

Q"

(l)

-

0;

Q*.o

(f)

-

Q"o

(/);

P,.,N,

a.P

za.6

-

b.o

t4,

1

'H.O

=c€

aa.6

fl

vr3c

\L )

:

I

ornt'(Hr:c)

np'

e"

o

U)

>

af3t"

(Hrec);

Qx."op

:

Q'.0

Q

-

af3l

(Hf3c

(i

)).

(r2.l)

(12.27

Morqrrocrr

noAo6urrx f3C

HeBeJurKa

(pruc.

12.L).

3uaqrire,,rr-

Hyru

t{acrb

roAa

3Aecb Bo3Mox{Hbr

xoirocrue

c6pocbr BoAbr.

flpu 3Torr{

MolqHocrb

f3C

6y4er

onpeAe/rrrbcq

cxervrofi

co3AaHHr Harropa

!r

opf aHH3aqHeli

npo[ycr(a

Q*..0p

r]epes

rolonHofi

y3e,'r

B

uaxHaii

6reQ

HirLI

LIepe3

AepH_BaqHro

rr

nanopuufi

6acceftn

B HHxuur?

6teQ

nJrn

AeptrBar{tionHbrx

f3c;

qepe3

BoAoc6pocbr

B Hrrx<Hrlfi

6teQ

AJrf

n.ryorttt+ioit

f3C.

Ans

nrc6oft

cxeMbr

co3AaHHfl

Harropa

HMeror N,recro

.loreprr

ero

3a

cqer HHxHefo

6teQz, r. e;

AtV*.6(Qr.o)

u

A?r.a(e*.u).

Ec"rrrr..nponycK

Q*..0p

opraHu3oBaH

r{epe3

AepHBauHro

H HanopHniri

daccefiult,

To

nofiBJlfliorcf

AonoJrHHTeilbHbIe

lrorepa. Harropa

H,

cJre-

AoBareJlbHo,

MoudHocrH

H, sHeprnH,

rITo

BeAeT

K

ptanofi

gHepreTrr-

qecxort

sQQexruBFIocrH

cxeivtbl.

B

nepuoAbr

rrporycKa MaKCHMarbHbrx

pacxoAoB,

KorAa Hafiop

Mo]KeT

6nrru MeHbtIIe

Ho*,

Bo3Mox{Ho

no-

flBJreHHe

cBrr3aHuofi

tto

Hattopy

MorrlHocrH

/VcBn3

(Hrr.)

(ptuc.

12.l).

3ro BbI3bIBaer

AonorHHreJrbHbre

norepri

MoulHocrH

r{

3HepflitI.

Anx

noBblueHIIfl

eQcpexrliBHocrlr

f3C

6es pery,'rHpoBaHlrfi

croKa

Ha

r{}rx

HHorAa pa3Meu{aror

raK Ha3brBaeMyrc

ce3oHHyro

M

o ni H

o c

r

b

/y'""..

Oria o6ecne,{eHa

noAofi

orpaHHqeHHoe

Bpervrq

B TOAY

Ii B./'IHEET

IOIIIKO'

HA

PACXOA

TON,'IHBA B

CHCTCMC,

I{C

YBCJIH-

qHBafl

Bbrrecrr.fitou{efi

r{oulFrocrn

f3c-

Bupa6orxa

f3c

6es

peryriripoBaHHfr

Mox{er

6urs HafiAesa

ro

Qopvy,re

JFr%

-

Jlroo

-.

AJ".o

-

A33"*

-

Agf.*,

Psc.

12.2.

Oco6esuocru

pex(lruoB

pa6orn

f3C

cyToqiloro perynHpoBaHHF

llpu

paBHoMeplrolvr

rpa$uxe

npriror{Hocrrr

K crBopy

f3C

B

re-

qeHHe

roAa

LJIfi

p€2.r-III3e(HH

CyTOr{I{O|O

penyJlHpoBaHHrr

AocTaToqHo

IIN{eTb

BOAOXp?HH"i-ItJU{e

B

pa3fttepe

IIOJiOBHHbI

O6teilta

Cy|OUUOTO

croKa. B

pearTbHblx

ycJIoBHflx

3Tor

o6relr

MoxeT

6nirt

HecKoJrbKo

MeHbuIe uJII{

6olnrue. Ha"[H.{He

Aaii{e

tie6oluruoro

BoAoxpaH}inHrqa

yBer'rrrrllrBaeT

o6ecneqeirHocrb

orAaqH f3c

B

TeqerrHe

rola.

f

3c

cyror{riofo

pery-qrrpoBaHHfl

Mofyr

6srTo pa3Lrbrrurr

r]o

cnoco6Sr

co3Aa-

ltHs

Frarropa,

xoropmfi,

KaK rrpaBHJro,

ile6o"nlruoft.

B

cBfl3H

C 3THM

}ICBC.TI[IKH

H

3ATOIITCHIiq

B BCPXI-ICNI

6ICQC

TAKHX

f3C.

Harnque

cyror{Horo peryirrrpoBaHHfi

croKa

ilpr,rBoAur

K rrorrB-

JIeHHIo

HeKOTOpbrx

oco6eltgocrefi

3HepreTHr{ecKOro

rr

eo4oxosgficr-

BeHrloro

HcnOJIbsoBaHHff

noAo6sux

13C.

fIo,.icHHvr

9To

rDadsqecxa

lia

p

wc. 12.2-

flyc'm

Ans

H3BecrHofi

oruerxli

HrIy

B

"tuoie

f aC

3aAaH

rpaQnr

Qnp:coflSt,

qro

o6ecnequBaer

6asoetrft

pe]r(Hrv{

pa-

6oru

leC

6ee

peryrrHpoBaHufl

,VFJg :

coflSt

(saurrpr*o"u"nu"

rrJro-

n(aAb

B

6assctiofi_qacru

rpa$uxa

Harpysru).

PasnrecrHr"r

J6,i"

B

nHxoeofi

qacTlI.

llpu 3ToM,

ecTecrBel{Ho,

BbrrecHfliou{aff

MotrrHocrb

fgc

cyroqHoro

peryrrrrpoBar.rHfi

yBeflHr{HBaercfl

ao

trir[.

B

06111erur

cJiyr{ae rvF;oc

6yle'r

rer\{

6oluure,

rreM

Bbrule

ilrrr(oBocrb

rpaQur<a

rlarpy3KH,

T'

e.

rieM

MeHb[Ie

ft u

0.

Terrr

caubl]rr

o6ecne,luBaeTcrr

Tar(

;

I

l

i

t

I

1

I

!

I

i

{,.:

t

l

i

t

i

t

I

i

t

g

I

i

t

I

i

t

rAe

a'n.o

-

fiorepH 3HepfHH

3a

cr{er

HH}KHefo

6neQa;

a'Qp"*,

A3rrp"*

-

peil(Hr'IIlble

norepH

3HeprHH

3a

cqer

xoJlocrbrx

c6pocon

ri HaJrrrqrrfl

curr3aguofi

no

Harlopy

MorrlHocru.

Ko:Qqirqr{eHr

Hcnorrb3onaHufl

croKa

AJrfi

f3c

6es

pefyirrrpoBa-

HHr

k*o'v

o.rirHr HHsnnft;

rosQsuqlreHr

HcnoJrb3oBaFiHfl

Haropa

kH.6p

3Haqr.rTeJreH

AJrfl

pycroBhrx

f3c

u

HecKoJrbKo

Menbrrre.

AJrfl

Aepr.rBar{i{oHrrbrx.

-

',

.

-'.'fOC

cyrovnoto

peryJIHpoBaHHs

croKa.

OcuosHoe

Ha3Har{eHHe

sro-

ro,

BHAfl pefyJIHpOBaHHff

CTOKa

-

npeO6pa30Barb,

KaK

npaBHJro, paB-

rror\{epHbrfi

'rpa$nx

npETorrHocTH

K crBopy

cornacHo

rpe6oearunna

HepanHoMepHoro

cyrorrrrofo

rpaQura

Hafpysr(H;

A,ns

3roro

B

HeKo-

TOpOe

BpeMtI

cyroli npoHCXoAHT rraKonJreHrre

ecrecrBelrHoro

cTor(a

$/np B BoAoxpaHri,rrHUIe,

a

3areM

ero

pacxoAoBagHe

B

gacbr

nlir{oBbrx

Hafpy3oK

-

:

236

237

Fia3blBaeMblri

MollrHocrHbrir

scjlcpexr

fOC,

KorAa

l/Fb%

)'VFeoc,

r{

yryri-

ruarorcf yc"rroBHfl

pa6orli

T3C

H A3C B

cHcreil{e

3a

cqer

BbrpaB-

HHBaHHfl

HX rpaQara pa6orbr

sa 1

c.

Vee,rH.{eHr,re

MorrlHocrH

f3C

npH

roM

x{e rparlnxe

Q"o

(/)

Bbr3oBer

HeKoropoe

yMeHbrueHHe

Q*."0p(l)

ro cpaBHer-rHro

c f3C

6es

peryrrHpoBaHufi,

r.

e.k9*')k\i'.

Bllecre

c

reM

xoa$QHqtleHr HCrroJIb3oBaHHri

Halopa

3Aecb

HecKoJrbKo

rr^ru arr^ ^^^1^---^ - YY-

fvrcrli,ulc

3a cue'i'iiOl'eilb

ero ilpii

CpaOOTKe

BOAO;{paHHilliU{a.

na

f3C

cyrotlHoro

pery.{ptpoBaHHfl

croKa

Bo3N{o)KHa

ycraHoBr(a

ce3oH-

riofi

trou{FIocrH.

Taxne

f3C

ilroryr

ar{'rHBFro

yqacrBoBarb

B cyror{FioM pacnpe-

Ae"[errHH

Hafpy3r(H

B IIepHoAbr

rt,ta,tor.r

H cpe!,ueft

BoAHocr]i.

Ha Hlrx

MOX(eT

6tirr,

pa3MeqeHa

H

Lracrb

Hafpy3orlL{ofo pe3epBa

3HepfocH-

creitlbl.

EcTecrBeHFIo,

t{To

IIpII 3ToM

npeAftonaraeTCf

oiITHMar'IbHbIM

BII):TptlcTal'ltltlotttittilt

pe;tilIN{

[ICflo,tbsoBar.rrrfl

o6opy';oeauils.

B

ltepr.Io-

Abr

rraBoAKa

HrrH no.iroBoAbfl,

KorAa

Q"o>Qilst,

f3C

cyrorrHoro pe-

ryJIHpoBaHr.rrr

pa6oraior

B

6aeHcFrofi

qacrr{

rpaSuxa Harpy3KH

H

He

yqacrBylor

B ero peryJlHpoBaHrra.

B 3To

Bpel.rfl

orrH

He Moryr Hecrtr

FI

QyuxqnH

pe3epBa

cHc'r'etvrbr.

Ann

FrH3KoHanopHbrx

f

OC

yMeHb-

LUeHr{e

HanopoB

B

ilaBoAoK

HJrH

IOJIOBOAbe MO)Ker

ApHBeCTH

K

yMeHb-

tuenHio p

a

cnor'I araenoli

il,IoulHocrH.

CyrovHoe peryJlHpoBaHHe

Moxer

lrpHBoAIirb

I(

pe3r(Hrvl

Ko,'Ie-

6aunx,r,r

ypoeHeir

BepxHero

H FiHlKHero

6neQoe,

oruuqanurliN,rcfl

or

ecrecrBeHHoro

xoAa

yponuefi

BoAororia.

PacclrorpriM

3To Ha puc.

12.2,

frpe;lno.iraf

afl,

rrro

rpaQrixH

orAaqH no

MorlHocrtr

f 3C 6es

pef y-

.rIrrpoBaFrr.rff

H

cyrorlL{ofo pefyJrHpoBaH}rfl

ITponopuHoFiarbHbi

rpaQu-

B

coorBercrBi-rH

c

rpaQrrr<olvr,

npeAcraBJreHHbrM

B ra6l.

12,1.

'

Hs rpaQuxoe puc.

12.2

ei.r4uo,

riro

cpeAHecyroqHaff

orMerr(a

BepxHero

6teQa

Za.olHny.

3ro fiBJreHrre 6y.ler

cBfl3aHo

c

yMeHb-

ileFIHeM

3i;o H,

crreAoBareJrbHo,

eceft

nupa6orxH

fOC

cyror{Horo

T

a 6n

a:qa

12.1. PexHmu padorur

I-3C cyrouHoro

pery.'rnponaHHq

Bper.ra peryJt

tipoBaHHfl

flapauerp

,

o-l I

tt-tc

pefyJTHpoBaTrtr

no

cpaBrreHrrro

c f3c

6es

pefyJrHpoBaHHfl

3a

AaH-

HbIe

cyrKH, a raK)*(e

H 3a

foA

B r{er'lorvl,

oAgaro

noAo6Hoe

yN4eHb-

IUeHHe

cyrouuoft

Bbtpa6orI(H

Mox{er

6lrrl

KoN,rtteHcripoBar{o

ilpH:

pocroi\,r

roAoBort

ntrpa6orxn

3a cqeT

coi(pau{eHllfl

.V*.cop.

VxasagHme

norepH

cyror{r{oro peryJrHpoBaH}rfl

rocrHraior

3-50i0

cyrouuotl

etrpa6orxla

f3C

6es

pe.yriofoeanttn

H

yBe/rnqHBarcrcff

c

yMeHb[IetllleilI

Hanop a.

Har

ll.IHe

!i.\

o6yc"roeleuo KaI(

cHtr-

)KeHHeNI

2e.6,

TaK ll

IIOBbliUertHeM

2r.o

3a CqeT

BO3HHKHOBeHHTT

B

HHIKIIeM

6leQe

rieycrat-toBI,rB[Ierocfl

ABprx(eHHrr

BoAbr.

f]oRcnllrr,r

3To

flBrrIeHHe

pHC.

I2.2.

Lnn

ycraHoBnBtrlerocfl

pe]KHil{a

Kax(Aotvry

3HaqeHHro

aF&

-

Qn.o

6y4er

coorBercrBoBarb

45

(t)

:

za.6(Q".0 (l)

)

,

onpeAe/reHHoe

no

xpueofi.cBfl3rr

FrHlKHefo

6ueSa.

TorAa

nilfl

HHrep-

Ba"{a Bpei\'lei-Ifl

t+-ts

zf.u!)

-

0.

OAHaKo

B

lepiCreprre.[bHocrr.r

3a clrer

ilocTefleHHo y]rerrbuaTbcf

,

r{e

jlocT}rfafl

nplt

3Tovr

cyxofo

AFra

peKri

K

yrper-rHeIty

nr{Ky

r(arp1'sxu.

fpaQun

4:;'(r)

AocrHraer

3Kcrpe-

rlraJrbrrbix

grraqetlrilr

FrecKo,rrbKo

rro3l+ie,

qeil,t

rpaQux

e"

o

(/)

.

fIp"

3roivl

AHaIa30H

Qaxruuecxttx

xole6anrrir

ypoeHeir

Frr{}KHero

6neQa

B TeqeHLIe

CyTOK

NlOifieT

AOCTtif

arb

I,tecKoJtbKo

NerpoB,

rtro

Aot{a-

3brBaer

Bax(Hocrb

yqera

rreycraHoBlrBuefocfl

ABr.ix{eirHfl

BoAbr

nilfr

HH3KoHanopHbrx

l{ cpeAl{eHanoptiblx

f3C.

B

qacbt

Mar{Cg\ra"lbHbrx

Harpy3oK

zt:t'

o6lt.tlto HecKoirbKo

NreHbute

cBoero

Ntar\cHi\{aJ,rbrroro

3Haqel-lHfl

3a cyrKH,

qro

iro3Bo;TfleT

!Be.,lriqr-rrb

orAaqy

fOC

B

3To

BpeMfi.'

cnegyer

3aMerrirb,

riro

npa

3ToM

cpeAHecyroqHarr

oril{eTKa

HHX(Hero

6leQa

c

yqeTolt

HeycraHoBHB[rerocfl

ABH]KeHHfl

BoAbr

MeHb-

rue,

qeM

l"'ts

f3C

6es

peryr'rrilloBaFurfl.

Taxrflr

oSpaaor.r,

A,'Ifi

cyTorrrroro

r{HrepBaJia

BpeMeHH

;i;?

>

,."r?,

a

AJ'trr

foAoBoro

.al;?

<

pi;oo,

r.

e. xoa.p-$ilqueHr

Hc[oJrb3oBaui.{rr

3i;o

yBeJI'IqttJtcfl

3a ctteT

cHl.tx{er{!{ri

l7*..6p,

r{ecrroTpr

Ha

yMeHbirreFrHe

cpeA-

rreB3BerreHHofo

Harropa

B

reqeHrie

roAa.

c yuerorr

{12.2)

3a

foA

.?F&

:

Siio

*

a3*,r,

-

Loo.a-

Agi"*

--

AJX"*.

I

l

(

r2.3)

nc'p

-T

JU

)Qnp

(Q"o

4Quo

flpu HsI{et'tetttrtt

Ilanopa

}ras6onee

cyu{ecrBeHHo

BJTHflHHe

cyror{-

1qf9

pefyJlHpoBaHl'ifl

ria pexilrl{

HrrsKolranopHbrx

H

cpeAHeHanopHbrx

f3C.

llpn 3roM

A,rrrr

pacqera

rpatprrra

,".i(t)

B

6o.rrnurnrrcrBe

crry-

qaeB

He"rrb3fl

rro.rrb3oBarbcrr

o6r,euHoi.r

xapar{Tepscrsrofi

BOAOXpa-

lfliuil

zr.o(Vu),

coorBercroyroulefi

crarlr,iecKoil{y

pex{uMy

pa6oru

roC.

Anrr

onHCarrr.ifl

npoqeccoB

B BepxHeN{

ore$e

*t.o6iogrono,

cneql{aJIbHbte

i\IaTeMaTHrteCKHe

tlOAeJIH, yrIHTbtBaIOU\He

HaJIHr{He

ne-

pexoAtiblX

ripoqeccoB

B

BoAoxparll{JII{rtle.

3rH ii(e

MoAeJrH

AoJtxltbt

ytlHTblBaTb

I.lallH.l-!t_e

^flOpeXo:lltbtX

rHApasnHqeCKtrx

npOtleCCOB

lt

AJIrI

Iepl'lBaqHotillblx

f3C.

Oco6etrtto

9ro

ortrocrrrcff

r( f3C

c

4nuurrofi

Q"

>0

<0

-rl.o

238

Hnv

Cpa6ortca

Hanoltremte

a

t-,3

Hasolnerure

rJnv

239

Обрезков В.И. Гидроэнергетика (2-ое изд)

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.