Nielsen M. Atlas of Human Anatomy
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Female internal genitalia
Anterior view
1 Uterine tube
2 Fimbriae
3 Mesosalpinx
4 Fundus of uterus
5 Body of uterus
6 Cervix of uterus
7 Vagina
8 Mucosa of uterine tube
9 Muscularis of uterine tube
The uterine tubes, also called
the oviducts or fallopian tubes,
are suspended in the perito-
Uterus and Uterine Tubes
10 Peg cells
11 Ciliated columnar cells
12 Lamina propria
13 Perimetrium
Endometrium:
14 Stratum functionalis
15 Stratum basalis
neal fold, the broad ligament, along with the ovaries. In addition to transporting the oocyte toward the
uterus, they are the site of fertilization of the oocyte by the sperm. The uterus is the thick smooth muscle
organ that functions as the internal nest of mammalian animals. Note the vascular and glandular changes
exhibited by the uterine endometrium as it progresses through the menstrual cycle.
Myometrium:
16 Inner longitudinal muscle
17 Middle circular muscle
18 Outer longitudinal muscle
Photomicrograph of uterine tube
25x
Photomicrograph of tunica mucosa
of uterine tube
400x
Photomicrograph of uterine wall,
2nd week of menstrual cycle left,
3rd week of menstrual cycle right
16x (left), 20x (right)
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1 Vagina
2 Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium of the mucosa
3 Lamina propria of the mucosa
4 Inner circular layer of tunica muscularis
5 Outer longitudinal layer of tunica muscularis
6 Adventitia
7 Fundus of uterus
8 Body of uterus
9 Cervix of uterus
10 Bladder
11 Urethra
12 Rectum
13 Rectouterine pouch
14 Vesicouterine pouch
15 Pubic symphysis
16 Clitoris
Photomicrograph of vaginal wall
25x
Sagittal section showing vagina in situ
Medial view
The vagina, from the Latin word meaning sheath, is the receptacle for the penis
during sexual intercourse, the birth canal, and the outlet for the menstrual fl ow.
This muscular tube has a protective mucosal lining of stratifi ed squamous epithe-
Vagina
lium. Approximately 10 cm (4 inches) in length, it expands at its superior end to form a cuffl ike wrapping
around the cervix of the uterus. The caverns of the cuffl ike superior end are called the fonices, and it is
in this region that the sperm are deposited during intercourse.
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Perineal dissection revealing details of external genitalia
Inferior view
1 Body of clitoris
2 Crura of clitoris
3 Bulb of vestibule
4 Greater vestibular gland
5 Vestibule
6 Transverse perenei superficialis
Surrounding the
openings of the
vagina and ure-
Female External Genitalia
7 Ischiocavernosus muscle
8 Bulbospongiosus muscle
9 Ischioanal fossa
10 Perineal membrane
11 Deep perineal fascia
12 Head of femur
thra in the perineum of the female are the external genital structures. Bounding the openings on
either side are the folds of skin called the labia majora and labia minora. Between these folds is
the common entry way to both urethra and vagina, the vestibule. Deep to the labial skin are the
erectile tissues of the female, the clitoris and bulb of the vestibule. The greater vestibular glands
empty their lubricating secretions into the vestibule and opening of the vagina.
13 Gluteus maximus muscle
14 Gluteus medius muscle
15 Ischium
16 Gracilis muscle
17 Adductor muscles
18 Femoral artery
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1 Scrotum
2 Testis
3 Glans penis
4 Corpus cavernosum penis
5 Corpus spongiosum penis
6 Bulb of penis
7 Spongy urethra
8 Crus of penis
9 Bulbourethral gland
10 Prostate gland
11 Seminal vesicle
12 Bladder
13 Pubic symphysis
14 Rectus abdominis
15 Rectum
16 Sigmoid colon
17 Small intestine
18 Sacrum
Parasagittal section of male pelvis
Medial view
Like the female, there are
both internal and external
genital organs in the male.
The major difference between the sexes is the enlargement of the erectile tissue organs of the male and
the descent of the gonads, the testes, from an internal position to a suspended position outside the body
cavity. The male genital organs include the testes suspended in the scrotum. The testes consist of an ex-
tensive tubular system that gives rise to the sperm, which then pass through the tubular ducts of egress—
the rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra — to exit from the male body.
Accessory glands of the male join the ducts of egress and add secretions to the sperm, and the erectile
intromittant organ, the penis, introduces the sperm into the female system.
Male Reproductive Organs
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Testis and spermatic cord
with fascial coverings
Medial view
Testis and spermatic cord
with fascia removed
Medial view
Sagittal section of testis and
spermatic cord
Medial view
1 Coelom of testis
2 External spermatic fascia
3 Cremaster muscle
4 Tunica albuginea of testis
5 Epididymis
6 Seminiferous tubules
The testes are the site of sperm pro-
duction in the male. Unlike the solid,
cellular ovaries, the testes are collec-
7 Rete testis
8 Spermatic cord
9 Spermatogonium
10 Primary spermatocyte
11 Secondary sper matocyte
12 Spermatid
tions of small, highly coiled tubes, the seminiferous tubules. Beginning at puberty the spermatogonia,
sperm stem cells, in the walls of the seminiferous tubules begin meiosis and produce hundreds of mil-
lions of sperm cells daily. From the testis the sperm are moved into the epididymis where they are
stored and reach maturity prior to passing into the ductus deferens.
13 Sertoli cell
14 Basement membrane
15 Interstitial cells (of Leydig)
16 Sperm in lumen of epididymis
17 Mucosa of epididymis
18 Stereocilia
Testis and Epididymis
Photomicrograph of
seminiferous tubules
40x, callout 160x
Photomicrograph of epididymis
200x
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Dissection of spermatic cord exiting superfi cial inguinal ring
Anterior view
Dissection of male genital structures
Medial view
Dissection of inguinal canal and spermatic cord
Anterior view
Ductus Deferens and Spermatic Cord
The ductus (vas) deferens is the muscular tube that transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory
duct within the prostate gland. Peristaltic muscle contractions in the tube move the sperm. The ductus def-
erens accompanies the testicular vessels and nerves within a wrapping of fascia and muscle, called the
spermatic cord. The cord extends from the testis to the superfi cial inguinal ring in the abdominal wall.
Photomicrograph of
ductus deferens
30x, callout 400x
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1 Ductus deferens
2 Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
3 Lamina propria
4 Inner longitudinal muscle layer
5 Middle circular muscle layer
6 Outer longitudinal muscle layer
7 Testicular blood vessels
8 External spermatic fascia
9 Cremaster fascia
Lateral dissection of male pelvis
Lateral view
Lateral disscetion of male pelvis
Lateral view
Dissection of male pelvic cavity
Superior view, bladder removed
10 Internal spermatic fascia
11 Superficial inguinal ring
12 Inguinal canal
13 Deep inguinal ring
14 Penis
15 Bladder
16 Prostate gland
17 Seminal vesicle
18 Pubic symphysis
19 Ureter
20 Rectus abdominis
21 Superior ramus of pubis (cut)
22 Inferior ramus of pubis (cut)
23 Body of pubis (cut)
24 Pudendal nerve and vessels
25 Rectum (enlarged)
26 Internal iliac artery
27 External iliac artery (cut)
28 Psoas major muscle
29 Iliacus muscle
30 Sacrum
31 Levator ani muscle
32 Sciatic nerve
33 Testis
34 Obturator internus muscle
35 Tendinous arch of levator ani
36 Ampulla of ductus deferens
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Parasagittal section revealing prostate
and bulbourethral glands
Medial view
1 Seminal vesicle
2 Prostate gland
3 Bulbourethral gland
4 Secretory epithelium
5 Trabecula
6 Blood vessel
Associated with the male ducts of
egress are three glands, often re-
ferred to as the accessory sex glands
7 Bladder
8 Ductus deferens
9 Ampulla of ductus deferens
10 Rectum
11 Pubic symphysis
12 Bulb of penis
of the male. The three named glands are the paired seminal glands (vesicles), the unpaired prostate gland,
and the paired bulbourethral glands. They arise as epithelial outgrowths of terminal end of the male ducts
of egress at the base of the bladder. They produce secretions that protect and nourish the sperm.
13 Crus of penis
14 Ilium
15 Ischial tuberosity
16 Obturator internus muscle
17 Levator ani muscle
18 Deep transverse perineal muscle
Male Accessory Glands
Dissection of pelvic region
Posterior view
Photomicrograph of seminal vesicle
50x
Photomicrograph of prostate gland
200x
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The penis is the intromittent organ of the male external genitalia through which the long
urethra, in comparison to the female, courses as it transports both urine and semen from
the male body. Along with the urethra, the penis consists of three masses of erectile tis-
Penis
Sagittal section of penis in situ
Medial view
Transverse section of penis
Superior view
1 Glans penis
2 Corpus cavernosum penis
3 Corpus spongiosum penis
4 Crus of penis
5 Bulb of penis
6 Spongy urethra
7 Deep dorsal vein
8 Tunica albuginea of corpus spongiosum
9 Tunica albuginea of corpus cavernosum
10 Deep (cavernous) artery of penis
11 Intermediate (membranous) urethra
12 Prostatic urethra
13 Ampula of ductus deferens
14 Pubic symphysis
15 Testis
16 Ejaculatory duct
17 Bladder
18 Suspensory ligament of penis
sue. On the dorsal aspect of the body of the penis are the paired corpora cavernosae. These erectile tissue
bodies are the principal tissues of penile erection. At the base of the penis each corpus cavernosum ex-
tends laterally to form the crura of the penis. Each crus attaches to the inferior pubic ramus. On the ventral
aspect of the penis is the slender unpaired corpus spongiosum, which surrounds the spongy urethra. The
corpus spongiosum expands distally as the glans penis, which forms the expanded tip of the penis. It ex-
pands proximally to form the bulb of the penis in the perineum beneath the prostate gland. The glans is
covered by a hood of skin, the prepuce, which can be removed via circumcision.
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