Nielsen M. Atlas of Human Anatomy
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Transverse section of abdomen at level of fi rst lumbar vertebra
Inferior view
Dissection of abdomen showing perirenal fat
Anterior view
Level of section
Transverse section of abdomen through kidneys
Inferior view
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for the purpose of regulating the water and electrolyte balance of the tissue fl uid, while
removing unwanted waste products from the body. They occupy the retroperitoneal
space of the abdominal cavity immediately anterior to the 12th ribs. The ureters descend
from the kidneys lateral to the lumbar vertebrae, cross anterior to the psoas musculature
and the common iliac vessels, and enter the pelvis to join the bladder.
The paired kidneys are the
processing organs of the uri-
nary system that fi lter the blood
Kidneys and Ureters
1 Hilum
2 Renal pelvis
3 Ureter
4 Renal capsule
5 Renal vein
Dissection into medulla of left kidney
Posterior view
6 Renal artery
7 Segmental artery
8 Segmental vein
9 Major calyx
10 Minor calyx
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Transverse section of ureter
200X
Longitudinal section of renal pyramid
400X
Longitudinal section of renal cortex
50X
Frontal section of kidney
Posterior view
11 Renal cor tex
12 Renal pyramid
13 Renal column
14 Collecting tubule
15 Glomerulus surrounded by urinary tubules
16 Transitional epithelium of tunica mucosa
17 Smooth muscle of tunica muscularis
18 Connective tissue of tunica adventitia
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stores the urine, which is continually being produced by the kidneys, until it is
convenient to remove it from the body. Arising from the inferior surface of the
bladder is the drain for the bladder called the urethra. It is a short tube in females
and a much longer tube in males. The male urethra not only transports urine, but
also is the passageway for sperm as it exits during ejaculation.
The bladder is the
convenience organ of
the urinary system that
Bladder and Urethra
Sagittal section of female pelvis
Medial view
Female
1 Bladder
2 Urethra
3 Clitoris
4 Vagina
5 Uterus
6 Rectum
7 Pubis
8 Anus
9 Labia majora
Male (opposite page)
1 Bladder
2 Prostatic urethra
3 Spongy urethra
4 Prostate
5 Penis
6 Testis
7 Scrotum
8 Rectum
9 Anus
10 Pubis
11 Transitional epithelium of tunica mucosa
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Sagittal section of male pelvis and penis
Medial view
Section of relaxed mucosal lining of bladder
400X
Section of distended mucosal lining of bladder
640X
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1 Kidney
2 Ureter
3 Bladder
4 Renal artery
5 Renal vein
6 Aorta
7 Inferior vena cava
8 Diaphragm
9 Esophageal hiatus
10 Celiac artery
11 Left gastric artery
12 Splenic artery
13 Common hepatic artery
14 Superior mesenteric artery
15 Inferior mesenteric artery
16 Common iliac artery
17 Common iliac vein
18 Posas major muscle
19 Iliacus muscle
20 Ductus deferens
21 Femoral nerve
Dissection of urinary system
Anterior view
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REALANATOMY
20 Reproductive Systems
321
e organs of the
male and female reproductive (genital) systems have, as their
primary role, the responsibility of producing the specialized
cells called gametes and making it possible for these cells to
unite to form a new individual. e male gametes, the
sperm, arise in the testes from meiotic divisions in the
walls of the numerous seminiferous tubules. From here
hundreds of millions of sperm make their way during
ejaculation through a series of tubes — rete testis, e erent
ductules, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct,
prostatic urethra, intermediate urethra, spongy urethra —
that move the sperm out of the male genital system and
introduce them into the female genital system. During this
passage secretions are added to the sperm by the prostate,
seminal, and bulbourethral glands to help protect and
nurture the sperm in their journey to unite with the
female gamete.
e sperm are introduced by the male intro-
mittent organ, the penis, into the female vagina,
which serves the dual function of being a penile
receptacle and the birth canal. Sperm deposited
in the fornices of the vagina then enter the os
ofthe uterine cervix and propel themselves to
the top of the uterine cavity. Here the sperm
enter the openings into the uterine tubes where
they continue their journey toward the ovulated
female gamete.
A er rupturing the surface of the ovary in an
event called ovulation, the female gamete, the primary
oocyte, is swept into the ostium of the uterine tube by
the ngerlike mbriae. Ciliary action of the uterine tube
mucosa carry the the oocyte down the uterine tube
where the sperm and oocyte make contact. If a sperm
penetrates the oocyte’s surrounding cells and mem-
branes, then fertilization occurs and the DNA of the two
cells unite to form a new individual called a zygote. Cell
divisions give rise to the embryo, and ciliary actions and
muscular contractions in the wall of the tube move the
embryo into the uterus, the mammalian equivalent of a
nest, where the remainder of development will occur.
Find more information
about the reproductive
system in
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Sagittal section of female pelvis
Medial view
Female Reproductive Organs
The female genital organs consist of the internal genitalia and the external genitalia. The
ovary, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina form the internal genitalia. These organs are respon-
sible for production of the female gamete, the oocyte, and for nourishing, protecting, and
delivering the new life that results from fertilization of the oocyte by the sperm. The external
genitalia consist of the erectile tissues, glands, and folds of skin that proctect the entry into
the female internal genitalia. These organs are the clitoris, vestibular glands, and labia
majora and minora.
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1 Ovary
2 Uterine tube
3 Fimbriae
4 Fundus of uterus
5 Body of uterus
6 Cervix of uterus
7 Vagina
8 Clitoris
Dissection of female abdominoplevic cavity
Superoanterior view
9 Labia minora
10 Labia majora
11 Mons pubis
12 Broad ligament
13 Round ligament of uterus
14 Ovarian ligament
15 Vesicouterine pouch
16 Rectouterine pouch
17 Rectum
18 Bladder
19 Urethra
20 Pubic symphysis
21 Cecum
22 Sigmoid colon
23 Ileum
24 Mesentery
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1 Ovary
2 Tunica albuginea
3 Primordial follicle
4 Granulosa cells
5 Theca folliculi
6 Zona pellucida
7 Primary oocyte
8 Seconary follicle
9 Follicular antrum
10 Corona radiata
11 Cor pus luteum
12 Infundibulum of uterine tube
13 Ampulla of uterine tube
14 Isthmus of uterine tube
15 Fimbriae of uterine tube
16 Round ligament of uterus
17 Ovarian ligament
18 Uterus
Ovary in situ
Anterior view
Photomicrograph of ovary
50x
The ovaries are the site of oocyte, “egg,” production in the female. These
solid organs are approximately the size of an unshelled almond and project
into the lower abdominal cavity at the boundary of the pelvis where they are
Ovary
covered and supported by folds of the peritoneum. During embryonic life, millions of oogonia,
potential oocytes, surrounded by nursing follicular cells begin their development. Of these mil-
lions of cells only about 500 are ever ovulated during the female’s reproductive life. The follicular
cells not only nurse the ooytes, but also are the endocrine cells of the ovary that produce the
estrogens and progesterone.
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