Mwanasimba - Учебник языка суахили на английском языке
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Ku-jibu to answer -> Ku-jibiana to answer each other
Ku-rudi to come back -> Ku-rudiana to return to each other
Ku-salimu to greet -> Ku-salimiana to greet each other
Ku-samehe to forgive -> Ku-sameheana to forgive each other
Ku-shiriki to share -> Ku-shirikiana to cooperate
2. A FEW EXAMPLES :
After a reciprocal verb, "with" is translated by NA :
Fuatana na ndugu yako. Accompany your brother.
Sipatani na mtu huyo. I don't get along with that person.
Nilijuana naye zamani sana. I knew him / her a long time ago.
Njiani nilikutana na watu wawili. I met with two people on my way.
Shamasha
- .. We Punda kwanini usalimii WAKUBWA !
- .. Sikujua kama binadamu wana utamaduni wa KUSALIMIANA !
- .. Eh you, Donkey, why don't you greet your ELDERS !
- .. I didn't know that human beings used to GREET EACH OTHER
!
VOCABULARY
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Bara (ma-) a continent Jaribio (ma-) an experiment
Deni (ma-) a debt Jeraha (ma-) a wound
Dobi (ma-) a launderer Jipu (ma-) an abscess
Eneo (ma-) an area Kabila (ma-) a tribe
Figo (ma-) a kidney Pigo (ma-) a blow
Ini (ma-) the liver Sharti (ma-) an obligation
Cross Word Puzzle
EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1 : Translate into Swahili :
Tell them to wait for each other.1.
Prevent these children from fighting.2.
See you tomorrow.3.
These animals are following each other into the forest.4.
We shall wait for each other at five in the evening.5.
These people don't like each other.6.
We shall compete with you in this game.7.
They want to get along.8.
We must prevent these people from killing each other.9.
I met him on the way.10.
We saw each other in town.11.
We left each other at one o'clock.12.
EXERCISE 2 :
Translate into English :
Nilionana naye jana.1.
Watoto wanapigana uani.2.
Tumeambiana habari zote.3.
Wamepatana nasi.4.
Simba watatu walifuatana porini.5.
Wanachama wanakutana chamani.6.
Sisi na wenzetu tunashirikiana.7.
Hatukuweza kukubaliana hata kidogo.8.
Mwizi alipigana na mwenyewe wa duka.9.
Siku zafuatana.10.
Sijuani nao vyema.11.
Hapana kugombana wala kusukumana.12.
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Chapter 41 - The Stative Form
At least to a Western mind, a verb in the stative form is rather similar in meaning to a verb in the passive form, except
that it doesn't tell by who or what the action was made. It invariably implies a latent or resulting state, wherefrom the
name of STATIVE, or STATIVE FORM, given to that derivation.
From a grammatical point of view, another effect of the stative derivation is to make a transitive verb become
intransitive.
EXAMPLES :
Passive Dirisha limevunjwa na mtoto huyu. The window has been broken by this
child.
Stative
Dirisha limevunjika. The window is broken.
Passive Nguo zimeharibwa na mvua. The clothes have been ruined by the
rain.
Stative
Nguo zimeharibika. The clothes are ruined.
Some verbs already possess a stative meaning in their basic form, while other verbs are derived using the suffix -KA
to produce the stative form.
1. SOME VERBS IN THE STATIVE FORM :
When the radical ends in a consonant :
(a) If the vowel of the radical is A, I or U, the final vowel of the verb is replaced by the suffix -IKA
Ku-badili to change -> Ku-badilika to be changed
Ku-funga to close -> Ku-fungika to be closed
Ku-haribu to destroy -> Ku-haribika to be destroyed
Ku-jibu to answer -> Ku-jibika to be answered
Ku-kamili to finish -> Ku-kamilika to be completed, achieved
Ku-kata to cut -> Ku-katika to be cut
Ku-kubali to agree -> Ku-kubalika to agree together
Ku-mwaga to pour -> Ku-mwagika to be poured
1.
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Ku-shutumu to insult -> Ku-shutumika to be insulted
Ku-vunja to break -> Ku-vunjika to be broken
(b) If the vowel of the radical is E or O, the final vowel of the verb is replaced by the suffix -EKA
Ku-choma to burn -> Ku-chomeka to be burned
Ku-samehe to forgive -> Ku-sameheka to be forgiven
Ku-tosha to be enough -> Ku-tosheka to be sufficient
When the verb radical ends in a vowel :
(a) If the vowel of the radical is -A, -I or -U, the final -A is replaced by -KA or -LIKA
Ku-fungua to open -> Ku-funguka to open, to be opened
Ku-geua to change -> Ku-geuka to be changed
Ku-pasua to split, to saw -> Ku-pasuka to be split, to be sawn
Ku-pindua to turn over -> Ku-pinduka to be overturned
Ku-sikia to hear -> Ku-sikika
-> Ku-sikilika
to be heard
(b) If the vowel of the radical is -E or -O, the final -A is replaced by -KA or -LEKA :
Ku-ng'oa to uproot -> Ku-ng'oka
-> Kung'oleka
to be uprooted
(c) When the verb ends in -AU, the suffix -LIKA is added at the end of the verb :
Ku-sahau to forget -> Ku-sahaulika to be forgotten
2.
Verbs in the causative form ending in -SHA or -ZA take the suffix -IKA or -EKA :
Ku-pendeza to like -> Ku-pendezeka to be pleasant
Ku-pumuza to make breath -> Ku-pumzika to rest
3.
A number of verbs can be derived from nouns, adverbs or adjectives :4.
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Hasira anger -> Ku-kasirika to be in anger
Imara firm -> Ku-imarika to be firm
Shughuli business -> Ku-shughulika to be busy
NOTES :
Some verbs with a stative meaning are not derived from any basic root. They do not necessarily end in the
suffix -KA :
Ku-chelewa to be late
Ku-choka to be tired
Ku-jaa to be filled
Ku-lewa to be drunk
Ku-potea to lose oneself
Ku-shiba to be satiated
Kwisha to be finished
1.
Some verbs take a particular meaning in the stative form :
Ku-nusa to smell out -> Ku-nuka
-> Ku-nukia
to smell bad
to smell good
2.
Some other verbs ending in -KA have an active meaning. Thus :
Ku-amka to wake up
Ku-andika to write
Ku-anika to spread in the sun
Ku-bandika to stick
Ku-funika to put a lid
Ku-pika to cook
Ku-sikitika to have pity
3.
2. STATIVE VERBS EXPRESSING POTENTIALITY :
Many verbs already referred to above can express a potentiality. Thus :
Ku-badilika to be changeable
Ku-chomeka able to burn
1.
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Ku-fungika able to be closed
Ku-funguka able to be opened
Ku-jibika to be answerable
Ku-kubalika able to agree
Ku-lika to be edible
Ku-nyweka to be drinkable
Other verbs expressing a potentiality take the additional suffix -NA :
Ku-julikana to be known
Ku-onekana to be visible
Ku-patikana to be obtained
Ku-wezekana to be possible
2.
3. USE OF THE STATIVE FORM :
Verbs in the stative form are often used in the Past Perfect (tense marker -ME-) :
Gari langu limeharibika. My car has a breakdown.
Kikombe kimevunjika. The cup is broken.
Nimechoka kabisa. I am very tired.
Verbs expressing a potentiality are often used in the Present Definite (tense marker -NA-) :
Mlima wa Kilimanjaro unaonekana leo. Mount Kilimanjaro is visible today.
Unga unapatikana madukani. Flour is available in the shops.
Mambo hayo yanawezekana. These things are possible.
VOCABULARY
Buni coffee beans Karanga peanuts
Chaki chalk Karata playing cards
Chemchemi a source Kokwa a nut
Chokaa lime Kutu rust
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Dengu lentils Mbaazi peas
Katani sisal Pikipiki a motorbike
Cross Word Puzzle
EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1 : Translate into Swahili :
The bread is burnt.1.
The door is ruined.2.
The ditch is filled.3.
The master got angry.4.
This pipe is broken.5.
These hunters are very well known.6.
If the exam is finished, rest a little.7.
The children are sleeping because they are tired.8.
Yesterday, Juma was completely drunk.9.
Don't sit on this chair, it is broken.10.
The mountain is quite visible now.11.
He didn't succeed in closing the door because it closes badly.12.
EXERCISE 2 :
Translate into English :
Kazi hii yafanyika.1.
Kazi hii haifanyiki.2.
Machungwa haya hayaliki, bado kuiva.3.
Koti langu limepasuka.4.
Kama umeshughulika, nitarudi kesho.5.
Taa imezimika.6.
Sikuvunja kikombe hiki, kimevunjika tu.7.
Sukari hainunuliki leo.8.
Dirisha hili halifunguki.9.
Uzi wangu umekatika.10.
Leo ndizi hazipatikani sokoni.11.
Jambo hili haliwezekani.12.
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Chapter 42 - The Reversive Form
The relative derivation concerns only a small number of verbs, for which there is a "reverse" action.
In English, the "reversive" verb is usually formed by placing a prefix such as "un-" or "dis-" in front of the verb radical.
EXAMPLES
:
to tie -> to untie
to do -> to un
do
to close -> to dis
close
In Swahili, the reversive derivation consists in replacing the termination -A of the verb by the suffix -UA (or -OA, when
the vowel of the radical is O).
1. SOME VERBS IN THE REVERSIVE FORM :
Ku-bandika to stick Ku-banduka to unstick
Ku-cha to rise (sun) Ku-chwa to set (sun)
Ku-choma to prick, to bore Ku-chomoa to extract
Ku-fuma to bread, to tie Ku-fumua to fray, to untie
Ku-fumba to lock up Ku-fumbua to open
Ku-funga to bind, to fast Ku-fungua to untie, to break the fast
Ku-funika to cover Ku-funua to uncover
Ku-inama to bend Ku-inua to raise
Ku-kunja to fold Ku-kunjua to unfold
Ku-paka to load Ku-pakua to unload
Ku-tata to muddle Ku-tatua to disentangle
Ku-tega to trap Ku-tegua to deliver from a trap
Ku-vaa to wear Ku-vua to undress
Ku-ziba to plug, to cork Ku-zibua to unplug, to uncork
VOCABULARY
Madaraka responsibilities Marufuku a prohibition
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Maelezo an explanation Mashindano a competition
Magendo smuggling Matandiko bed linen
Magugu weeds Matata problems
Makuti palms Matokeo results
Manyonya feathers Mavuno a harvest
Cross Word Puzzle
EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1 : Translate into Swahili :
Stick the stamp ! Put on the clothes ! Uncork the bottle ! Remove the thorn ! Uncover the pan ! unload
the luggage ! Shut (your) eyes ! Open (your) hand ! Remove the hat ! Trap !
EXERCISE 2 :
Translate into English :
Mwambie mpishi apakue chakula !1.
Ziba chupa hii !2.
Kumekucha.3.
Jua limekuchwa.4.
Mtoto anakunja uso.5.
Waislamu wafunga mwezi wa Ramadhani.6.
Ndege anafunua mabawa yake.7.
Jua limefunika na mawingu.8.
Bandika stempu katika barua yako kabla ya kuipeleka.9.
Kidole changu kinachoma.10.
Nimechomoa rafiki yangu shilingi mia.11.
Mkia wa nyani haumbanduki nyani.12.
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Chapter 43 - The Formation of Nouns
You have probably now noticed that many nouns and verbs come from the same roots. For memory, let's give here
some words we have already met with :
ku-sikia to hear -> sikio an ear
ku-imba to sing -> wimbo a song
ku-safiri to travel -> safari a journey
We will review in this chapter the various devices most commonly used in Swahili to coin new nouns, and the
significance of some of the prefixes and suffixes used in that process.
1. NOUNS DERIVED FROM A VERB :
1. Noun ending in -I :
To obtain a noun of trade or occupation, we place a classes 1/2 prefix (M-/WA- gender) in front of the verbal
root and change the final vowel -a into -i :
ku-gomba to contradict -> mgomvi (wa-) a quarellous person
ku-lea to raise -> mlezi (wa-) a children's nurse
ku-lewa to be drunk -> mlevi (wa-) a drunkard
ku-linda to guard -> mlinzi (wa-) a guard
ku-nunua to buy -> mnunuzi (wa-) a buyer, a customer
ku-pika to cook -> mpishi (wa-) a cook
ku-shona to sew -> mshoni (wa-) a tailor
ku-tumika to be employed -> mtumishi (wa-) a servant
ku-vua to fish -> mvuvi (wa-) a fisherman
ku-zaa to father -> mzazi (wa-) a parent
1.
We can also place a classes 7/8 prefix (KI-/VI- gender) in front of the verbal root and change the final vowel -a
into -i :
ku-nyoa to shave -> kinyozi (vi-) a barber
ku-ongoza to lead -> kiongozi (vi-) a leader
2.
We can also place a classes 1/2 prefix (M-/WA- gender) in front of the verbal root and add the suffix -ji at the3.
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