Munson B.R. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics
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Index I-5
hydrostatic:
on curved surfaces, 66, video V2.5
on plane surfaces, 57, video V2.4
inertia, 347
lift, 302, 463
pressure, 57, 66, 347
shear, 14
surface, 40, 201, 276
surface tension, 24, 350, video V1.9
viscous, 15, 348
Forced vortex, 291
Form drag, 495
Forward curved blades, 657
Forward difference, 703
Francis turbine, 682
Free jet, 110, video V3.9
Free-stream velocity, 489
Free surface, 58, 367
Free vortex, 101, 291, video V3.6,
video V6.4
Frequency parameter, 350
Friction coefficient, 482
Friction drag, see Drag
Friction factor, 396
data correlation for, 413
Moody chart, 412, 413
noncircular duct, 426
smooth pipe, 413
wholly turbulent, 412
Frictionless flow:
compressible adiabatic, see Isentropic flow
compressible with heat transfer, see Rayleigh
line flow
incompressible, 99, 242, 281
open channel, see Open-channel flow
Friction slope, 541
Friction velocity, 406
Frontal area, 497
Frontinus, S., 27, 28
Froude, W., 28, 348
Froude number, 347, 348, 372, 536, 539,
video V7.4, video V10.5
Fully developed flow, 283, 388
laminar, 388, 390, video V8.9
turbulent, 399
g
c
,8
Gage fluid, 51
Gage pressure, 13, 48
Galilei, G., 27, 28
Gas constant, 12, 580
for common gases, 14
ideal gas equation of state, 12, 580
universal, 580
Gas dynamics, see Compressible flow
Gas turbine engine, 689
General homogeneous equation, 5
Geometric similarity, 356
Grade line:
energy, 123, 541
hydraulic, 123
Gradient:
operator, 41, 157, 284
pressure, 41
Gradually varied flow, 535, 554
Gravity, acceleration of, 8, 719, 720
Grid, 703, video VA.2
Guide vanes, 421, 671
Hagen, G., 28, 313, 393
Hagen–Poiseuille flow, 313, 393, video V6.13
Half-body, 296, video V6.5
Head, 124
coefficient, 683
elevation, 103, 124
loss, 233
piezometric, 124
pressure, 43, 103, 124
pump, 656, 662
shaft, 233
shaft work head, 233
total, 124
velocity, 103, 124
weir, 561
Head curve:
falling, 659
rising, 659
Head loss, 233
in diffusers, 420
in enlargements and contractions, 419
in entrances, 417, video V8.10
in exits, 419, video V8.10
in gradual contractions, 420
in hydraulic jumps, 557, video V10.11,
video V10.12
major, 410, 411
minor, 410, 415, video V8.12
in mitered bends, 421
in nozzles, 420
in open channels, 542
in pipe bends, 421
in pipe entrances, 417
in pipes, 397, 422
in sudden area changes, 418
in valves and fittings, 422
Head loss coefficient, 415
Head rise coefficient, 666
Heat transfer, 223, 224
Rayleigh flow, 609, 620
relationship between head loss, internal energy
and, 233
History of fluid mechanics, 27
Homogeneous flow, 535
Horseshoe vortex, 519, 556, video V4.6,
video V9.1, video V9.19
Hybrid grid, 704
Hydraulic diameter, 316, 426
Hydraulic efficiency, 659
Hydraulic grade line, 123
Hydraulic jump, 556, 634, video V10.11,
video V10.12
classification of, 560
depth ratio across, 557
head loss across, 557
Hydraulic radius, 548
Hydraulically smooth wall, 413
Hydraulics, 27
Hydrodynamics, 27
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I-6 Index
Hydrometer, 90, video V2.8
Hydrostatic force:
on curved surfaces, 66, video V2.5
on plane surfaces, 57, video V2.4
Hydrostatic pressure distribution, 42
Hypersonic flow, 591
Ideal fluid, 281
Ideal gas flow, 580, video V11.1
Ideal gas law, 12, 580, video V11.1
Ideal head rise, 656
Impeller, 653
Impulse turbine, 673, 674, video V12.4
Inclined tube manometer, 54
Incompressible flow, 99, 271
Incompressible fluid, 20, 42, 99, video V1.7
Induced drag, 515
Inertial control volume, 200
Infinitesimal control volume, 263
Inlet guide vane, 687
Intensity of turbulence, 402
Intensive property, 166
Internal energy, 223, 580
Inviscid core, 282, 388
Inviscid flow, 94, 264, 279
fluid, 279
Irreversible flow, 240
Irrotational flow, 130, 268, 281, video V3.6,
video V6.4
Irrotational vortex, 291
Isentropic flow, 127, 242, 584
with area change, 593
basic equations for, 593
in converging–diverging nozzle, 594, video V11.6
in converging nozzle, 594
effect of area variation on, 593
graph for calculations of, 721
ideal gas, 592
reference condition for, 595, 597
Isentropic process, 21, 584
Isentropic stagnation properties, 596
Isothermal:
atmosphere, 46
process, 21
Jet exit pressure, 110
Joule, 7
Jump, hydraulic, 556, 634, video V10.11,
V10.12
Kaplan turbine, 682
Kármán vortex trail, 349, 501, video V4.12, video
V6.15, video V9.8
Kilogram, 7
Kinematics of fluid flow, 147, 264
Kinematic similarity, 356
Kinematic viscosity, 20
of air, 717, 718
of common gases, 14, 715
of common liquids, 12
of water, 716
Kinetic energy, 103, 223
coefficient, 236
Kutta–Joukowski law, 305
Lagrangian description of flow, 150, video V4.4,
video V4.5
Laminar boundary layer:
Blasius solution, 476, 477
description of, 468, video V9.3
effect of pressure gradient, 488
flat plate:
approximate solution, 492
exact solution, 476, 477
friction coefficient for, 482
thickness of, 472, video V9.3
Laminar flow, 152, video V4.7
between parallel plates, 309
in an annulus, 316
in a boundary layer, 471
past a cylinder, 491
past a sphere, 500
in a pipe, 313, 385, 390, video V6.13, video V8.2
Laplace’s equation, 284
Laplacian operator, 284
Lapse rate, 48
Law of the wall, 406
Length scale, 358
Lift, 302, 463, 509
rotating cylinder, 304
Lift coefficient, 466, 510
airfoil, 514
rotating cylinder or sphere, 520
Lift/drag polar diagram, 516
Lift/drag ratio, 516
Linear deformation, 264
Linear momentum, see Newton’s second law
of motion
Linear momentum equation, 200, 213, 285
Linear momentum flow, 201, video V5.4,
video V5.5, video V5.6, video V5.8, video V5.9
Local acceleration, 159
Local derivative, 159
Local friction coefficient, 481
Logarithmic velocity profile, 406
Loss, 230
Loss, major and minor, see Head loss
Loss coefficient, 415
Low Reynolds number flow, 466, 498, video V1.3,
video V7.7, video V8.4
Mach, E., 28, 349
Mach cone, 590, video V1.8, video V11.2,
video V11.3
Mach cone angle, 590
Mach number, 23, 347, 349, 585
Mach wave, 590, 635, video V1.8, video V11.2,
video V11.6
Magnus, H., 520
Magnus effect, 305, 520
Major loss, see Head loss, 410
Manning, R., 28, 548
Manning coefficient, 549
values of, 549
Manning equation, 549
Manometer, 50
differential, 52
inclined tube, 54
micro, 81
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Index I-7
piezometer tube, 50, 105, video V2.2
U-tube, 51
Mass, units of, 7
Mass flowrate, 112, 189
Material derivative, 157, 265
Measurement, flow, see Flow measurement
Mechanical efficiency, 659
Mechanical energy equation, 232
Meniscus, 51
Mesh, 702
Meter, flow, see Flow measurement
Method of repeating variables, 336
Method of superposition, 295, video V6.5
Methods of description:
Eulerian, 150
Lagrangian, 150
Micromanometer, 81
Minor loss, 410, 415
Minor loss coefficient, 415
Mixed-flow machine, 647
Mixed-flow pump, 671
Mixing length, 405
Model, 332
definition, 354
design conditions, 355
distorted, 359, video V7.8, video V7.12,
video V7.17, video V7.18
scales, 358
true, 359
Modeling laws, 355
Model studies, 360, video V7.1, video V7.9,
video V7.18, video V7.19, video V7.20
Moment of inertia, 59
of common areas, 60
Moment of momentum, 215, 217, 651, video V5.11
Momentum:
angular, see Moment of momentum
linear, see Newton’s second law of motion
Momentum coefficient, 210
Momentum equation:
for differential control volume, 276
for finite control volume with constant
velocity, 213
for inertial finite control volume, 201, 213
for inviscid flow, 278
for viscous flow, 307
Momentum flux, 201
Momentum integral equation, 478
boundary layer with nonzero pressure gradient, 492
boundary layer with zero pressure gradient, 479
Momentum thickness, 474
Moody, L., 29, 412
Moody chart, 412, 413
Moving grid, 704
Multiple pipe system, see Pipe systems
Nappe, 561
Navier, L., 28, 308
Navier–Stokes equations:
cylindrical coordinates, 308
rectangular coordinates, 307
Net positive suction head:
available, 660
required, 660
Newton, 7
Newton, I., 27, 28
Newtonian fluid, 15, 306
Newton’s law of viscosity, 422
Newton’s second law of motion, 94, 200, 276
Noncircular duct, 425
Noninertial reference frame, 201
Nonisentropic flow of an ideal gas, 609
Non-Newtonian fluid, 16, video V1.6
Nonuniform flow, 236, 535
Normal acceleration, 95, 164, video V3.1, video V3.4
Normal depth, 550
Normal shock, 608, 626, video V11.6,
video V11.7
basic equations for, 626
graph for calculation of, 724
T–s diagram, 627
Normal stress, 224, 276
in a Newtonian fluid, 15, 306
work, 224
No-slip condition, 15, 297, 309, video V1.4,
video V6.11, video V6.12
Nozzle:
choked flow in, 597
converging, 595
converging–diverging, 595 video V11.6
definition, 110
incompressible flow through, 421
normal shock in, 608
overexpanded, 608, video V11.5, video V11.6
underexpanded, 608, video V11.6
Nozzle discharge coefficient, 443
Nozzle meter, 119, 442
Numerical methods, 318, video V6.14
Nutating disk meter, 446, video V8.14
Oblique shock wave, 608, 635, video V1.8,
video V11.5, video V11.6
One-dimensional flow, 151
One-equation model, 409
Open-channel flow:
critical flow, 534, 540
depth variation, 545
energy equation for, 541
gradually varied flow, 535, 554
hydraulic jump, 556, video V10.11, video V10.12
laminar, 535
Manning equation for, 549
most efficient, 554
normal depth, 550
rapidly varied flow, 535, 555, video V10.8
surface wave propagation, 536
uniform flow, 535, 546
varied flow, 535, video V10.6
Open channels:
characteristics of, 535, video V10.6
geometric properties of, 546, video V10.7
optimum cross sections, 554
regimes of flow in, 536
shear stress in, 547
velocity contours in, 547
Orifice:
flow through, 111
Orifice discharge coefficient, 442
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I-8 Index
Orifice meter, 119, 442
Outer layer, 405
Overexpanded nozzle, 608, video V11.5,
video V11.6
Overlap layer, 405
Panel method, 702
Parallel plates, 309
Pascal, B., 28, 39
Pascal, 13
Pascal’s law, 39
Pathline, 154, video V4.11
Pelton wheel, 674, video V5.6, video V12.2,
video V12.3
Perfect gas law, 12, 615, video V11.1
Physical properties of fluids:
of air, 717, 718
of common gases, 14, 714
of common liquids, 12, 715
of U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 719, 720
of water, 716
Piezometer, 50, 105, video V2.2
Piezometric head, 124, video V2.2
Pipe:
aging, 412
compressible adiabatic flow in, see Fanno line flow
developing flow in, 388
fittings, 422
flow meter, 441
flowrate, 441
fully developed flow in, 313, 388, 390
head loss, see Head loss
heat transfer in, see Rayleigh line flow
hydraulically smooth, 413
laminar flow in, 313, 385, 388, video V6.13
noncircular, 425
relative roughness of, 411
smooth, 413
transitional flow in, 385, 399, video V8.2,
video V8.3, video V8.8
turbulent flow in, 385, 399, video V8.2,
video V8.3
Pipe system components, 384
Pipe systems, 384, video V6.14
loop, 438
multiple pipes, 437
networks, 440
parallel, 437
series, 437
single pipes, 428
Pi terms, 335, 336, 345
Pi theorem, 335
Pitot, H., 28
Pitot-static tube, 106, 109, video V3.8
Pitot tube, 124, 632, video V3.8
Plane Poiseuille flow, 315
Planform area, 497
Poise, 20
Poiseuille, J., 28, 313, 393
Poiseuille flow, 313, 393, video V6.13
plane, 315
Poiseuille’s law, 315, 393
Polar coordinates, 75
Polar diagram, lift-drag, 516
Position vector, 148
Potential, velocity, 284
Potential energy, 103, 223
Potential flow theory, 284, 305, video V6.9
basic plane flows, 286, video V6.6, video V6.7,
video V6.10
doublet, 293
sink, 288
source, 288
uniform flow, 287
vortex, 290
singularity, 289
superposition of basic plane
flows, 295, video V6.5
flow past cylinder, 300
flow past half-body, 296, video V6.5
flow past Rankine oval, 298
flow past rotating cylinder, 303
Potential function, 284
Pound:
force, 8
mass, 8
Power, 2, 224
coefficient, 666, 683
units of, 7
Power-law velocity profile, 406
Power specific speed, 684
Prandtl, L., 27, 29, 405, 468
Prandtl boundary layer equations, 474
Prediction equation, 355
Pressure:
absolute, 13, 48
atmospheric, 13, 719, 720
center of, 58, 60
coefficient, 349, 496
definition, 13
dynamic, 105
gage, 13, 48
hydrostatic, 42, 105
isentropic stagnation, see Isentropic stagnation
properties
measurement of, 48, 109, video V2.2, video V2.3
at a point, 38, 279, 307
stagnation, 105, 106, 632, video V3.7
static, 105
suction, 48
thermodynamic, 105
total, 105, 106
vacuum, 48
vapor, 23
Pressure coefficient, 349, 496
Pressure distribution:
airfoil, 463
automobile, 513, video V2.1
converging–diverging nozzle, 608
cylinder, inviscid flow, 301, 491
cylinder, viscous flow, 491
entrance of pipe, 388, 417
hydrostatic, 42
in rigid-body motion, 72, 75
in a rotating fluid, 75
standard atmosphere, 47, 419, 420
Pressure drag, see Drag
Pressure drag coefficient, 496
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Index I-9
Pressure force, 40
Pressure gradient, 41
adverse, 300, 490
effect on boundary layer, 488
favorable, 490
Pressure head, 43, 103, 124
Pressure at a jet exit, 110
Pressure prism, 63
Pressure recovery coefficient, 421
Pressure tap, 109
Pressure transducer, 55
strain gage, 56
Primary quantities, 4
Product of inertia, 59
of common areas, 60
Profile, velocity, see Velocity profile
Propeller pump, 671
Properties:
of air, 717, 718
of common gases, 14, 714
of common liquids, 12, 714
of U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 47, 719, 720
of water, 716
Prototype, 354
Pump, 645
affinity laws, 669
axial-flow, 671
blades, 653
centrifugal, 653
dimensionless parameters, 666
double-stage, 654
efficiency, 239
fan, 673
geometrically similar, 666
head, 656, 662
mixed-flow, 671
multistage, 654
parallel, 665
performance curve, 658
propeller, 671
scaling laws, 667, 668
selection, 662
series, 665
similarity laws, 666
single-stage, 654
specific speed, 669
stage, 671
system equation, 662
Quasi-steady flow, 130
Radial-flow machine, 647
Rankine oval, 298
Rapidly varied flow, 536, 555, video V10.9,
video V10.10
Rate of angular deformation, 269, video V6.3
Rate of heat transfer, 223
Rate of shearing strain, 15, 269
Rayleigh, Lord, 29
Rayleigh line flow, 609, 620
basic equations for, 620
graph for calculation of, 723
normal shock in, 624
T–s diagram, 621, 624
Rayleigh Pitot tube formula, 632
Reaction turbine, 673, 682
Rectangular weir, 122, 562
Reentrant entrance, 417
Reference dimensions, 335, 342
Relative roughness, 411, 487
Relative velocity, 176, 196, 218, 647
Repeating variable, 336
Restricted homogeneous equation, 5
Reversible process, 131
Reynolds, O., 29, 348, 385
Reynolds number, 18, 347, 348, 372
critical, see Transition to turbulence
properties of flows with low, 467, 469,
video V1.2, video V7.3, video V7.7, video V9.10
properties of flows with large, 467, 469,
video V1.1, video V7.3
Reynolds pipe flow experiment, 385, video V8.2
Reynolds stress, 404
Reynolds transport theorem, 166, 168, 170, 173
Rheology, 3
Right-hand rule, 218
Rigid body motion of fluid, 72
Ripple tank, 634
Rising head curve, 659
Rotameter, 445, video V8.13
Rotation, 130, 264, 267
vector, 268
Rotor, turbomachine, 217, 221, 647, 687
Roughness:
effect on models, 360, 367, video V7.13
on flat plates, 487
in open channels, 549
in pipes, 410
relative, 411
typical values of, 412
Roughness coefficient, Manning, 549
Round-off error, 703
Scale:
length, 358
model, 358
Scaling laws for pumps, 667
Secondary flow:
in a pipe, 421
Secondary quantities, 4
Second law of thermodynamics, 239
Second moment of area, 59
of common areas, 60
Semi-infinitesimal control volume, 239
Separation: video V6.8, video V9.6, video V9.11,
video V9.13
in a boundary layer, 282, 468, 490
in a pipe, 417, 421
with a shock wave, 631
Separation location, 468
on an airfoil, 492
on a cylinder, 468, 490
definition, 490
Shaft:
head, 233
power, 219, 652
torque, 219, 652
work, 219, 652
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I-10 Index
Shallow water wave, 538
Sharp crested weir, 122, 561, video V10.13
Shearing strain, 15
rate of, 15, 269, video V6.3
Shearing stress, 14, 225, 277, 306
distribution on a flat plate, 497
distribution in a pipe, 391
in laminar flow, 403
in a Newtonian fluid, 306
in open channel flow, 547
in turbulent flow, 401, 404
Shear thickening fluid, 17
Shear thinning fluid, 16
Shear stress work, 225
Shock: video V1.8, video V11.5, video V11.6,
video V11.7
curved, 636
detached, 636
normal, see Normal shock
oblique, 608, 636, video V1.8, video V11.5,
video V11.6, video V11.8
Similar velocity profiles, 477
Similarity:
dynamic, 356
geometric, 356
kinematic, 356
Similarity requirements, 355
Similarity variable, 476
Similitude, 332
based on differential equations, 370
Sink, 288
strength of, 289
Siphon, 117
SI units, 7
prefixes, 7
Slope:
of channel bottom, 541
friction, 541
energy line, 123, 541
friction, 541
Slug, 8
Sluice gate:
discharge coefficient, 566
flow rate under a, 120, 566
force on a, 211
free outflow, 567
submerged, 567
Smooth pipe, 413
Sonic condition, 590
Sound, speed of, 22, 585, 587, video V11.2
of air, 717, 718
ideal gas, 22, 587
of water, 716
Source, 288, video V6.5
strength of, 289
Specific energy, 542
Specific energy diagram, 543
Specific gravity, 12
Specific head, 542
Specific heat:
constant pressure, 21, 581
constant volume, 21, 580
Specific heat ratio, 21, 582
of air, 717, 718
of common gases, 14
Specific speed, 669, 670
Specific volume, 11
Specific weight, 12
of air, 717, 718
of common gases, 14
of common liquids, 12
of water, 716
Speed, 94
Speed of sound, 22, 585, 587
of air, 717, 718
ideal gas, 22
of water, 716
Sphere:
compressible flow past, 504, 588
drag coefficient for, 366, 449, 501, 504, 505, 521,
588
effect of surface roughness, 504
low Reynolds number flow past, 498
rotating, 520
Spillway, 558, video V10.15, video V10.16
Stability, 71, video V2.9, video V2.10
Stagnation enthalpy, 596
Stagnation point, 105, 596, video V3.7
Stagnation pressure, 106, 588, video V3.8
isentropic, see Isentropic stagnation properties
Stagnation pressure probe, see Pitot tube
Stagnation properties, see Isentropic stagnation
properties
Stagnation state, 588, 595
Stagnation streamline, 106, video V3.7, video V4.9
Stagnation temperature, 595
Stall, 492, 515, 688, video V9.15
Standard atmosphere, 47
properties of, 47, 719, 720
State, equation of, 12, 580
Static fluid, pressure variation in, 43
Static pressure, 105
Static pressure tap, 105, 109
Stator, turbomachine, 671, 687
Steady flow, 94, 152, 174, video V4.7
Stoke, 20
Stokes, G., 28, 308, 500
Stokes’ law, 351, 500, video V7.7
Stratified flow, 535
Stratosphere, 47
Streakline, 154, video V4.10, video V7.14
Stream function, 272
Streamline, 95, 153, video V3.1, video V4.9
equation of, 273
Streamline bodies, 463, video V2.1, video V9.2,
video V9.14
Streamline coordinates, 163, video V4.13
Streamline curvature, 95
Streamtube, 226
Streamwise acceleration, 95
Stress:
components, 306
compressive, 224
Newtonian fluid, 15, 306
normal, 224, 276, 306
notation, 277
shearing, 14, 225, 277, 307
sign convention, 277
tangential, 225
turbulent, 401
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Index I-11
Stress field, 277
Strouhal, V., 29, 350
Strouhal number, 347, 349, 372, video V7.5
Structured grid, 704
Subcritical flow, 536, 540, 543, 634, video V10.5
Submerged area, forces on, 57
Subsonic flow, 23, 590, 634
Substantial derivative, 157, 265
Suction, 48
Suction specific speed, 670
Sudden contraction, 419
Sudden expansion, 419
Supercritical flow, 536, 540, 543, 634,
video V10.5
Superposition: video V6.5
direct method, 306
inverse method, 306
irrotational flow by method of, 295
Supersonic flow, 23, 590, 634, video V1.8,
video V11.5, video V11.6
Surface force, 40, 201, 276
Surface tension, 24, video V1.9, video V7.6,
video V10.3
of common liquids, 12
effect on models, 367
of water, 716
Surface wave, 536, video V7.4, video V9.12,
videos V10.1–5
Surge, 688
Sutherland equation, 18
System, 165
System curve, 662
System equation, 663
Systems of units, 7
T–s diagram, 597
Tangential stress work, 225
T ds equations, 241, 583
Temperature:
absolute, 7, 13
Celsius, 7
centigrade, 7
Fahrenheit, 8
Kelvin, 7
Rankine, 8
stagnation, 595
Thermodynamic pressure, see Pressure
Thermodynamics:
first law of, 223, 225, 241
second law of, 239
Three-dimensional flow, 151, 463
Three-reservoir problem, 439
Throat, 595
Time average, 400
Time-averaged equations, 409
Torricelli, E., 28, 110
Torricelli’s formula, 110
Torque, 216
shaft, 218, 652
Total pressure, 106
Total pressure ratio, 686
Total head, 124
Trailing vortex, 519, video V4.6, video V9.1,
video V9.19
Tranquil flow, 536
Transition to turbulence, 385, 399, video V9.4
in a boundary layer flow, 471, 483, video V9.5
in flow past a sphere or cylinder, 490
in an open channel flow, 535
in a pipe flow, 385, 399, video V8.2, video V8.3
Transonic flow, 591
Triangular weir, 123, 563, video V10.13
Troposphere, 47
True model, 359
Truncation error, 703
Turbine, 673
axial-flow, 647
compressible flow, 685, 689
Francis, 682
gas, 689
impulse, 673, 674, video V12.3, video V12.4
Kaplan, 682
Pelton, 674, video V5.6, video V5.12, video
V12.3
performance map, 691
radial-flow, 647
reaction, 673, 682
specific speed, 669, 670
Turbine flow meter, 446
Turbomachine, 221, 646
axial-flow, 647
flow coefficient, 667, 683
head coefficient, 667
mixed-flow, 647
radial-flow, 647
rotary sprinkler, 219, video V4.11, video V5.10,
video V12.2
specific speed, 669, 670
Turbulence:
chaos, 409
characteristics of, 152, 402, video V1.1, video
V8.1, video V8.7
intensity of, 402
mixing in, 403, video V1.1, video V8.5, video
V8.6, video V8.7
modeling, 409
Reynolds stress in, 404
spots in, 483
Turbulent boundary layer, 471, 485
approximate solution for flat plate, 485
effect on separation, 491
velocity profiles in, 484
Turbulent jet, video V8.1
Turbulent pipe flow, 385, 399, video V8.2, video
V8.3, video V8.8
mean velocity, 401
overlap layer, 405
shear stress, 404
shear stress distribution, 401, 404
velocity profile, 405, video V8.2
logarithmic, 406
power law, 406
viscous sublayer, 404
Turbulent stresses, 401, 404
Two-dimensional compressible flow, 635
Two-dimensional flow, 151, 463
Two-equation model, 409
U-tube manometer, 51
Underexpanded nozzle, 608, video V11.6
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I-12 Index
Underflow gate, 566
Uniform depth flow, 546
Uniform flow:
in an open channel, 535, 546
in a pipe, 391
potential, 287
at a section, 112, 190
Uniform flow field, 287
U.S. standard atmosphere, see Standard atmosphere
Units, 4
conversion factors, 9, 725
system of, 7
Universal gas constant, 580
Unsteady Bernoulli equation, 128
Unsteady flow, 128, 152, 159, 174, 179,
video V3.11, video V4.7, video V5.7
Unstructured grid, 704
Upstream velocity, 462
Vacuum, 48
Valve losses, 422
Valves, 416, 423
Vane, 653
Vapor pressure, 23
boiling, 23
in barometer tubes, 49
of common liquids, 12
effect on cavitation, 24
of water, 716
Varied flow, 535
Velocity:
absolute, 176, 196, 218, 647
average, 190
friction, 406
particle, 148
relative, 176, 196, 218, 647
time-averaged, 401
Velocity distribution, see Velocity profile
Velocity field, 148, 265, video V4.2, video V4.3,
video V6.1, video V6.2
Velocity gradient, 14
Velocity head, 103, 124
Velocity measurement, see Flow measurement
Velocity potential, 284
Velocity profile:
between flat plates, 309
in a boundary layer
effect of pressure gradient on, 490
laminar, 477, 482, 484
turbulent, 484, 486
in an open channel, 547
in a pipe
laminar, 313, 392, video V8.9
power law, 406
turbulent, 405, video V8.9
Velocity triangle, 648
Vena contracta, 111, 121, 418
Venturi, G., 28
Venturi discharge coefficient, 444
Venturi meter, 119, 443, video V3.10
Viscometer:
capillary tube, 33, video V1.5
rotating cylinder, 35
Stormer, 37
Viscosity, 14, video V1.3
absolute or dynamic, 15
of air, 717, 718
apparent, 16
of common gases, 14, 714, 715
of common liquids, 12, 714, 715
eddy, 405
kinematic, 20
of U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 719, 720
of water, 716
Viscous dissipation, 397
Viscous flow, 306
Viscous stresses, 306
Viscous sublayer, 404
Visualization, flow, 151, video V4.6, video V4.9,
video V7.16, video V9.13
Volume flowrate, 112
Volume flow meter, 446
Volumetric dilatation, 266
Volumetric efficiency, 659
Volute, 653
von Kármán, T., 29, 349, 479
Vortex:
bound, 519, video V4.6, video V9.19
combined, 291, video V4.8
forced, 291
free, 101, 290, video V3.6, video V6.4
horseshoe, 519, 556
irrotational, 291
Kármán trail, 501, video V6.15, video V9.9
ring, video V4.1
rotational, 291
strength of, 291
tornado, video VA.3
trailing, 519, video V3.5, video V4.6,
video V9.1, video V9.19
Vortex shedding, 349, 501, 526, video V4.12,
video V7.5, video V7.10, video V9.9
Vortex street, 501, video V6.15, video V7.5,
video V9.8
Vorticity, 268
production of, 471
restrictions on Bernoulli
equation because of, 126
transport equation, 328
Wake, 282, 468, video V9.6
flat plate, 468
streamlined object, 498
vortex street, 501, video V6.15, video V9.9
Wall shear stress, 391, 478
Water horsepower, 659
Water, table of properties, 716
Water table, 634
Watt, 7
Wave:
gravity, 536, video V10.4, video V11.3
shock, see Normal shock
surface, 536, video V9.12, video V10.3,
video V10.4, video V10.5, video V11.3
Wave motion, 538
Wave speed:
open channel flow, 636
sound, 22, video V11.2
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Index I-13
Weber, M., 29, 350
Weber number, 347, 350, 372, video V7.6
Weight, 8
Weir, 122, 561
broad-crested, 564, video V10.14
head, 561
rectangular, 122, 562
sharp-crested, 122, 561, video V10.13
triangular, 123, 563, video V10.13
Weir coefficient, 563, 565
Weisbach, J., 28
Wetted perimeter, 316, 426, 546
Wholly turbulent flow, 412
Wind tunnel, 424, video V3.3, video V7.15, video
V9.7, video V9.16
Windmill, 649, video V12.1
Wing loading, 514
Wing tip vortex, 546, video V3.5
Work, 223, 652
normal stress, 224
rate of, 219, 224
shaft, 219, 652
shear stress, 225
sign convention for, 224
tangential stress, 225
units of, 7
Work–energy equation, 103
Zero-equation model, 409
Zone:
of action, 590
of silence, 590
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