Muller Eric L. American Inquisition: The Hunt for Japanese American Disloyalty in World War II

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196 : index

War plant work: eligibility for as Provost

Marshal General’s O≈ce respon-

sibility, 6, 40, 53, 57, 67–72; Japa-

nese American Joint Board to advise

on, 34–35, 39; in Dedrick’s color-

coding system, 49; and War Reloca-

tion Authority, 54–55; internees on

indeﬁnite leave in, 56–59; Nisei

workers in, 57–59, 138, 163 (n. 78);

Nisei workers removed from, 69–72

War Relocation Authority (WRA), 73–

82; coherent deﬁnition of loyalty

lacking in, 3; conﬂict with other

agencies, 3; in loyalty bureaucracy, 3;

on Japanese American Joint Board, 3,

6, 34, 40, 41, 160 (n. 9); purposes of

loyalty assessment of, 6; control of

evacuated Nikkei shifted to, 21;

relocation centers established by,

21–22; on military service for Nisei,

23–24, 32–33; habeas corpus suits

against, 24, 78, 87, 97, 167 (n. 11);

press and public criticism of, 26; and

loyalty as criterion for freedom or

conﬁnement, 28–30; ‘‘all out’’

relocation strategy of, 32, 33, 54;

cooperates with military on loyalty

questionnaires, 34, 39; on Dedrick’s

color-coding system, 50, 51; ﬁssure

with military members of Japanese

American Joint Board, 53–61; on

clearing ‘‘white’’ cases for war plant

work, 54–55; disengages from Japa-

nese American Joint Board work, 55;

disregards Japanese American Joint

Board ﬁndings, 55–56; separation

from Provost Marshal General’s

O≈ce, 57–60; approach to Nisei loy-

alty, 73–82, 138, 139; point system

of, 75–76; moves into background

of loyalty adjudication, 83; on ending

mass exclusion, 84–85; Tule Lake

protests lead to criticism of, 88;

Western Defense Command’s veto

power over, 88; under Department of

Interior, 88, 168 (n. 23); Ochikubo

granted leave clearance by, 110; as

coming to know Nisei well, 139;

biases a√ect loyalty adjudication by,

140; on loyalty versus racial pride,

142; behavior prediction as task of,

143; and review board for segregees,

145–46. See also Leave (furloughs);

Myer, Dillon S.; Segregation of the

disloyal

Wartime Civilian Control Administra-

tion (WCCA), 21

Washburne, Claude B., 44, 99, 100–102,

104

Washington, military zone in, 17

Washington, George, 135

WDC. See Western Defense Command

Wechsler, Herbert, 112–13, 115, 116

West (Paciﬁc) Coast: Japanese American

population in 1941, 9; anti-Japanese

prejudice on, 14, 95; Carter-Munson

study of Nikkei loyalty on, 15–16;

military zones created on, 17; mass

exclusion of Japanese Americans

from, 17, 22, 84; Nikkei forced into

assembly centers on, 21; mass exclu-

sion ended on, 84; ceases to be the-

ater of operations, 88; ending mass

exclusion opposed on, 89; Marshall

fears violence if mass exclusion is

ended on, 89; other groups move

into Japanese neighborhoods on, 95,

99. See also California

Western Defense Command (WDC): in

loyalty bureaucracy, 2–3; coherent

deﬁnition of loyalty lacking in, 3;

conﬂict with other agencies, 3; three

approaches to Japanese American

loyalty of, 6–7, 83; individual exclu-

index : 197

sion system actually used by, 7, 83,

104–6, 125; individual exclusion sys-

tem wanted by, 7, 83, 95, 98–104;

individual exclusion system of tested

in federal court, 7, 83, 127–30, 132;

Nisei disloyalty assumed by, 16–18;

Wartime Civilian Control Admin-

istration of, 21; approach to Nisei

loyalty of, 83–106, 138; and genesis

of large-scale individual exclusion

program, 84–98; as committed to

mass exclusion, 85–86; Emmons

becomes commanding o≈cer of, 86;

veto power of over War Relocation

Authority, 88; Bonesteel becomes

commanding o≈cer of, 91; Pratt

becomes commanding o≈cer of, 97;

in transition to individual exclusion,

97–98; original process of for indi-

vidual exclusion, 98; policy state-

ment of August 8, 1944, 102–3, 125;

revised policy statement of Septem-

ber 8, 1944, 103, 121, 125; Machine

Records (punch-card) system of,

103–4, 106, 171 (n. 47); Hazzard

trains hearing o≈cers of, 117–18; in

Ochikubo v. Bonesteel trial, 122–33; as

having little experience of Japanese

Americans, 138–39; biases a√ect loy-

alty adjudication by, 140; on loyalty

versus racial pride, 142; behavior

prediction as task of, 143. See also

Bonesteel, Charles H.; Civil A√airs

Division (Western Defense Com-

mand); De Witt, John L.; Emmons,

Delos C.; Pratt, Henry

‘‘White’’ category, 49, 50, 51, 54–55

Wilbur, William H., 125–27, 129, 130,

132

Wirin, A. L.: ﬁles lawsuits on behalf of

internees, 93, 110, 111; photograph

with Ochikubo, 111 (ill.); preliminary

injunction sought by, 116; at Ochi-

kubo’s individual exclusion hearing,

117; at Ochikubo v. Bonesteel trial, 127–

28, 129, 130

Wolfe, James H., 146

Women, exemption from individual

exclusion process of, 105, 125, 129

World War I, 136

WRA. See War Relocation Authority

WRA-126, 35

Wyoming: relocation center in, 22. See

also Heart Mountain Relocation

Center

Yamamoto, Elmer S., 173 (n. 31)

Yasui, Minoru, 131

Young Men’s Buddhist Association, 70,

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