Muller Eric L. American Inquisition: The Hunt for Japanese American Disloyalty in World War II
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american inquisition
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American Inquisition
the hunt for japanese
american disloyalty in
world war ii
Eric L. Muller
The University of North Carolina Press : Chapel Hill
∫ 2007 The University of North Carolina Press
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
This book was published with the assistance of the H. Eugene and Lillian Youngs
Lehman Fund of the University of North Carolina Press. A complete list of books
published in the Lehman Series appears at the end of the book.
Designed by Michelle Coppedge
Set in Quadraat and Quadraat Sans by Keystone Typesetting, Inc.
The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the
Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library
Resources.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Muller, Eric L.
American inquisition : the hunt for Japanese American disloyalty in World War II /
Eric L. Muller.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn 978-0-8078-3173-1 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. World War, 1939–1945—Japanese Americans. 2. Japanese Americans—
Evacuation and relocation, 1942–1945. 3. Internal security—United States—
History—20th century. 4. United States—Politics and government—1933–1945.
I. Title. d769.8.a6m85 2007
940.53%1773—dc22 2007011436
A Caravan book. For more information, visit www.caravanbooks.org.
cloth 11 10 09 08 07 54321
for leslie
with love and loyalty
and
in memory of my grandparents
herbert and ann dickman
and their wartime sacrifices
One of the greatest barriers to a smooth operating security
program was . . . that our own [C]onstitution extended certain protection
to American-born citizens who are not morally entitled to that benefit.
Japanese-American Branch,
O≈ce of the Provost Marshal General,
1945
The notions of ‘‘segregation’’ and ‘‘disloyalty’’ around
which the [War Relocation Authority’s] program has been conceived would,
if allowed by the Courts, become the juristic formulation in terms of which
future Fascist persecution of racial and political minorities will be justified.
Attorney Maurice Walk to War Relocation
Authority solicitor Philip M. Glick,
September 1943
contents
∞
Introduction 1
≤
Japanese Americans before the War 9
≥
Presumed Loyal, Presumed Disloyal 15
∂
Pressures on the Presumption of Disloyalty 21
∑
The Loyalty Questionnaires of 1943 31
∏
Processing Loyalty at the Japanese American Joint Board 39
π
Processing Loyalty at the Provost Marshal General’s O≈ce 67
∫
Processing Loyalty at the War Relocation Authority 73
Ω
Processing Loyalty at the Western Defense Command 83
∞≠
Defending (and Distorting) Loyalty Adjudication in Court 107
∞∞
Conclusion 135
Notes 149
Bibliography 177
Acknowledgments 183
Index 185
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illustrations
Annual meeting of the Japanese Association
of Los Angeles 11
A law enforcement o≈cer searches a Japanese
American’s bedroom 17
Nisei women discuss employment with a War Relocation
Authority o≈cial 23
Nisei listen to a military presentation about registration 34
Page 4 of George Ochikubo’s registration form 37
A summary checklist for loyalty investigations 45
A ‘‘relocated’’ Nisei with his boss and War Relocation
Authority director Dillon Myer 58
A Japanese American family leaves the Topaz
Relocation Center 78
Maj. Gen. Charles H. Bonesteel 92
George Ochikubo, A. L. Wirin, and Saburo Kido 111
Military intelligence data on George Ochikubo 120